Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T17:09:37.429Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Ventricular System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2017

By
Bruce C. Gilbert ,
Suash Sharma ,
Ramon Figueroa  and
Amyn M. Rojiani
Edited by
Murat Gokden  and
Manoj Kumar
Murat Gokden
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
Manoj Kumar
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Neuropathologic and Neuroradiologic Correlations
A Differential Diagnostic Text and Atlas
 , pp. 249 - 282
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Rhoton, AL, Jr. The cerebrum. Anatomy. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(1 Suppl):37–118; discussion 119.Google Scholar
Glastonbury, CM, Osborn, AG, Salzman, KL. Masses and malformations of the third ventricle: Normal anatomic relationships and differential diagnoses. Radiographics. 2011;31:1889–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Standring, S, Borley, NR, Collins, P, et al. Choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid. In Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th edn., New York: Elsevier, 2009, p. 40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modic, MT, Weinstein, MA, Rothner, AD, et al. Calcification of the choroid plexus visualized by computed tomography. Radiology. 1980;135:369–72.Google Scholar
Tubbs, RS, Krishnamurthy, S, Verma, K, et al. Cavum velum interpositum, cavum septum pellucidum, and cavum vergae: A review. Child's Nervous System: ChNS. 2011;27:1927–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trimarchi, F BP, Marino, S, Milardi, D, et al. MRI 3D lateral cerebral ventricle in living humans: Morphological and morphometrical age-, gender-related preliminary study. Anatomic Science International. 2013;88:61–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Shook, BA, Lennington, JB, Acabchuk, RL, et al. Ventriculomegaly associated with ependymal gliosis and declines in barrier integrity in the aging human and mouse brain. Aging Cell. 2014;13:340–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Ozgur, A, Karaman, Y, Apaydin, FD, Duce, MN. An uncommon case of neurofibromatosis type 2: A tribute to the intracranial calcifications. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science. 2013;3:21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreau, E, Lefrancq, T, Saint-Martin, P. Incidental bilateral xanthogranuloma of the lateral ventricles at autopsy: A case report. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2013;20:647–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guermazi, A, De Kerviler, E, Zagdanski, AM, Frija, J. Diagnostic imaging of choroid plexus disease. Clinical Radiology. 2000;55:503–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naeini, RM, Yoo, JH, Hunter, JV. Spectrum of choroid plexus lesions in children. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2009;192:32–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiroglu, Y, Karabulut, N, Oncel, C, et al. Cerebral lateral ventricular asymmetry on CT: How much asymmetry is representing pathology? Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2008;30:249–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Born, CM, Meisenzahl, EM, Frodl, T, et al. The septum pellucidum and its variants. An MRI study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2004;254:295–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinoshita, T, Moritani, T, Hiwatashi, A, et al. Clinically silent choroid plexus cyst: Evaluation by diffusion-weighted MRI. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:251–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, Y, Barkovich, AJ. MR imaging of tuberous sclerosis in neonates and young infants. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999;20:907–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umeoka, S, Koyama, T, Miki, Y. Pictorial review of tuberous sclerosis in various organs. Radiographics. 2008;28:e32.Google ScholarPubMed
Michelozzi, C, Di Leo, G, Galli, F, et al. Subependymal nodules and giant cell tumours in tuberous sclerosis complex patients: Prevalence on MRI in relation to gene mutation. Child's Nervous System: ChNS. 2013;29:249–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adle-Biassette, H, Saugier-Veber, P, Fallet-Bianco, C, et al. Neuropathologic review of 138 cases genetically tested for X-linked hydrocephalus: Evidence for closely related clinical entities of unknown molecular bases. Acta Neuropathologica. 2013;126:427–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Curatolo, P, Maria, BL. Tuberous sclerosis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2013;111:323–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donkol, RH, Moghazy, KM, Abolenin, A. Assessment of gray matter heterotopia by magnetic resonance imaging. World Journal of Radiology. 2012;4:90–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verity, C, Firth, H, Ffrench-Constant, C. Congenital abnormalities of the central nervous system. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003;74 Suppl 1:i3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golden, JA Harding, BN (eds.). Developmental Neuropathology. Basel: International Society of Neuropathology, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, DT, Rankin, J, Draper, ES. Schizencephaly prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and clues to etiology: A register-based study. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012;39:75–82.Google Scholar
Oh, KY, Kennedy, AM, Frias, AE, Jr., Byrne, JL. Fetal schizencephaly: Pre- and postnatal imaging with a review of the clinical manifestations. Radiographics. 2005;25:647–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pascual-Castroviejo, I, Pascual-Pascual, SI, Velazquez-Fragua, R, Viano, J, Quinones, D. Schizencephaly: A study of 16 patients. Neurologia. 2012;27:491–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friede, RL. Developmental Neuropathology. 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.Google ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, M, Maeda, T, Izumi, T. The differences in epileptic characteristics in patients with porencephaly and schizencephaly. Brain and Development. 2012;34:546–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoneda, Y, Haginoya, K, Kato, M, et al. Phenotypic spectrum of COL4A1 mutations: Porencephaly to schizencephaly. Annals of Neurology. 2013;73:48–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdel Razek, AA, Kandell, AY, Elsorogy, LG, Elmongy, A, Basett, AA. Disorders of cortical formation: MR imaging features. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2009;30:4–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez-Mayoralas, DM, Fernandez-Jaen, A, Jimenez-De-la-Pena, M, et al. Schizencephaly: Pre- and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Child Neurology. 2010;25:1020–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nabavizadeh, SA, Zarnow, D, Bilaniuk, LT, et al. Correlation of prenatal and postnatal MRI findings in schizencephaly. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2014;35:1418–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rios, LT, Araujo Junior, E, Nardozza, LM, et al. Prenatal and postnatal schizencephaly findings by 2D and 3D ultrasound: Pictorial essay. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science. 2012;2:30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborn, AG, Preece, MT. Intracranial cysts: Radiologic–pathologic correlation and imaging approach. Radiology. 2006;239:650–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douzenis, A, Rizos, EN, Papadopoulou, A, Papathanasiou, M, Lykouras, L. Porencephaly and psychosis: A case report and review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryzenman, JM, Rothholtz, VS, Wiet, RJ. Porencephalic cyst: A review of the literature and management of a rare cause of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Otology and Neurotology. 2007;28:381–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellone, S, De Rienzo, F, Prodam, F, et al. Etiopathogenetic advances and management of holoprosencephaly: From bench to bedside. Panminerva Medica. 2010;52:345–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, JS, Barnes, PD. Neuroimaging advances in holoprosencephaly: Refining the spectrum of the midline malformation. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. 2010;154C:120–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Marcorelles, P, Laquerriere, A. Neuropathology of holoprosencephaly. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. 2010;154C:109–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rekate, HL. A consensus on the classification of hydrocephalus: Its utility in the assessment of abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Child's Nervous System: ChNS. 2011;27:1535–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tully, HM, Dobyns, WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: A review of epidemiology, classification and causes. European Journal of Medical Genetics. 2014;57:359–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamasaki, M, Nonaka, M, Bamba, Y, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes of fetal hydrocephalus. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2012;17:330–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dincer, A, Ozek, MM. Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus. Child's Nervous System: ChNS. 2011;27:1543–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Losowska-Kaniewska, D, Oles, A. Imaging examinations in children with hydrocephalus. Advances in Medical Sciences. 2007;52 Suppl 1:176–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Dincer, A, Kohan, S, Ozek, MM. Is all “communicating” hydrocephalus really communicating? Prospective study on the value of 3D-constructive interference in steady state sequence at 3T. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2009;30:1898–906.Google ScholarPubMed
Laitera, T, Sarajarvi, T, Haapasalo, A, et al. Increased gamma-secretase activity in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients with beta-amyloid pathology. PloS one. 2014;9:e93717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horbinski, C, Dacic, S, McLendon, RE, et al. Chordoid glioma: A case report and molecular characterization of five cases. Brain Pathology. 2009;19:439–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppido, PA, Fiorindi, A, Benvenuti, L, et al. Neuroendoscopic biopsy of ventricular tumors: A multicentric experience. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011;30:E2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louis, DN, Ohgaki, H, Wiestler, OD, et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathologica. 2007;114:97–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, V, Behari, S, Kumar Singh, R, et al. Pediatric colloid cysts of the third ventricle: Management considerations. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2010;152:451–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, DA, Fusco, DJ, Wait, SD, Nakaji, P. Endoscopic resection of colloid cysts: Use of a dual-instrument technique and an anterolateral approach. World Neurosurgery. 2013;80:576–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Algin, O, Ozmen, E, Arslan, H. Radiologic manifestations of colloid cysts: A pictorial essay. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal (Journal l'Association Canadienne des Radiologists). 2013;64:56–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, B, Honegger, JB, Beschorner, R, Ernemann, U, Horger, M. MR imaging findings in colloid cysts of the sellar region: Comparison with colloid cysts of the third ventricle and Rathke's cleft cysts. Academic Radiology. 2013;20:1457–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brat, DJ. The elusive origin of chordoid glioma. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2006;130:437–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brat, DJ, Scheithauer, BW, Staugaitis, SM, et al. Third ventricular chordoid glioma: A distinct clinicopathologic entity. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1998;57:283–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brat, DJ. Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler, OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC, 2007, pp. 90–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desouza, RM, Bodi, I, Thomas, N, Marsh, H, Crocker, M. Chordoid glioma: Ten years of a low-grade tumor with high morbidity. Skull Base. 2010;20:125–38.Google Scholar
Pomper, MG, Passe, TJ, Burger, PC, Scheithauer, BW, Brat, DJ. Chordoid glioma: A neoplasm unique to the hypothalamus and anterior third ventricle. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001;22:464–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grand, S, Pasquier, B, Gay, E, et al. Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle: CT and MRI, including perfusion data. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:842–6.Google Scholar
Ni, HC, Piao, YS, Lu, DH, et al. Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle: Four cases including one case with papillary features. Neuropathology. 2013;33:134–9.Google ScholarPubMed
McLendon, RE, Wiestler, OD, Kros, JM, Korshunov, A, Ng, HK. Ependymoma. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler, OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC, 2007, pp. 74–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pejavar, S, Polley, MY, Rosenberg-Wohl, S, et al. Pediatric intracranial ependymoma: The roles of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2012;106:367–75.Google Scholar
Phi, JH, Wang, KC, Park, SH, et al. Pediatric infratentorial ependymoma: Prognostic significance of anaplastic histology. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2012;106:619–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ambekar, S, Ranjan, M, Prasad, C, Santosh, V, Somanna, S. Fourth ventricular ependymoma with a distant intraventricular metastasis: Report of a rare case. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S121–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, AB, Smirniotopoulos, JG, Horkanyne-Szakaly, I. From the radiologic pathology archives. Intraventricular neoplasms: Radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2013;33:21–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Fenchel, M, Beschorner, R, Naegele, T, et al. Primarily solid intraventricular brain tumors. European Journal of Radiology. 2012;81:e688–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison, DW, Kocak, M, Figarella-Branger, D, et al. Histopathologic grading of pediatric ependymoma: Reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine. 2011;10:7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghunathan, A, Wani, K, Armstrong, TS, et al. Histological predictors of outcome in ependymoma are dependent on anatomic site within the central nervous system. Brain Pathology. 2013;23:584–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modena, P, Buttarelli, FR, Miceli, R, et al. Predictors of outcome in an AIEOP series of childhood ependymomas: A multifactorial analysis. Neuro-Oncology. 2012;14:1346–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, SC, Witt, H, Piro, RM, et al. Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy. Nature. 2014;506:445–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushing, EJ, Cooper, PB, Quezado, M, et al. Subependymoma revisited: Clinicopathologic evaluation of 83 cases. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2007;85:297–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saad, AF, Bidiwala, SB, Layton, KF, Snipes, GJ, Opatowsky, MJ. Fourth ventricular subependymoma presenting as worsening headache. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2013;26:52–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buccoliero, AM, Franchi, A, Castiglione, F, et al. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): Is it an astrocytoma? Morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Neuropathology. 2009;29:25–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Roth, J, Roach, ES, Bartels, U, et al. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: Diagnosis, screening, and treatment. Recommendations from the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference 2012. Pediatric Neurology. 2013;49:439–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotulska, K, Borkowska, J, Roszkowski, M, et al. Surgical treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis complex patients. Pediatric Neurology. 2014;50:307–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Lopes, MBS, Wiestler, OD, Stemmer-Rachamimov, AO, Sharma, MC. Tuberous sclerosis complex and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler, OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC, 2007, pp. 218–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, H, Zhou, R, Liu, J, Tang, J. Central neurocytoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2012;19:849–53.Google Scholar
Chen, MC, Pan, DH, Chung, WY, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for central neurocytoma: Retrospective analysis of fourteen cases with a median follow-up period of sixty-five months. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2011;89:185–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figarella-Branger, D, Söylemezoglu, F, Burger, PC. Central neurocytoma and extraventricular neurocytoma. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler, OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC, 2007, pp. 106–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niiro, T, Tokimura, H, Hanaya, R, et al. MRI findings in patients with central neurocytomas with special reference to differential diagnosis from other ventricular tumours near the foramen of Monro. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2012;19:681–6.Google Scholar
Vasiljevic, A, Champier, J, Figarella-Branger, D, et al. Molecular characterization of central neurocytomas: Potential markers for tumor typing and progression. Neuropathology. 2013;33:149–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasiljevic, A, Francois, P, Loundou, A, et al. Prognostic factors in central neurocytomas: A multicenter study of 71 cases. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2012;36:220–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gozali, AE, Britt, B, Shane, L, et al. Choroid plexus tumors; management, outcome, and association with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome: The Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) experience, 1991–2010. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2012;58:905–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lozier, AP, Arbaje, YM, Scheithauer, BW. Supratentorial, extraventricular choroid plexus carcinoma in an adult: Case report. Neurosurgery. 2009;65:E816–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Paulus, WBS. Choroid plexus tumors. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC, 2007, pp. 82–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, EA, Stanton, CA, Nichols, K, Ellis, TL. Rare intraparenchymal choroid plexus carcinoma resembling atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor diagnosed by immunostaining for INI1 protein. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2009;4:368–71.Google Scholar
Tabori, U, Shlien, A, Baskin, B, et al. TP53 alterations determine clinical subgroups and survival of patients with choroid plexus tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28:1995–2001.Google ScholarPubMed
Wasita, B, Sakamoto, M, Mizushima, M, Kurosaki, M, Watanabe, T. Choroid plexus metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting with intraventricular hemorrhage: Case report. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:E1213–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, C, Xu, Y, Feng, J, et al. Choroid plexus tumours: Classification, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 2013;57:176–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pratheesh, R, Moorthy, RK, Singh, R, Rajshekhar, V. Choroid plexus papilloma presenting as a non-contrast-enhancing fourth ventricular mass in a child. Neurology India. 2009;57:486–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, SP, Khademian, ZP, Chuang, SH, et al. Choroid plexus carcinomas in children: MRI features and patient outcomes. Neuroradiology. 2004;46:770–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Gopal, P, Parker, JR, Debski, R, Parker, JC Jr. Choroid plexus carcinoma. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2008;132:1350–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fu, Z, Xu, K, Xu, B, Qu, L, Yu, J. Lateral ventricular meningioma presenting with intraventricular hemorrhage: A case report and literature review. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;8:711–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, M, Wei, Y, Liu, Y, Zhu, S, Li, X. Intraventricular meninigiomas: A report of 25 cases. Neurosurgical Review. 2006;29:36–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, A, Louis, DN, Scheithauer, BW, et al. In Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al., eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC; 2007. pp. 164–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shintaku, M, Hashimoto, K, Okamoto, S. Intraventricular meningioma with anaplastic transformation and metastasis via the cerebrospinal fluid. Neuropathology. 2007;27:448–52.Google Scholar
Hoover, JM, Morris, JM, Meyer, FB. Use of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 sequences to determine intraoperative meningioma consistency. Surgical Neurology International. 2011;2:142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majos, C, Cucurella, G, Aguilera, C, Coll, S, Pons, LC. Intraventricular meningiomas: MR imaging and MR spectroscopic findings in two cases. American Journal of Neuroradiology,1999;20:882–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Yuan, J, Sharma, N, Choudhri, H, Figueroa, R, Sharma, S. Intraventricular dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor in a pediatric patient: Is it the most common extracortical location for DNT? Child's Nervous System: ChNS. 2011;27:485–90.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Xiong, J, Chu, SG, et al. Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor: Report of an unusual case with intraventricular dissemination. Acta Neuropathologica. 2009;118:813–19.Google Scholar
Luo, W, Ren, X, Chen, S, et al. Intracranial intraparenchymal and intraventricular schwannomas: Report of 18 cases. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2013;115:1052–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nickerson, JP, Richner, B, Santy, K, et al. Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection – part 2: TORCH, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2012;22:e52–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Voorn, JP, Pouwels, PJ, Vermeulen, RJ, Barkhof, F, van der Knaap, MS. Quantitative MR imaging and spectroscopy in congenital cytomegalovirus infection and periventricular leukomalacia suggests a comparable neuropathological substrate of the cerebral white matter lesions. Neuropediatrics. 2009;40:168–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Livingston, JH, Stivaros, S, Warren, D, Crow, YJ. Intracranial calcification in childhood: A review of aetiologies and recognizable phenotypes. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2014;56:612–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Gabrielli, L, Bonasoni, MP, Santini, D, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Patterns of fetal brain damage. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2012;18:E419–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manara, R, Balao, L, Baracchini, C, et al. Brain magnetic resonance findings in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatric Radiology. 2011;41:962–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkovich, AJ, Lindan, CE. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the brain: Imaging analysis and embryologic considerations. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1994;15:703–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, CR. Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2009;28:536–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Gadgil, N, Chamoun, RB, Gopinath, SP. Intraventricular brain abscess. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2012;19:1314–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rath, TJ, Hughes, M, Arabi, M, Shah, GV. Imaging of cerebritis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 2012;22:585–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engh, JA, Mintz, A, Kassam, AB. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating intraventricular rupture of a cerebral abscess and subsequent therapeutic response. Surgical Neurology. 2008;70:526–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apuzzo, ML, Dobkin, WR, Zee, CS, et al. Surgical considerations in treatment of intraventricular cysticercosis. An analysis of 45 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1984;60:400–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, S, Al-Khalili, R, Liu, JK, Slasky, SE. Paradoxical migrating cyst: An unusual presentation of intraventricular neurocysticercosis with a coincidental pituitary adenoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2014;21:1066–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, A, Shiroishi, MS, Zee, CS, Law, M, Go, JL. Imaging of neurocysticercosis. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 2012;22:659–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura-Hayama, ET, Higuera, JA, Corona-Cedillo, R, et al. Neurocysticercosis: Radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2010;30:1705–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardesty, DA, Ramey, W, Afrasiabi, M, et al. Patient outcomes and surgical complications in coccidioidomycosis-related hydrocephalus: An institutional review. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2014: 121:785–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raybaud, C, Ahmad, T, Rastegar, N, Shroff, M, Al Nassar, M. The premature brain: Developmental and lesional anatomy. Neuroradiology. 2013;55 Suppl 2:23–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mito, T, Becker, LE, Perlman, M, Takashima, S. A neuropathologic analysis of neonatal deaths occurring in a single neonatal unit over a 20-year period. Pediatric Pathology. 1993;13:773–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, WZ, Mao, BY, Hu, BF, et al. Intraventricular vascular malformations mimicking tumors: Case reports and review of the literature. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2008;266:63–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×