Novel Treatment Strategies

Section 3 - Novel Treatment Strategies

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 August 2019

Edited by

Patrick D. McGorry and

Ian B. Hickie

Show author details

Patrick D. McGorry: Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Ian B. Hickie: Affiliation:
University of Sydney

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The identification of people at high risk for future mental disorders is accompanied by the imperative to provide stage-adequate treatments that successfully prevent progression to more severe illness stages. Current evidence-based treatments include psychological and psychosocial treatments on one hand as well as pharmacotherapy. The latter is limited by inadequate efficacy and prominent side effects in many cases, making the discovery of novel biological treatment strategies necessary. Such novel treatments need to be safe, effective, characterised by a benign side effect profile and accessible to young people. In this chapter, emerging biological treatment approaches are reviewed and discussed in regard to their potential impact on early intervention and clinical staging. Substances reviewed here include long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil), n-acetylcysteine (NAC), cannabidiol and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with a particular focus on recent advancements in their application in youth with incipient mental disorders. Finally, research priorities in the field of treatment trials are discussed in this chapter.

Keywords

clinical staging biotherapy omega-3 fatty acids N-acetylcysteine transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation mental disorders clinical staging youth mental health psychosocial intervention

Type: Chapter
Information: Clinical Staging in Psychiatry
Making Diagnosis Work for Research and Treatment
, pp. 221 - 260

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139839518 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amminger, G. P., Berger, M., Rice, S. M., Davey, C. G., Schäfer, M. R., & McGorry, P. D. (2017). Novel biotherapies are needed in youth mental health. Australasian Psychiatry, 25(2), 117–120.Google Scholar

Amminger, G. P., Chanen, A. M., Ohmann, S., Klier, C. M., Mossaheb, N., Bechdolf, A., … Schäfer, M. R. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and ultra-high risk criteria for psychosis: a post hoc subgroup analysis of a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 402–408.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amminger, G. P., Schäfer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Cotton, S. M., Harrigan, M, … Berger, G. E. (2010). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 146–154.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amminger, G. P., Schäfer, M. R., Schlögelhofer, M., Klier, C. M., & McGorry, P. D. (2015). Longer-term outcome in the prevention of psychotic disorders by the Vienna omega-3 study. Nature Communications, 6, 7934.Google Scholar

Arakawa, M., & Ito, Y. (2007). N-acetylcysteine and neurodegenerative diseases: basic and clinical pharmacology. Cerebellum, 6(4), 308–314.Google Scholar

Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Witton, J., & Murray, R. M. (2004). Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 110–117.Google Scholar

Assies, J., Pouwer, F., Lok, A., Mocking, R. J. T., Bockting, C. L. H., Visser, I., … Schene, A. H. (2010). Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid patterns in patients with recurrent depression: a matched case-control study. PLoS One, 5(5), e10635.Google Scholar

Berg, D., Youdim, M. B. H., & Riederer, P. (2004). Redox imbalance. Cell and Tissue Research, 318(1), 201–213.Google Scholar

Berg, K. A., Maayani, S., & Clarke, W. P. (1996). 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptor activation inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine1B-like receptor function via arachidonic acid metabolism. Molecular Pharmacology, 50(4), 1017–1023.Google Scholar

Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Chagas, M. H. N., De Oliveira, D. C. G., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., … Crippa, J. A. S. (2011a). Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(6), 1219–1226.Google Scholar

Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2011b). Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Current Drug Safety, 6(4), 237–249.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Berger, M., Smesny, S., Kim, S., Davey, C., Rice, S., Sarnyai, Z., … McGorry, P. (2017). Omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and subsequent mood disorders in young people with at-risk mental states: a 7-year longitudinal study. Translational Psychiatry, 7(8), e1220.CrossRef Google Scholar

Berk, M., Copolov, D., Dean, O., Lu, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., … Bush, A. I. (2008). N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 64(5), 361–368.Google Scholar

Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Gray, L. J., & Dean, O. M. (2013a). The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 34(3), 167–177.Google Scholar

Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Pasco, J. A., Moylan, S., … Maes, M. (2013b). So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Medicine, 11, 200.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825–836.Google Scholar

Bloch, M. H., & Hannestad, J. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(12), 1272–1282.Google Scholar

Bloch, Y., Grisaru, N., Harel, E. V., Beitler, G., Faivel, N., Ratzoni, G., … Levkovitz, Y. (2008). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression in adolescents: an open-label study. Journal of ECT, 24(2), 156–159.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blondeau, N., Nguemeni, C., Debruyne, D. N., Piens, M., Wu, X., Pan, H., … Heurteaux, C. (2009). Subchronic alpha-linolenic acid treatment enhances brain plasticity and exerts an antidepressant effect: a versatile potential therapy for stroke. Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 34(12), 2548–2559.Google Scholar

Bossong, M. G., Jager, G., Bhattacharyya, S., & Allen, P. (2014a). Acute and non-acute effects of cannabis on human memory function: a critical review of neuroimaging studies. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(13), 2114–2125.Google Scholar

Bossong, M. G., Jansma, J. M., Bhattacharyya, S., & Ramsey, N. F. (2014b). Role of the endocannabinoid system in brain functions relevant for schizophrenia: an overview of human challenge studies with cannabis or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 52, 53–69.Google Scholar

Brunoni, A. R., Chaimani, A., Moffa, A. H., Razza, L. B., Gattaz, W. F., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Carvalho, A. F. (2017). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2), 143–152.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ceccarini, J., De Hert, M., Van Winkel, R., Peuskens, J., Bormans, G., Kranaster, L., … Van Laere, K. (2013). Increased ventral striatal CB1 receptor binding is related to negative symptoms in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. NeuroImage, 79, 304–312.Google Scholar

Chalon, S., Vancassel, S., Zimmer, L., Guilloteau, D., & Durand, G. (2001). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral function: focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission. Lipids, 36(9), 937–944.Google Scholar

Compton, M. T. (2010). Fish oil to fend off psychosis: new evidence. Medscape.Google Scholar

Croarkin, P. E., Nakonezny, P. A., Wall, C. A., Murphy, L. L., Sampson, S. M., Frye, M. A., & Port, J. D. (2016). Transcranial magnetic stimulation potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed adolescents. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 247, 25–33.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Croarkin, P. E., Wall, C. A., Nakonezny, P. A., Buyukdura, J. S., Husain, M. M., Sampson, S. M., … Kozel, F. A. (2012). Increased cortical excitability with prefrontal high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescents with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 22(1), 56–64.Google Scholar

Das, R. K., Kamboj, S. K., Ramadas, M., Yogan, K., Gupta, V., Redman, E., … Morgan, C. J. A. (2013). Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans. Psychopharmacology, 226(4), 781–792.Google Scholar

Dean, O., Giorlando, F., & Berk, M. (2011). N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 36(2), 78–86.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Delion, S., Chalon, S., Herault, J., Guilloteau, D., Besnard, J. C., & Durand, G. (1994). Chronic dietary α-linolenic acid deficiency alters dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 124(12), 2466–2476.Google Scholar

Desfossés, J., Stip, E., Bentaleb, L. A., & Potvin, S. (2010). Endocannabinoids and schizophrenia. Pharmaceuticals, 3(10), 3101–3126.CrossRef Google Scholar

Do, K. Q., Trabesinger, A. H., Kirsten-Krüger, M., Lauer, C. J., Dydak, U., Hell, D., … Cuénod, M. (2000). Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex in vivo. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12(10), 3721–3728.Google Scholar

Dodd, S., Dean, O., Copolov, D. L., Malhi, G. S., & Berk, M. (2008). N-acetylcysteine for antioxidant therapy: pharmacology and clinical utility. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 8(12), 1955–1962.Google Scholar

Dringen, R. (2000). Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Progress in Neurobiology, 62(6), 649–671.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Flatow, J., Buckley, P., & Miller, B. J. (2013). Meta-analysis of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 74(6), 400–409.Google Scholar

Foti, D. J., Kotov, R., Guey, L. T., & Bromet, E. J. (2010). Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 987–993.Google Scholar

Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J. R., Wisner, K. L., Davis, J. M., Mischoulon, D., Peet, M., … Stoll, A. L. (2006). Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1954–1967.Google Scholar

Garland, M. R., & Hallahan, B. (2006). Essential fatty acids and their role in conditions characterised by impulsivity. International Review of Psychiatry, 18(2), 99–105.Google Scholar

Garland, M. R., Hallahan, B., McNamara, M., Carney, P. A., Grimes, H., Hibbeln, J. R., … Conroy, R. M. (2007). Lipids and essential fatty acids in patients presenting with self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 112–117.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gaynes, B. N., Lloyd, S. W., Lux, L., Gartlehner, G., Hansen, R. A., Brode, S., … Lohr, K. N. (2014). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(5), 477–489.Google Scholar

George, M. S., Wassermann, E. M., Williams, W. A., Callahan, A., Ketter, T. A., Basser, P., … Post, R. M. (1995). Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport, 6(14), 1853–1856.Google Scholar

Giuffrida, A., Leweke, F. M., Gerth, C. W., Schreiber, D., Koethe, D., Faulhaber, J., … Piomelli, D. (2004). Cerebrospinal anandamide levels are elevated in acute schizophrenia and are inversely correlated with psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(11), 2108–2114.Google Scholar

Hallahan, B., & Garland, M. R. (2005). Essential fatty acids and mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 275–277.Google Scholar

Hallahan, B., Ryan, T., Hibbeln, J. R., Murray, I. T., Glynn, S., Ramsden, C. E., … Davis, J. M. (2016). Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(3), 192–201.Google Scholar

Hedelin, M., Löf, M., Olsson, M., Lewander, T., Nilsson, B., Hultman, C. M., & Weiderpass, E. (2010). Dietary intake of fish, omega-3, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D and the prevalence of psychotic-like symptoms in a cohort of 33 000 women from the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 38.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hibbeln, J. R. (1998). Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet, 351(9110), 1213.Google Scholar

Hibbeln, J. R., & Salem, N. Jr (1995). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62(1), 1–9.Google Scholar

Hillard, C. J., & Liu, Q. S. (2014). Endocannabinoid signaling in the etiology and treatment of major depressive illness. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(23), 3795–3811.Google Scholar

Horrobin, D. F. (1998). The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 30(3), 193–208.Google Scholar

Hu, S., Wang, S., Zhang, M., Wang, J., Hu, J., Huang, M., … Xu, W. (2011). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced seizure of a patient with adolescent-onset depression: a case report and literature review. Journal of International Medical Research, 39(5), 2039–2044.Google Scholar

Iseger, T. A., & Bossong, M. G. (2015). A systematic review of the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol in humans. Schizophrenia Research, 162(1–3), 153–161.Google Scholar

James, M. J., Sullivan, T. R., Metcalf, R. G., & Cleland, L. G. (2014). Pitfalls in the use of randomised controlled trials for fish oil studies with cardiac patients. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(5), 812–820.Google Scholar

Kano, M., Ohno-Shosaku, T., Hashimotodani, Y., Uchigashima, M., & Watanabe, M. (2009). Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiological Reviews, 89(1), 309–380.Google Scholar

Keshavan, M. S., Sanders, R. D., Pettegrew, J. W., Dombrowsky, S. M., & Panchalingam, K. S. (1993). Frontal lobe metabolism and cerebral morphology in schizophrenia: 31P MRS and MRI studies. Schizophrenia Research, 10(3), 241–246.Google Scholar

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Epel, E. S., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Lin, J., Glaser, R., … Blackburn, E. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, and leukocyte telomere length: a randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 28, 16–24.Google Scholar

Kim, S. W., Jhon, M., Kim, J. M., Smesny, S., Rice, S., Berk, M., … Amminger, G. P. (2016). Relationship between erythrocyte fatty acid composition and psychopathology in the Vienna omega-3 study. PLoS One, 11(3), e0151417.Google Scholar

Kraemer, H. C. (2016). Messages for clinicians: moderators and mediators of treatment outcome in randomized clinical trials. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(7), 672–679.Google Scholar

Lavoie, S., Berger, M., Schlögelhofer, M., Schäfer, M. R., Rice, S., Kim, S. W., … Amminger, G. P. (2017). Erythrocyte glutathione levels as long-term predictor of transition to psychosis. Translational Psychiatry, 7(3), e1064.Google Scholar

Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 377(9759), 74–84.Google Scholar

Leweke, F. M., Giuffrida, A., Wurster, U., Emrich, H. M., & Piomelli, D. (1999). Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. NeuroReport, 10(8), 1665–1669.Google Scholar

Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., … Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e94.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. D., Hibbeln, J. R., Johnson, J. E., Lin, Y. H., Hyun, D. Y., & Loewke, J. D. (2011). Suicide deaths of active-duty US military and omega-3 fatty-acid status: a case-control comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(12), 1585–1590.Google Scholar

Libov, I., Miodownik, C., Bersudsky, Y., Dwolatzky, T., & Lerner, V. (2007). Efficacy of piracetam in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(7), 1031–1037.Google Scholar

Lin, P. Y., Chang, C. H., Chong, M. F. F., Chen, H., & Su, K. P. (2017). Polyunsaturated fatty acids in perinatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 82(8), 560–569.Google Scholar

Loo, C., McFarquhar, T., & Walter, G. (2006). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescent depression. Australasian Psychiatry, 14(1), 81–85.Google Scholar

Lutz, B., Marsicano, G., Maldonado, R., & Hillard, C. J. (2015). The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(12), 705–718.Google Scholar

Magavi, L. R., Reti, I. M., & Vasa, R. A. (2017). A review of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescents with treatment-resistant depression. International Review of Psychiatry, 29(2), 79–88.Google Scholar

Mayer, G., Aviram, S., Walter, G., Levkovitz, Y., & Bloch, Y. (2012). Long-term follow-up of adolescents with resistant depression treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of ECT, 28(2), 84–86.Google Scholar

McGorry, P. D., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Pantelis, C., & Jackson, H. J. (2006). Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(8), 616–622.Google Scholar

McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., Yuen, H. P., Schäfer, M. R., Mossaheb, N., … Amminger, G. P. (2017). Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders: the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 19–27.Google Scholar

Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370(9584), 319–328.Google Scholar

Mossaheb, N., Schloegelhofer, M., Schaefer, M. R., Fusar-Poli, P., Smesny, S., McGorry, P., … Amminger, G. P. (2012). Polyunsaturated fatty acids in emerging psychosis. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(4), 576–591.Google Scholar

Noaghiul, S., & Hibbeln, J. R. (2003). Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2222–2227.Google Scholar

Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2006). The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacological Reviews, 58(3), 389–462.Google Scholar

Palta, P., Samuel, L. J., Miller, E. R., & Szanton, S. L. (2014). Depression and oxidative stress: results from a meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(1), 12–19.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Parker, G., Gibson, N. A., Brotchie, H., Heruc, G., Rees, A. M., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2006). Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 969–978.Google Scholar

Pathak, V., Sinha, V. K., & Praharaj, S. K. (2015). Efficacy of adjunctive high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right prefrontal cortex in adolescent mania: a randomized sham-controlled study. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 13(3), 245–249.Google Scholar

Piomelli, D., Astarita, G., & Rapaka, R. (2007). A neuroscientist’s guide to lipidomics. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(10), 743–754.Google Scholar

Prud’Homme, M., Cata, R., & Jutras-Aswad, D. (2015). Cannabidiol as an intervention for addictive behaviors: a systematic review of the evidence. Substance Abuse, 9, 33–38.Google Scholar

Rais, M., Cahn, W., Van Haren, N., Schnack, H., Caspers, E., Pol, H. H., & Kahn, R. (2008). Excessive brain volume loss over time in cannabis-using first-episode schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(4), 490–496.Google Scholar

Rapaport, M. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Schettler, P. J., Kinkead, B., Cardoos, A., Walker, R., & Mischoulon, D. (2016). Inflammation as a predictive biomarker for response to omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(1), 71–79.Google Scholar

Rice, S. M., Hickie, I. B., Yung, A. R., Mackinnon, A., Berk, M., Davey, C., … Amminger, G. P. (2016). Youth depression alleviation: the Fish Oil Youth Depression Study (YoDA-F) – a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(4), 290–299.Google Scholar

Rice, S. M., Schäfer, M. R., Klier, C., Mossaheb, N., Vijayakumar, N., & Amminger, G. P. (2015). Erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in young people at ultra-high risk for psychotic disorder and healthy adolescent controls. Psychiatry Research, 228(1), 174–176.Google Scholar

Ripoll, L. H. (2013). Psychopharmacologic treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(2), 213–224.Google Scholar

Rougemont, M., Do, K. Q., & Castagné, V. (2002). New model of glutathione deficit during development: effect on lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 70(6), 774–783.Google Scholar

Sánchez-Villegas, A., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., Alonso, A., Schlatter, J., Lahortiga, F., Serra-Majem, L., & Martínez-González, M. A. (2009). Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow-up (SUN) cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(10), 1090–1098.Google Scholar

Saunders, E. F. H., Ramsden, C. E., Sherazy, M. S., Gelenberg, A. J., Davis, J. M., & Rapoport, S. I. (2016). Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a review of biomarker and treatment studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(10), e1301–e1308.Google Scholar

Schulz, T. J., Zarse, K., Voigt, A., Urban, N., Birringer, M., & Ristow, M. (2007). Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metabolism, 6(4), 280–293.Google Scholar

Scott, J., Leboyer, M., Hickie, I., Berk, M., Kapczinski, F., Frank, E., … McGorry, P. (2013). Clinical staging in psychiatry: a cross-cutting model of diagnosis with heuristic and practical value. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(4), 243–245.Google Scholar

Segal, A. W. (2005). How neutrophils kill microbes. Annual Review of Immunology, 23, 197–223.Google Scholar

Serhan, C. N. (2014). Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology. Nature, 510(7503), 92–101.Google Scholar

Serhan, C. N., & Petasis, N. A. (2011). Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution. Chemical Reviews, 111(10), 5922–5943.Google Scholar

Shamir, E., Barak, Y., Shalman, I., Laudon, M., Zisapel, N., Tarrasch, R., … Weizman, R. (2001). Melatonin treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(11), 1049–1052.Google Scholar

Simopoulos, A. P. (2011). Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain. Molecular Neurobiology, 44(2), 203–215.Google Scholar

Sommer, I. E., van Westrhenen, R., Begemann, M. J., de Witte, L. D., Leucht, S., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents to improve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: an update. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(1), 181–191.Google Scholar

Su, K.-P., Matsuoka, Y., & Pae, C.-U. (2015). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 13(2), 129–137.Google Scholar

Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., & Mann, J. J. (2011). Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(12), 1577–1584.Google Scholar

Sublette, M. E., Galfalvy, H. C., Hibbeln, J. R., Keilp, J. G., Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2014). Polyunsaturated fatty acid associations with dopaminergic indices in major depressive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(3), 383–391.Google Scholar

Sublette, M. E., Russ, M. J., & Smith, G. S. (2004). Evidence for a role of the arachidonic acid cascade in affective disorders: a review. Bipolar Disorders, 6(2), 95–105.Google Scholar

Tanskanen, A., Hibbeln, J. R., Hintikka, J., Haatainen, K., Honkalampi, K., & Viinamäki, H. (2001). Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(5), 512–513.Google Scholar

Teng, S., Guo, Z., Peng, H., Xing, G., Chen, H., He, B., … Mu, Q. (2017). High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left DLPFC for major depression: session-dependent efficacy: a meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 41, 75–84.Google Scholar

Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., DeWall, C. N., Ma, D., Lacefield, K., & Schurtz, D. R. (2010). Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938–2007: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 145–154.Google Scholar

Veen, N. D., Selten, J.-P., van der Tweel, I., Feller, W. G., Hoek, H. W., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Cannabis use and age at onset of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 501–506.Google Scholar

Venna, V. R., Deplanque, D., Allet, C., Belarbi, K., Hamdane, M., & Bordet, R. (2009). PUFA induce antidepressant-like effects in parallel to structural and molecular changes in the hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 199–211.Google Scholar

von Schacky, C. (2009). Cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 81(2–3), 193–198.Google Scholar

Wall, C. A., Croarkin, P. E., Maroney-Smith, M. J., Haugen, L. M., Baruth, J. M., Frye, M. A., … Port, J. D. (2016). Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, open-label, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26(7), 582–589.Google Scholar

Wall, C. A., Croarkin, P. E., Sim, L. A., Husain, M. M., Janicak, P. G., Kozel, F. A., … Sampson, S. M. (2011). Adjunctive use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed adolescents: a prospective, open pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(9), 1263–1269.Google Scholar

Wong, D. F., Kuwabara, H., Horti, A. G., Raymont, V., Brasic, J., Guevara, M., … Nandi, A. (2010). Quantification of cerebral cannabinoid receptors subtype 1 (CB1) in healthy subjects and schizophrenia by the novel PET radioligand [11C] OMAR. NeuroImage, 52(4), 1505–1513.Google Scholar

Yao, J. K., & Keshavan, M. S. (2011). Antioxidants, redox signaling, and pathophysiology in schizophrenia: an integrative view. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 15(7), 2011–2035.Google Scholar

Zanettini, C., Panlilio, L. V., Aliczki, M., Goldberg, S. R., Haller, J., & Yasar, S. (2011). Effects of endocannabinoid system modulation on cognitive and emotional behavior. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 57.Google Scholar

Zhang, X. Y., Zhou, D. F., Cao, L. Y., Xu, C. Q., & Wu, G. Y. (2004). The effect of vitamin E treatment on tardive dyskinesia and blood superoxide dismutase: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(1), 83–86.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E., Dursun, S. M., Morais, S. L., Sanches, R. F., Musty, R. E., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2006). Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 683–686.Google Scholar

Zuardi, A. W., Morais, S., Guimaraes, F., & Mechoulam, R. (1995). Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(10), 485–486.Google Scholar

References

Allott, K. A., Yuen, H. P., Garner, B., Bendall, S., Killackey, E. J., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., … Phillips, L. J. (2013). Relationship between vocational status and perceived stress and daily hassles in first episode psychosis: an exploratory study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(7), 1045–1052.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Alcazar-Corcoles, M. A., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., Bendall, S., McGorry, P. D., & Gleeson, J. F. (2014). Online, social media and mobile technologies for psychosis treatment: a systematic review on novel user-led interventions. Schizophrenia Research, 156(1), 96–106.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Alcazar-Corcoles, M. A., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., Bendall, S., McGorry, P. D., & Gleeson, J. F. (2015). Online social media: new data, new horizons in psychosis treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 166(1–3), 345–346.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Bendall, S., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Chinnery, G., Vargas, S., … Gleeson, J. F. (2013). On the HORYZON: moderated online social therapy for long-term recovery in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 143(1), 143–149.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Killackey, E., & McGorry, P. (2012a). Internet-based interventions for psychosis: a sneak-peek into the future. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(3), 735–747.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gleeson, J. F., Henry, L. P., Harrigan, S. M., Harris, M. G., Killackey, E., … McGorry, P. D. (2012b). Road to full recovery: longitudinal relationship between symptomatic remission and psychosocial recovery in first-episode psychosis over 7.5 years. Psychological Medicine, 42(3), 595–606.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gleeson, J. F., Rice, S., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., & Bendall, S. (2016). Online peer-to-peer support in youth mental health: seizing the opportunity. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(2), 123–126.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., Crespo-Facorro, B., Hetrick, S., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. M., Perez-Iglesias, R., & Vazquez-Barquero, J. L. (2008). Antipsychotic-induced weight gain in chronic and first-episode psychotic disorders: a systematic critical reappraisal. CNS Drugs, 22(7), 547–562.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Gonzalez-Blanch, C., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Perez-Iglesias, R., Martinez-Garcia, O., Perez-Pardal, T., … Crespo-Facorro, B. (2006). Attenuation of antipsychotic-induced weight gain with early behavioral intervention in drug-naive first-episode psychosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(8), 1253–1260.Google Scholar

Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Martinez-Garcia, O., Perez-Iglesias, R., Ramirez, M. L., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., & Crespo-Facorro, B. (2010). Prevention of antipsychotic-induced weight gain with early behavioural intervention in first-episode psychosis: 2-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 116(1), 16–19.Google Scholar

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2007). Physician behavior and practice patterns related to smoking cessation summary report. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.Google Scholar

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Education and training experience. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.Google Scholar

Banham, L., & Gilbody, S. (2010). Smoking cessation in severe mental illness: what works? Addiction, 105(7), 1176–1189.Google Scholar

Bedi, G., Carrillo, F., Cecchi, G. A., Slezak, D. F., Sigman, M., Mota, N. B., … Corcoran, C. M. (2015). Automated analysis of free speech predicts psychosis onset in high-risk youths. NPJ Schizophrenia, 1, 15030.Google Scholar

Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: a systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27–36.Google Scholar

Birnbaum, M. L., Rizvi, A. F., Correll, C. U., & Kane, J. M. (2017). Role of social media and the internet in pathways to care for adolescents and young adults with psychotic disorders and non-psychotic mood disorders. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(4), 290–295.Google Scholar

Bond, G. (2012). Evidence for the effectiveness of the individual placement and support model of supported employment. Retrieved from www.dartmouth.edu/~ips2/resources/12-ips-evidence-10-23.pdf.Google Scholar

Briggs, L. V. (1918). Occupational and industrial therapy: how can this important branch of treatment of our mentally ill be extended and improved? American Journal of Psychiatry, 74(3), 459–479.Google Scholar

Brigham, A. (1844). The moral treatment of insanity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 1–15.Google Scholar

Campion, J., Checinski, K., & Nurse, J. (2008). Review of smoking cessation treatments for people with mental illness. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 14, 208–216.Google Scholar

Citrome, L., & Yeomans, D. (2005). Do guidelines for severe mental illness promote physical health and well-being? Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(6), S102–S109.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Coghlan, R., Lawrence, D., Holman, C. D. J., & Jablensky, A. (2001). Duty to care: physical illness in people with mental illness. Perth: University of Western Australia.Google Scholar

Coldham, E. L., Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2002). Medication adherence of individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(4), 286–290.Google Scholar

Creed, P. (1998). Improving the mental and physical health of unemployed people: why and how? Medical Journal of Australia, 168(4), 177–178.Google Scholar

Crowther, R. E., Marshall, M., Bond, G. R., & Huxley, P. (2001). Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD003080.Google Scholar

Curtis, J., Watkins, A., Rosenbaum, S., Teasdale, S., Kalucy, M., Samaras, K., & Ward, P. B. (2016). Evaluating an individualized lifestyle and lifeskills intervention to prevent antipsychotic-induced weight gain in first-episode psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(3), 267–276.Google Scholar

Curtis, J., Watkins, A., Teasdale, S., Kalucy, M., Rosenbaum, S., Lederman, O., … Ward, P. W. (2015). Weight gain prevention during the first two years after antipsychotic initiation in youth with first episode psychosis. Paper presented at the SMHR, Brisbane.Google Scholar

Dartmouth IPS Supported Employment Center. (2012). Core principles of IPS supported employment. Retrieved from www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page29/page31/page31.html.Google Scholar

De Hert, M., Correll, C., Bobes, J., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Cohen, D., Asai, I., … Leucht, S. (2011). Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders: I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry, 10(1), 52–77.Google Scholar

Degney, J., Hopkins, B., Hosie, A., Lim, S., Rajendren, A. V., & Vogl, G. (2012). Counting the cost: the impact of young men’s mental health on the Australian economy. Melbourne: Inspire Foundation and Ernst & Young.Google Scholar

Department of Education and Training. (2006). Department of Education and Training: annual report. Melbourne: Department of Education and Training, Victorian Government.Google Scholar

Deters, F. G., & Mehl, M. R. (2013). Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5). DOI: 10.1177/1948550612469233.Google Scholar

Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., & Sutherland, I. (2004). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 328(7455), 1519.Google Scholar

Duggan, M., Ellison, N., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social media update. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar

Eysenbach, G. (2005). The law of attrition. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(1), e11.Google Scholar

Farrelly, S., Clement, S., Gabbidon, J., Jeffery, D., Dockery, L., Lassman, F., … Thornicroft, G. (2014). Anticipated and experienced discrimination amongst people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 157.Google Scholar

Fiore, M., Jaén, C., Baker, T., Bailey, W., Benowitz, N., Curry, S., … Wewers, M. (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.Google Scholar

Galletly, C. (2012). People living with psychosis: the good news and the bad news. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(9), 803–807.Google Scholar

Gates, J., Killackey, E., Phillips, L., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2015). Mental health starts with physical health: current status and future directions of non-pharmacological interventions to improve physical health in first episode psychosis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2(8), 726–742.Google Scholar

Gilbody, S., Peckham, E., Man, M. S., Mitchell, N., Li, J., Becque, T., … Shepherd, C. (2015). Bespoke smoking cessation for people with severe mental ill health (SCIMITAR): a pilot randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 2(5), 395–402.Google Scholar

Gleeson, J., Lederman, R., Herrman, H., Koval, P., Eleftheriadis, D., Bendall, S., … Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2017a ). Moderated online social therapy for carers of young people recovering from first-episode psychosis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 18(1), 27.Google Scholar

Gleeson, J., Lederman, R., Koval, P., Wadley, G., Bendall, S., Cotton, S., … Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2017b). Moderated online social therapy: a model for reducing stress in carers of young people diagnosed with mental health disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 485.Google Scholar

Gleeson, J. F., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Bendall, S., McGorry, P. D., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2014). Safety and privacy outcomes from a moderated online social therapy for young people with first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 546–550.Google Scholar

Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobol, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993). Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(14), 1008–1012.Google Scholar

Hermens, D. F., Scott, E. M., White, D., Lynch, M., Lagopoulos, J., Whitwell, B. G., … Hickie, I. B. (2013). Frequent alcohol, nicotine or cannabis use is common in young persons presenting for mental healthcare: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3, e002229.Google Scholar

Herrman, H., Evert, H., Harvey, C., Gureje, O., Pinzone, T., & Gordon, I. (2004). Disability and service use among homeless people living with psychotic disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(11–12), 965–974.Google Scholar

Hetrick, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Parker, A., Hughes, F., Willet, M., Morley, K., … Thompson, A. (2010). Promoting physical health in youth mental health services: ensuring routine monitoring of weight and metabolic indices in a first episode psychosis clinic. Australasian Psychiatry, 18(5), 451–455.Google Scholar

International First Episode Vocational Recovery (iFEVR) Group. (2010). Meaningful lives: supporting young people with psychosis in education, training and employment: an international consensus statement. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 4(4), 323–326.Google Scholar

Iyer, S. N., Mangala, R., Anitha, J., Thara, R., & Malla, A. K. (2011). An examination of patient-identified goals for treatment in a first-episode programme in Chennai, India. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5(4), 360–365.Google Scholar

Kaplan, K., Salzer, M. S., Solomon, P., Brusilovskiy, E., & Cousounis, P. (2011). Internet peer support for individuals with psychiatric disabilities: a randomized controlled trial. Social Science and Medicine, 72(1), 54–62.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364.Google Scholar

Khanna, P., Clifton, A. V., Banks, D., & Tosh, G. E. (2016). Smoking cessation advice for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD009704.Google Scholar

Killackey, E. (2008). Something for everyone: employment interventions in psychotic illness. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 20, 277–279.Google Scholar

Killackey, E. (2015). Resignation not accepted: employment, education and training in early intervention, past, present and future. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 9(6), 429–432.CrossRef Google Scholar

Killackey, E., Allott, K., Woodhead, G., Connor, S., Dragon, S., & Ring, J. (2017). Individual placement and support, supported education in early stage mental illness: an exploratory feasibility study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(6), 526–531.Google Scholar

Killackey, E. J., Jackson, H. J., Gleeson, J., Hickie, I. B., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Exciting career opportunity beckons! Early intervention and vocational rehabilitation in first episode psychosis: employing cautious optimism. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 951–962.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Killackey, E., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2008a). Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: a randomised controlled trial of individual placement and support versus treatment as usual. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 114–120.Google Scholar

Killackey, E., Nelson, B., & Yung, A. (2008b). Early detection and intervention in psychosis in Australia: history, progress and potential. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5(6), 279–285.Google Scholar

Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA, 284(20), 2606–2610.Google Scholar

Lawrence, D., D’Arcy, C., Holman, J., Jablensky, A. V., Threfall, T. J., & Fuller, S. A. (2000). Excess cancer mortality in Western Australian psychiatric patients due to higher case fatality rates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(5), 382–388.Google Scholar

Lawrence, D., Hancock, K. J., & Kisely, S. (2013). The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers. BMJ, 346, f2539.Google Scholar

Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2014). Moderated online social therapy: designing and evaluating technology for mental health. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 21(1), article no. 5.Google Scholar

Linden, M., & Schermuly-Haupt, M. L. (2014). Definition, assessment and rate of psychotherapy side effects. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 306–309.Google Scholar

Mai, Q., Holman, C. D., Sanfilippo, F. M., Emery, J. D., & Stewart, L. M. (2010). Do users of mental health services lack access to general practitioner services? Medical Journal of Australia, 192(9), 501–506.Google Scholar

Malarcher, A., Dube, S., Shaw, L., Babb, S., & Kaufmann, R. (2011). Quitting smoking among adults: United States, 2001–2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(44), 1513–1516.Google Scholar

Mathers, C., & Schofield, D. (1998). The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence. Medical Journal of Australia, 168(4), 178–182.Google Scholar

McGorry, P. D., Killackey, E., & Yung, A. (2008). Early intervention in psychosis: concepts, evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry, 7(3), 148–156.Google Scholar

Mohr, D. C., Cuijpers, P., & Lehman, K. (2011). Supportive accountability: a model for providing human support to enhance adherence to eHealth interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(1), e30.Google Scholar

Mohr, D. C., Schueller, S. M., Riley, W. T., Brown, C. H., Cuijpers, P., Duan, N., … Cheung, K. (2015). Trials of intervention principles: evaluation methods for evolving behavioral intervention technologies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(7), e166.Google Scholar

Morgan, V. A., Waterreus, A., Jablensky, A., Mackinnon, A., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V., … Saw, S. (2011). People living with psychotic illness 2010. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar

Morris, C. D., Waxmonsky, J. A., May, M. G., & Giese, A. A. (2009). What do persons with mental illnesses need to quit smoking? Mental health consumer and provider perspectives. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(4), 276–284.Google Scholar

National Mental Health Commission. (2014). The national review of mental health programmes and services. Sydney: NMHC.Google Scholar

Neil, A. L., Carr, V. J., Mihalopoulos, C., Mackinnon, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2014). Costs of psychosis in 2010: findings from the second Australian National Survey of Psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 169–182.Google Scholar

Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Turner, L. R., Ventura, J., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2008). Individual placement and support for individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia: integrating supported education and supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31(4), 340–349.Google Scholar

ORYGEN Youth Health. (2010). The Australian clinical guidelines for early psychosis. Melbourne: ORYGEN Youth Health.Google Scholar

Ostby, K. A., Czajkowski, N., Knudsen, G. P., Ystrom, E., Gjerde, L. C., Kendler, K. S., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2014). Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(12), 2003–2011.Google Scholar

Otte, E., & Rousseau, R. (2002). Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. Journal of Information Science, 28(6), 441–453.Google Scholar

Prochaska, J. J. (2010). Integrating tobacco treatment into mental health settings. JAMA, 304(22), 2534–2535.Google Scholar

Ramsay, C. E., Broussard, B., Goulding, S. M., Cristofaro, S., Hall, D., Kaslow, N. J., … Compton, M. T. (2011). Life and treatment goals of individuals hospitalized for first-episode nonaffective psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 344–348.Google Scholar

Ratschen, E., Britton, J., & McNeill, A. (2011). The smoking culture in psychiatry: time for change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(1), 6–7.Google Scholar

Rice, S., Gleeson, J., Davey, C., Hetrick, S., Parker, A., Lederman, R., … Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2018). Moderated online social therapy for depression relapse prevention in young people: pilot study of a ‘next generation’ online intervention. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 2(4), 613–625.Google Scholar

Rice, S. M., Goodall, J., Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Gilbertson, T., Amminger, G. P., … Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2014). Online and social networking interventions for the treatment of depression in young people: a systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(9), e206.Google Scholar

Rinaldi, M., Killackey, E., Smith, J., Shepherd, G., Singh, S. P., & Craig, T. (2010). First episode psychosis and employment: a review. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(2), 148–162.Google Scholar

Rinaldi, M., McNeil, K., Firn, M., Koletsi, M., Perkins, R., & Singh, S. P. (2004). What are the benefits of evidence-based supported employment for patients with first-episode psychosis? Psychiatric Bulletin, 28(8), 281–284.Google Scholar

Robson, E., Waghorn, G., Sherring, J., & Morris, A. (2010). Preliminary outcomes from an individualised supported education programme delivered by a community mental health service. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(10), 481–486.Google Scholar

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.Google Scholar

SANE Australia. (2007). Smoking and mental illness: costs. Melbourne: SANE.Google Scholar

Scott, E. M., Hermens, D. F., White, D., Naismith, S. L., GeHue, J., Whitwell, B. G., … Hickie, I. B. (2015). Body mass, cardiovascular risk and metabolic characteristics of young persons presenting for mental healthcare in Sydney, Australia. BMJ Open, 5(3), e007066.Google Scholar

Scott, J., Fowler, D., McGorry, P., Birchwood, M., Killackey, E., Christensen, H., … Nordentoft, M. (2013). Adolescents and young adults who are not in employment, education, or training. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 347, f5270.Google Scholar

Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774–788.Google Scholar

Sensis. (2015). Social media report: how Australian people and businesses are using social media. Retrieved from www.sensis.com.au/socialmediareport.Google Scholar

Siru, R., Hulse, G. K., & Tait, R. J. (2009). Assessing motivation to quit smoking in people with mental illness: a review. Addiction, 104(5), 719–733.Google Scholar

Stearns, A. (1918). The value of out-patient work among the insane. American Journal of Psychiatry, 74(4), 595–602.Google Scholar

Tausczik, Y., & Pennebaker, J. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54.Google Scholar

Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Rose, D., Sartorius, N., & Leese, M. (2009). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet, 373(9661), 408–415.Google Scholar

Tsoi, D. T., Porwal, M., & Webster, A. C. (2010). Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD007253.Google Scholar

Valenzuela, S. N., Park, B. J., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875–901.Google Scholar

Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., … Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480–488.Google Scholar

Wadley, G., Lederman, R., Gleeson, J., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2013). Participatory design of an online therapy for youth mental health. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer–Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration.Google Scholar

Waghorn, G., Chant, D., & Whiteford, H. (2003). The strength of self-reported course of illness in predicting vocational recovery for persons with schizophrenia. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 18(1), 33–41.Google Scholar

Williams, J. M., & Ziedonis, D. (2004). Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 29(6), 1067–1083.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (2011). Mental health: a state of well-being. Retrieved from www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/index.html.Google Scholar

Wu, E. Q., Birnbaum, H. G., Shi, L., Ball, D. E., Kessler, R. C., Moulis, M., & Aggarwal, J. (2005). The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(9), 1122–1129.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section 3 - Novel Treatment Strategies

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive