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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2022

Rolf K. Baltzersen
Rolf K. Baltzersen
Affiliation:
Ostfold University

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Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
Patterns in Problem Solving and Innovation
 , pp. 442 - 448
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

activism, See also Movement, social
clicktivism, 301, 307, 311, 386
online activism, 301, 311
participatory mapping, 332
alignment, 116, 127
premature alignment, 315
animal behavior, collective, 4, 20
ants, 21, 78–80, 129, 171–173, 177–178
baboons, 88–90
birds (geese), 108
birds (starlings), 115
chimpanzees, 104, 106, 135, 256, 260–261
elephants, 106
fish, 78–79, 107–108, 116–118
giant honeybees, 115
honeybees, 20, 78, 89, 96, 101–104, 114, 126, 130
honeybees (waggle dance), 99, 102, 134, 337
meerkats, 80–81
navigation, 106–108, 116
nest building, 21
nest siting, 93–96, 134
termites, 173–175
trail laying, 21
wasps, 175–177
whirligig beetles, 81–82
animal intelligence, 4, 6
argument mapping, 2, 19, 24, 51, 68–73, 194, 237, 283, 316, 319–320, 332, 337–339, 352, 354–355, 363
advantages, 70–72
artificial intelligence, 5, 16
artificial swarm intelligence (ASI), 102
athens, ancient, 22, 135, 281, 286, 298
assembly of the people, 22, 145, 153, 155–157, 159–161, 355
citizens’ tokens, 393–395
citizenship, 143–144
Cleisthenes, 143–144, 151, 155–156
council of 500 22, 145–148, 153
Heliastic Oath, 148, 158, 162–163, 355, 393
kleroterion, 149–151, 166
magistrates, 151–153, 269–271
nomothetai, 25, 341, 355–356
ostracism, 156–157, 169
People’s Court, 22, 148–151, 153, 157–159, 161–163, 166, 392
Pnyx, 155
Socrates, 158–159
attention economy, 186, 198, 222–223, 306, 335, 414
averaging, 20, 24, 77, 82, 88–93, 108, 129, 131, 134, 318, 330, 343
animals, 88–90
humans, 90–93
median, 92, 158
bias, 57, 110, 131, 184–185, 294, 298, 305, 319, 333, 336, 343, 377
Binet, Alfred, 7
C factor, See Group intelligence factor, general
citizen participation, 5, 276, 278, 286, See democracy, participatory
citizen science, 1, 5, 18, 20, 73, 91, 131, 276, 300, 313, 381, 415
eBird, 19, 41, 47, 51, 53–54, 73, 194, 332–333
Galaxy Zoo, 383, 391
Galaxy Zoo Quench, 61–62, 73, 331
Snapshot Serengeti, 41, 47, 313
Zooniverse, 19, 28, 39–42, 62
cognitive surplus, 395
collaboration
calculated reciprocity, 23, 267–268
elaborative, 23, 271–275, 291, 317
group size, 351
joint coordination, 22, 238, 250–253, 291–292, 349–350
mutual, 23, 254–262, 291
relationship, 21, 238–242, 267, 273–275
rule-governed, 23, 271–275
sympathy, 23
communication, gestural, 23, 138–139, 254
origins, 255–258
pointing, 256–258
community, 19, 278, 329, 386–389, 393, 396, See also unknown others (strangers), See also learning, community of learners
close engagement, 310–311
cosmopolitanism, 408, 416
global, 4, 9, 48, 118, 307, 315, 353, 416, See also Internet memes
loose engagement, 309–310
offline, 254, 299–300, 303
Condorcet jury theorem, 85
contests, 48, 101, 127–128, 190–191, 194–195, 383, 396, See also innovation contest, See also Hackaton, See also Foldit
innovation, 381, 394
contributions, dependent, 21, 77, 103, 129, 132, 293, 309, 313, 352
contributions, independent, 10, 21, 45, 77, 86–87, 92–93, 98–99, 110, 113, 129, 131, 298, 313, 318, 330, 336, 379
animals, 94–96, 105
origins, 166
coordinator, 363, See facilitator
copyright, 223–224
Creative Commons, 50, 52, 72, 196, 224, 237, 388
critical discourse, 25, 298, 306, 311, 337–338, 364–365, 411, 414, 416, See also video; vlog (videoblog)
argument mapping, 71–72
citizen empowerment, 64–65, 311, 359, 400, 411
citizen metadiscourses, 25, 286, 352
internet memes, 198–200
invention of newspapers, 228–229
news, 307–308
origins, 161–163, 355–356
Slashdot, 184
crowdsourcing, 4–5, 16, 18, 20–21
crowdfunding, 83–85, 129, 167, 286, See also Kickstarter
disaster management, 53, 66, 119–121, 129–130, 133, 170
idea development, 359
lawmaking, 295–298, 320–325
passive crowdsourcing, 124, 129
smart cities, 121–124, 129, 282–285
threadless, 28, 191
urban planning, 123–124
crowdsourcing method
Delphi method, 111–114, 132, 166
dynamic forecasting, 186–192
prediction market, 10, 21, 186–190, 314, 318, 383
prediction poll, 190–191
swarm platforms, 102, 383
decision threshold, 10, 20, 77–88, 134, See also Voting
decision speed, 130
majority, 77, 85–88, 108, 111, 128
majority (animal), 87–88
majority (origins), 153–155, 356
market prize, 189
quorum, 77, 82–88, 102–103, 129
quorum (animals), 77–82, 96, 129
quorum (origins), 155
supermajority, 113, 128
decision-making, independent, See contributions, independent
deliberation, 69–70, 132, 276, 288, 295, 298, 310–311, 316, 319, 333, 359, See also argument mapping
ancient Athens, See also Athens, ancient; Council of 500
deliberative democracy, 4, 96, 281–282, 310, 356–361, See also Democracy, participatory
Deliberative Polling, 96–99, 132–133, 166, 279, 281, 318, 358, 392
mass deliberation, 24, 278–285, 311, 359, 364, 415
online, 284–285, 298, 307–308, 324, 348–349
origins, 163
democracy
direct, 286, 288, 311
epistemic, 14
liquid, 345
open, 24, 277, 400
polycentric, 361
representative, 286, 288, 356
democracy, participatory, 4, 24, 96, 276–278, 409
Better Reykjavik, 24, 279, 282–285, 310, 329
citizen activism, 298–303
citizen assembly, 24–25, 279–282, 310, 341, 356–361, 364, 392
citizen expertise, 24, 276, 280, 282, 284–285, 289, 304, 323–324
citizen responsibility, 25, 359, 377–378, 411, 416
citizens’ initiatives, 287, 290–297
dysfunctional participation, 303–309
Icelandic constitutional experiment, 295–296, 309
mini-publics, 278, 360–361
origins, 152
output legitimacy, 280, 283–284, 323–324, 359–360
participatory budgeting, 98
smart cities, 122–124
vTaiwan, 24, 284, 320–325, 336–338
democracy, open, 413
Dewey, John, 361, 365, 411
diversity prediction theorem, 11–12, 109, 134, 319
diversity, human, 6, 10–15, 399, 410–411, 416
citizen diversity, 14, 198
cognitive diversity, 6, 13–15, 21, 28, 32–35, 45, 134, 238, 242–247, 249, 275
community diversity, 48–49, 294, 310
geographical diversity, 246, 276, 417
identity diversity, 244–246
informational diversity, 6, 12, 22, 26, 46, 71–72, 98–99, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 132, 134–135, 163, 167, 169, 219, 247, 304, 318–319, 334, 336–337, 351, 413
multicultural diversity, 21, 35, 63, 66, 247, 408
multidisciplinary diversity, 21, 112, 114, 246–247, 316, 327, 408
origins, 417–418
participatory diversity, 24, 348, 358
prediction diversity, See Diversity prediction theorem
representativeness, 357–358
Durkheim, Emile, 8
education, 19, See Open textbook
environmental sensing, 20, 25, 77
animals, 93–96, 114–118
human, 118–124, 368–370
origins, 143–147
equal participation, 21, 23, 71, 97, 109, 111, 114, 152, 154–155, 166, 189, 238, 247–250, 254, 311, 334, 358
animals, 94–96
origins, 266–271
errors, 198, 237, 313, 318, 383
animals, 118, 131
evaluation, intelligent, 45, 120–121, 123–124, 236, 340–365, 370–372
animals, 93–94, 129
crowd feedback, 295–298
Facebook, 26, 63, 99, 120, 183, 286, 296, 298, 300, 302, 305–306, 308, 310, 312, 321, 347, 364, 373, 401–402
facilitator, 36, 48, 61–62, 99, 109, 112–113, 127, 133, 249–253, 308, 331, 348–349, 353–355, 358
fairness, 23, 151–152, 166, 267, 315–316, 319–320, 343, 358, 363, 392, 416, See also equal participation
“fair algorithms”, 405
free riding, 201–202, 249, 255
origins, 268–269
feedback
negative spiral, 102, 407
positive, 78, 88, 96, 315, 335, 371
filter bubble, See Social media; echo chamber
Five Star Movement, Italy, 24, 285–290, 296–298, 309, 388
flocking behavior, 20
Foldit, 19, 28, 42–48, 109, 168–169, 277–278, 329, 348, 384–388, 415
forecasting, collective, See crowdsourcing method; prediction market
Galaxy Zoo, 19, 28, 47, 91, 131, 166, 313, 329, 394–395
Galton, Francis, 11
gamification, 19, 407, 415
Gardner, Howard, 7
animals, 96
humans, 96–102
origins, 139–140
geodata, 41, 66–67, 119–123
mobile crowdsensing, 130
Google, 26, 99, 181–182, 191, 304–305, 334–335, 342, 401–402, 414–415
governance, neobehavioristic, 26
governance, participatory, See democracy, participatory
group cognition, 4, 8
group intelligence factor, general, 6, 21, 238
group mind, 8
groupthink, 71, 113, 131–132, 184, 247–248, 333, 335, 364, See also social media, echo chamber
herding, 110, 131, 133
homophily, 71, 183
Gutenberg, Johannes, 214
Hackathon, 99–102, 109, 130, 132–133, 168, 291, 321, 329, 382, 388–389
heterogeneous social interaction, 20, 77
animals, 104–108
humans, 108–114
origins, 108–114
hoplites, 154–155, 166
humans, prehistoric
first Homo Sapiens, 417–418
hunter-gatherer groups, 23, 136–142, 255
hunting, group, 135
animals, 104–106
human, 22, 136–139, 165
IdeaConnection, 15, 18, 28, 392, 395
IdeaRally, 19, 48, 109, 132–134, 168, 329
teams, 240–244, 246–253, 258–260, 270–271, 292, 316–317, 327–329, 350, 384–385, 389–391
imitation, See also memes, internet
innovation, 224, 410
inside-out open, 67–68
open, 27, 283
open online, 1
outside-in open, 28, 67
social, 19, 379–380
innovation contest, 379, 392, See also IdeaConnection
Climate CoLab, 18, 28, 36–38, 47–48, 194–195, 317, 325, 391
innocentive, 28, 326, 353, 392
intermediary, 15, 18, 28–32
online, 15–16, 18, 20, 28, 36–38, 48, 313, 325–328, 353, 383
online team, 15, 19, 409
origins, 146–147
Topcoder, 28, 48, 353, 385–387, 391–392
intelligence
civic, 19–20, 281, 360–361, 394–395, 408–417
group intelligence test, 7–8
individual, 238
individual intelligence test, 7
instrumentarian, 401–408, 411, 417
social, 239
Internet, 2–4, 9–10, 235–237, 276, 286–287, 303–309
techno-optimism, 401
web 2.0, 3–4, 276–277, 400
Kickstarter, 28, 83–85, 167
knowledge advancement, collective, 23, 400, See also Stigmergy, fluid
book learning, 220–222
book translations, 195–197, 229–232, 237
corporate, 19, 67–68
establishment of science, 228, 235
overview, 70, 219, 294, 316, 335–339, 350–353, 359, 371
printed images, 225–228
printing press, 215–218, 408–411
scientific, 19, 40–41
knowledge commons, 25–26, 195, 224, 361–362, 365, 414, See also creative commons, See also Wikipedia, See also citizen science, See also OpenStreetMap, See also open textbook
open access, 19, 51–52, 72, 195, 224, 361, 372, 415
open digital database, 51–54, 73, 237, 290, 332–333, 370–373, See also Citizen science; eBird
open educational resources (OER), 55, 372
open science, 24, 277, 400, 413
Plan S, 52
knowledge sharing, 23, 109, 114, 132, 209, 224, 232, 234, 304, 398–399, 415, See also Stigmergy, frozen
animals, See Animal behavior, collective; honeybees (waggle dance)
censorship, 414
citizen expertise, 183
democratization of knowledge production, 50–51, 237, 400
open online, 1, 18–20, 25, 287, 333, 376–377
origins, 146–147
sharing economy, 342
large gatherings, 20, 22, 77, 93–102, 109, 134, 169, 295
learning
behavioral modification, 346–347, 402, 408
centralized network, 110–111
collective, 25, 118, 363, 369–370, 378–380, 390–391
community of learners, 23, 101–102, 254, 262–266
conversational, 133
copying behavior, 104–105, 108, 110, 116
individual, 132–133, 340, 358, 382, 389–390, 396
observational, 132–133, 266, 291, 294
social, 108–110, 118, 267
stone tool, 23, 262–266
transformative, 391–392
transparent environment, 35–36, 310
triple loop, 340, 350, 363
Lévy, Pierre, 2, 9, 400
lottocracy, 170, 324, See Randomization
Luther, Martin, 229–231
machine intelligence, 6, 16, 400, 415–416, See also reputation, See also search engine, See also intelligence, instrumentarian
behavioral surplus, 401, 411
hive mind, 402, 408
machine learning, 103, 336, 365, 415
smart recommendations, 401–402
surveillance technology, 373, 375
Malone, Thomas W., 4
many eyes principle, 13–14, 21, 90, 115–116, 129, 134, 313–314, 317
many wrongs principle, 12–13, 20, 71, 87–90, 107–108, 115, 118, 131, 134, 318
origins, 158, 163
marginality effects, 325
marginalized groups, 335
minority group, 338
memes, internet, 197–200, 223, 237, 299, 307
memory, human collective, 22, 26, 50, 62, 72–73, 201, 208–209, 214, 221, 227–228, 237, 361–363, 399, 414, See also Knowledge commons
metacognition, collective, 340, See Metacommunication
metacommunication, 25, 126, 340, 349–351, 363–364
metadiscourse, See also Critical discourse; Citizen metadiscourses
deliberation analytics (argument mapping), 352
metadiscourse tools, 352
written discussions, 352–353
misinformation, 354, 361, 372–373, 377, 400, 414
fake news, 24, 277, 305–309
social media, 372
mobile technologies, 119, See also Geodata
moderator, See facilitator
modularization, 25, 59, 121, 314, 329–335, 352, 355, 392
microtasks, 382–383
motivation, 46, 153, 280, 343–345, 347–348, 358, 363, 371, 381–400
social comparison, 97, 346–347, 364, 406–407
movement, social, 282
Five Star Movement, 285
My Stealthy Freedom, 24, 302–303, 310, 312
Sunflower movement, 320
Mumford, Lewis, 410–411, 416
monotechnics, 410–411
polytechnics, 410
networks
centralized, 107, 110–111, 114
decentralized, 110, 276
network society, 2–4, 200
networked individualism, 278
origins, 22, 140–142, 167
ResearchGate, 344
social network incentives, 402
open source software, 5, 10, 67, 99, 195, 237, 315, 329, 347, 381
open textbook, 19, 21, 51, 54–56, 72, 186, 195–197, 224, 237, 299, 316, 331
OpenStreetMap, 66–67, 300, 332, 388
peer production, 4, 74, 276, 278, 348, 364, 381, 387
crowd peer review, 24, 292–295, 309, 314
peer review, 186, 315, 341
phylogenesis, 22
polymath project, 19, 51, 58–61, 73, 278, 290, 310, 314, 328, 351, 353–354, 385–386, 395
portfolio effect, 192
prediction market, See crowdsourcing method, prediction market
PredictIT, 187–190
predictive science, 403, 414
printing press, 9, 22, 208, 214–232, 234–235, 399, 408
problem solving
anonymous, 113, 162, 292, 310
complex, 2, 16, 68–72, 126, 195, 278, 319–320, 351, 360, 383
iterative, 112–113, 293, 317
rapid, 32–36, 68–70, 101–102, 130–131, 135, 159, 162–163, 166, 293, 297–298, 309, 370
team, 19, 239, 243, 327–329
problem, wicked, 2, 25, 366–368
climate change, 2, 36–38, 48, 285, 288, 304, 358–360, 364, 391, 411, 418
COVID-19 305, 361, 366–381
randomization, 96–98, 280–281, 295, 357
origins, 108–114, 143–144, 162, 170, 355
representativeness, 96–97, 280, 295, 311, 324, 345, 357, 392
reputation
deliberation, 347–349, 364
manipulation, 344
meritocracy, 344, 347–349
national social credit system, 403–408, 416
origins, 270–271
researchers, 344–345
score, 341, 363–364, 385, 403–407, 416–417
society, 25, 340–344, 364, 385, 403
state, 26, 403–408, 416–417
systems, 25, 183–184, 344–347, 365, 403
rotation, 281–282, 286, 311, 358
animals, 107
origins, 108–114, 146, 170
rules, behavioral, 57–58, 60, 125–126, 172
compliance, 370, 373–375, 377–378
conformity, 110, 113, 378
neobehaviorism, 406
Search engine, 181–183, 221, 304–305, 334–335, 399, 414–415, See also attention economy, See also Google
DuckDuckGo, 415
self-organization, 6, 9–10, 309, 355
self-selection of tasks, 27, 309, 311, 392
sensing, emergent, See environmental sensing
sentiment analysis, 120–121, 124, 129
skills, individual
environmental literacy, 359
expert, 47
information searching, 334
interpersonal, 239
mathematical, 60
political, 152
reading, 219, 229, 235
spatial reasoning skills (exceptional), 47
teenagers, 348
visual perception, 47, 381
Skinner, B.F., 402
social media, 24, 63, 68, 120–121, 129, 182–183, 277, 286, 300, 305, 307, 311, 337, 340, 346–348, 364, 372, 382, 386, 400, 414, See also Facebook, See also sentiment analysis, See also Twitter
echo chamber, 24, 246, 277, 305–306, 308, 311
social media activism, 24, 199–200, 298–303
Sparta, 154, 355
Spearman, Charles, 7
stigmergy, 171–173
fluid, 23, 234–237, 372
frozen, 23, 234–236
human, 9–10, 21, 234, 315, 377, 399
marker-based, 178, 186, 203–204, 232
origins, 23
qualitative, 21, 175–177, 204–207, 236
quantitative, 21, 173–175, 203–204, 371, 376
sematectonic, 177–178, 204–207
Sumer (Mesopotamia), 209
Surowiecki, James, 10, 76
surveillance capitalism, 26, 403, 411, 414, 416
swarm intelligence, 5, 75, See also Swarm problem solving
swarm problem solving
animal, 10, 77–82, 87–90, 93–96, 104–108, 114–118
human, 10, 20–21, 75–77, 82–87, 90–93, 96–104, 108–114, 118–135, 337, 376–377, 379
independence vs information transfer tradeoff, 132
origins, 22, 163–170
speed vs accuracy tradeoff, 129, 158, 163
Tarde, Gabriel, 9
teaching, 23, 68, 291, See also Facilitator
origins, 265–267
team, See problem solving, team
technological determinism, 17
technological platform, See also open source software, See also argument mapping
blog, 58, 60, 68, 288, 334, 351, See also Video; vlog (videoblog)
DebateGraph (argument map), 70, 194
Deliberatorium (argument map), 69–70
discussion forum, 68, 71
idea sharing (Better Reykjavik), 284
Linux, 99, 347, 383
Lua (Foldit), 415
Pol.is (vTaiwan), 321–322, 338
Rousseau, 287–288, 296
UNU platform, 102–104, 129–131
wiki, 58, 66, 291, 316, 320, 331, 352, 393, See also Wikipedia
techno-populism, 288–290, 311, 320–321
textbook, 220, 225, 235, See also Open textbook
trade, premodern, 22, 135, 139–142, 167
transparency, 24–26, 36–38, 61, 73–74, 109, 132, 184, 186, 189, 192, 195, 237, 284–285, 290–298, 315, 317, 320, 324, 338, 359, 364, 369, 371, 392, 411
animals, 93–95
COVID-19 376–377
knowledge construction processes, 58, 60–61, 73
lack of transparency, 402
origins, 151, 153
Twitter, 120, 124, 298, 300, 306, 321, 372–373
unknown others (strangers), 25, 46–47, 119, 136, 325–327, 336, 384, 408, 417
origins, 142–145, 163–164, 167–169
trust, 341–343, 404
US presidential election, 186–188, 305–306
video, See also memes, internet, See also YouTube
clip, 300–301, 307
educational, 65–66
online, 1, 19, 21, 51, 62–66, 180–181, 207, 221, 223, 303, 306, 314, 334, 414–415
quote, 63
vlog (videoblog), 63–64, 298
voting
anonymous, 99, 156–159
best ideas, 48, 283–284, 297, 310
election, 365
elimination, 191–192
majority, 102, 289–290, 311
majority (origins), 155, 157–159
mass, 4, 285–290, 297, 309, 311, 357, 415
meta-, 184
micro-referendum, 360
online rating, 184–186
ostracism (origins prediction vote), 156–157
plurality, 156
proxy, 345
rating, 342–346, 352
Reddit, 184–185, 315
referendum, 83–84, 155, 357, 360
sequential, 102, 356
social media, 346–347
subscribers, 185–186
supermajority, 85–86, 166, 349
transparent, 185
voter competence, 85
voting design, 5, 33
Vygotsky, Lev, 17
Wikipedia, 1, 4, 9, 21, 24, 51, 56–58, 73, 192–194, 207, 224–225, 237, 276, 278, 290, 299, 308, 314–316, 319, 330, 336, 348–349, 352–353, 364, 381, 383, 386, 388–389, 393, 395–396, 399, 409, 415
wisdom of the crowd, 4, 10–15, 76, 90–93, 103, 108, 110–111, 113, 125, 131, 188–189, 277, 288–289, 298, 310, 313, 318, 336, 339
origins, 151, 158, 162, 166
writing
authorship, 223–225
book technology (printing press), 225
clay tablet, 210, 212, 232–233
collective, 56–57, 62, 295–296, 314–316, 331–332
hieroglyphics, 212
invention of, 9, 22, 208–214, 232–233
Million Penguins project, 331
papyrus, 212, 232–233
scribes, 212–214, 232–233
social media, 307
systematic phoneticism, 211–212
YouTube, 62–66, 72–73, 180, 198–199, 277, 306, 321, 333–334, 361–363, 373, 388, 414

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  • Index
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108981361.017
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  • Index
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108981361.017
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  • Index
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108981361.017
Available formats
×