Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T17:18:49.781Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2023

Hania Sobhy
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (MPI-MMG), Göttingen

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
Schooling the Nation
Education and Everyday Politics in Egypt
, pp. 231 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

References

Abdelhadi, Magdi. 2008. “Egypt’s Sexual Harassment ‘Cancer’.” BBC News, July 18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7514567.stm.Google Scholar
Abdelhamid, Doha, and Baradei, Laila. 2010. “Reforming the Pay System for Government Employees in Egypt.” International Public Management Review, 11 (3), 5986.Google Scholar
Abdelrahman, Maha. 2007. “The Nationalisation of the Human Rights Debate in Egypt.” Nations and Nationalism 13 (2), 285300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdelrahman, Maha. 2017. “Policing Neoliberalism in Egypt: The Continuing Rise of the ‘Securocratic’ State.” Third World Quarterly 38 (1), 185202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdou, Amira. 2012. “Teachers’ Recruitment and Selection Practices within Different Schooling Systems in Egypt.” Master’s thesis, American University in Cairo.Google Scholar
Abdou, Ehaab D. 2017a. “Construction(S) of the Nation in Egyptian Textbooks.” In (Re)Constructing Memory: Education, Identity, and Conflict, edited by Michelle, J. Bellino and James H., Williams. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 7598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdou, Ehaab D. 2017b. “Copts in Egyptian History Textbooks: Towards an Integrated Framework for Analyzing Minority Representations.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 50 (4), 476507.Google Scholar
Abdul Hamid, Talat. 2000. Al-Ta‘lim wa Sina‘at al-Qahr: Dirasa fil-Ta‘lim wal-Dabt al-Ijtima‘i [Education and the Production of Oppression: A Study in Education and Social Control]. Cairo: Merit Lil-Nashr wal-Ma‘lumat.Google Scholar
Abdullah, Ahmad Muhammad. 2007. “Dawr al-Qanawat al-Fada’iya al-Arabiya fi Tartib Awlawiyat al-Qadaya al-Siyasiya lada al-Murahiqin [The Role of Arab Satellite Channels in Ordering the Priorities of Political Issues for Adolescents].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
Abo El-Abass, Bassem and Gunn, Michael. 2011. “Living on Borrowed Time: Mixed Reactions as Egypt Eyes Foreign Loans.” Ahram Online, 23 April. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/3/0/10565/Business/0/Living-on-borrowed-time-mixed-reactions-as-Egypt-e.aspx.Google Scholar
Abu El-Haj, Thea Renda, Bonet, Sally Wesley, Demerath, Peter and Schultz, Katherine. 2011. “Education, Citizenship, and the Politics of Belonging: Youth from Muslim Transnational Communities and the ‘War on Terror’.” Review of Research in Education 35, 2959.Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1989. “Zones of Theory in the Anthropology of the Arab World.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18, 267306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2005. Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt. Chicago, IL, and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Lila and Lutz, Catherine. 1990. “Introduction: Emotion, Discourse, and the Politics of Everyday Life.” In Language and the Politics of Emotion, edited by Lutz, Catherine and Abu-Lughod, Lila. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 123.Google Scholar
Abul-Magd, Zeinab. 2014. “Egypt’s Adaptable Officers: Power, Business, and Discontent.” ISPI Analysis 266 (July), 19.Google Scholar
Adely, Fida. 2010. “Performing Patriotism: Rituals and Moral Authority in a Jordanian High School.” In Education and the Arab World: Political Projects, Struggles, and Geometries of Power, edited by Mazawi, André E. and Sultana, Ronald G.. New York and London: Routledge, 132–44.Google Scholar
Adely, Fida. 2012. Gendered Paradoxes: Educating Jordanian Women in Nation, Faith, and Progress. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adli, Faten. 2001. “Al-Khitab al-Ta‘limi Rasmi wa ghayr al-Rasmi fi Misr min 1952–1981 [Official and Unofficial Educational Discourse in Egypt from 1952–1981].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Educational Studies and Research, Cairo University.Google Scholar
Adli, Faten. 2007. “The Textbook between Ideology and Objectivity: An Analysis of Third Intermediate History Textbook in Egypt.” In The Textbook: Its Role, Content, and Quality, edited by Ayoub, Fawzi. Beirut: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies, 143–71.Google Scholar
Adly, Amr. 2014. “Egypt’s Conservative Nationalism: Discourse and Praxis of the New Regime.” Jadaliyya, October 14. www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/19628/egypt.Google Scholar
Advani, Shalini. 1996. “Educating the National Imagination.” Economic and Political Weekly 31 (31), 2077–82.Google Scholar
AFA (Arab Forum for Alternatives). 2014. Evaluating Public Expenditure Policies on Education in Egypt. Cairo: Arab Forum for Alternatives.Google Scholar
AfDB. 2016. “Addressing Informality in Egypt.” Working Paper, North Africa Policy Series. African Development Bank.Google Scholar
El-Agati, Mohamed, Sigler, Nick, Harvey, Nick and Essaila, Sobhy. 2014. Political Parties and Public Opinion in Egypt. Cairo: Arab Forum for Alternatives and Global Partners Governance.Google Scholar
Akkari, Abdeljalil. 2010. “Privatizing Education in the Maghreb: A Path for a Two-Tiered Education System.” In Education and the Arab “World”: Political Projects, Struggles, and Geometries of Power, edited by Mazawi, Andre E. and Sultana, Ronald G.. New York: Routledge, 4358.Google Scholar
Albrecht, Holger and Schlumberger, Oliver. 2004. “Waiting for Godot: Regime Change without Democratization in the Middle East.” International Political Science Review 25 (4) (October), 371–92.Google Scholar
Alcott, Benjamin and Rose, Pauline. 2016. “Does Private Schooling Narrow Wealth Inequalities in Learning Outcomes? Evidence from East Africa.” Oxford Review of Education 42 (5), 495510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, Yusuf. 2001. An English Interpretation of the Holy Quran. New York: Lushena Books.Google Scholar
Alissa, Sufyan. 2007. “The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt.” Carnegie Papers 5 (October). http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec5_alissa_egypt_final.pdf.Google Scholar
Allan, Steve and Gilbert, Paul. 1997. “Submissive Behaviour and Psychopathology.” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 36 (4), 467–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alyahri, Abdullah and Goodman, Robert. 2008. “Harsh Corporal Punishment of Yemeni Children: Occurrence, Type and Associations.” Child Abuse and Neglect 32, 766–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amer, Mona. 2007. “The Egyptian Youth Labor Market School to Work Transition: 1998–2006.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 0702 (September). https://erf.org.eg/publications/the-egyptian-youth-labor-market-school-towork-transition-1998-2006/.Google Scholar
Amin, Galal. 2009. Misr Wal Misrioun fi ‘Ahd Mubarak [Egypt and the Egyptians under Mubarak]. Cairo: Dar Merit lil-Nashr.Google Scholar
Anani, Khalil. 2014. “Unpacking Sisi’s Religiosity.” Mada Masr, June 18. www.madamasr.com/opinion/unpacking-sisis-religiosityGoogle Scholar
Antoninis, Manos. 2001. “The Vocational School Fallacy Revisited: Technical Secondary Schools in Egypt.” European University Institute, Robert Schumann Center, Mediterranean Program Series, Working Paper no. 22. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/1731.Google Scholar
Anyon, Jean. 1988. “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work.” In Curriculum: An Introduction to the Field, edited by Gress, James R.. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 366–89.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W. 1979. Ideology and Curriculum. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W. 1982. Education and Power. Boston, MA: Routledge and Keagan Paul.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W. 1993. Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W. 2004. “Creating Difference: Neo-Liberalism, Neo-Conservatism and the Politics of Educational Reform.” Educational Policy 18 (1), 1244.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W., and Christian-Smith, Linda K.. 1991. “The Politics of the Textbook.” In The Politics of the Textbook, edited by Apple, Michael and Christian-Smith, Linda K., New York: Routledge, 122.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W., and Weis, Lois. 1983. “Curricular Form and the Logic of Technical Control.” In Ideology and Practice in Schooling, edited by Apple, Michael W. and Weis, Lois, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 143–65.Google Scholar
Apple, Michael W., and Weis, Lois. 1986. “Seeing Education Relationally: The Stratification of Culture and People in the Sociology of School Knowledge.” Journal of Education 168, 734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archard, David. 2004. Children: Rights and Childhood. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui. 2010. “Equality for All? Egypt’s free higher education policy breeds inequality of opportunity.” Policy Perspective, Economic Research Forum (December).Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui. 2013. “Equality for All? Egypt’s Free Public Higher Education Policy Breeds Inequality of Opportunity.” In Is There Equality of Opportunity under Free Higher Education in Egypt?, edited by El-Badawy, Ayman A.. New York: Population Council.Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui, and Barsoum, Ghada. 2007. “Youth Exclusion in Egypt: In Search of Second Chances. The Middle East Youth Initiative.” Wolfensohn Center for Development and Dubai School of Government, Working Paper no. 2. www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/540/.Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui, and Krafft, Caroline. 2013. “The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey: Introducing the 2012 Round.” IZA Journal of Labor & Development 2 (8).Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui, and Krafft, Caroline. 2014. “Youth Transitions in Egypt: School, Work, and Family Formation in an Era of Changing Opportunities.” Silatch, Working Paper Series no. 14-1 (October). https://silatech.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/youth-transitions-in-egypt-school-work-and-family-formation-in-an-era-of-changing-opportunities.pdf.Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui, Krafft, Caroline, Roemer, John, and Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. 2016. “Inequality of Opportunity in Wages and Consumption in Egypt.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 1002 (May). https://erf.org.eg/publications/inequality-of-opportunity-in-wages-and-consumption-in-egypt/.Google Scholar
Assaad, Ragui, Krafft, Caroline, and Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. 2014. “Does the Type of Education Affect Labor Market Outcomes: A Comparison of Egypt and Jordan.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 826. https://erf.org.eg/publications/does-the-type-of-higher-education-affect-labor-market-outcomes-a-comparison-of-egypt-and-jordan/.Google Scholar
Attalah, Motaz, and Makar, Farida. 2014. “Nationalism and Homogeneity in Contemporary Curricula.” Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. http://eipr.org/sites/default/files/reports/pdf/nationalism_and_homogeneity_in_contemporary_curricula_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Atia, Mona. 2012. “‘A Way to Paradise’: Pious Neoliberalism, Islam and Faith-Based Development.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (4), 808–27.Google Scholar
Awad, Muhammad al-Sayid Mustafa Hasan. 2006. “Dawr Mu’asasat al-Tanshi’a fi Tashkil al-Itijahat al-Siyasiya-Dirasa Muqarana [The Role of Institutions of Socialization in Shaping Political Attitudes: A Comparative Study].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
Badr, Hanan. 2020. “Egypt’s Media System: Historic Legacies and Blocked Potentials for Independent Media.” Publizistik 65 (1): 6379.Google Scholar
Bahaa Al-Din, Hussein Kamel. 2004. “Wazir al-Ta‘lim: Taradna Alaf al-Mudarisin al-Mutatarifin. wa Amrika la Tatadakhal bi-Manahijina raghm anaha Akbar al-Mumawilin al-Ajanib [Egyptian Minister of Education: We Fired Thousands of Extremist Teachers and America does not Interfere with our Curricula despite Being the Biggest Foreign Donor].” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Newspaper, March 9. www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=53&article=221962&issueno=9233.Google Scholar
Ball, Stephen J., ed. 1990. Foucault and Education. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ball, Stephen J. 2006. “The Necessity and Violence of Theory.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 27 (1), 310.Google Scholar
Barakat, Halim. 1984. Al-Mujtama’ al-‘Arabi al-Mu‘asir [Contemporary Arab Society]. Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wihda al-‘Arabiya.Google Scholar
Barsoum, Ghada F. 2004. “The Employment Crisis of Female Graduates in Egypt: An Ethnographic Account.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 25 (3). https://aucpress.com/product/the-employment-crisis-of-female-graduates-in-egypt-an-ethnographic-account/.Google Scholar
Barsoum, Ghada, Ramadan, Mohamed, and Mostafa, Mona. 2014. Labour Market Transitions of Young Women and Men in Egypt [Work4Youth Publication Series no. 16]. Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Bartsch, Ulrich. 1997. “Interpreting Household Budget Surveys: Estimates for Poverty and Income Distribution in Egypt.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 714 (September). https://erf.org.eg/publications/interpreting-household-budget-surveys-estimates-poverty-income-distribution-egypt/.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2017. Chronicles of the Egyptian Revolution and its Aftermath 2011–2016. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baumrind, Diana. 1971. “Current Patterns of Parental Authority.” Developmental Psychology Monographs 4 (2), 1103.Google Scholar
Baumrind, Diana. 1991. “The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Abuse.” Journal of Early Adolescence 11, 5695.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2010. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2013. “The Arab Spring and Its Surprises.” Development and Change 44 (3), 587601.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2015. “Plebeians of the Arab Spring.” Current Anthropology 56(S11), S33S43.Google Scholar
Bekerman, Zvi. 2003. “Reshaping Conflict through School Ceremonial Events in Israeli Palestinian–Jewish Coeducation.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 34 (2), 205–24.Google Scholar
Bell, David A. 2003. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Amos, Avner, and Bet-El, Liana. 1999. “Holocaust Day and Memorial Day in Israeli Schools: Ceremonies, Education and History.” Israel Studies 4 (l), 258–84.Google Scholar
Benei, Veronique. 2008. Schooling Passions: Nation, History, and Language in Contemporary Western India. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Beinin, Joel. 2009. “Workers’ Protest in Egypt: Neo-liberalism and Class Struggle in 21st Century.” Social Movement Studies 8 (4), 449–54.Google Scholar
Beinin, Joel. 2011. “Egypt’s Workers Rise Up.” The Nation 7 (4), 89.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R., Jamal, Amaney, and Mazur, Kevin. 2015. “Explaining Divergent Revolutionary Coalitions: Regime Strategies and the Structuring of Participation in the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” Comparative Politics 48 (1), 124.Google Scholar
Berezin, Mabel. 2001. “Emotions and Political Identity: Mobilizing Affection for the Polity.” In Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, edited by Goodwin, Jeff, Jasper, James and Polletta, Francesca. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 83–98.Google Scholar
Berlant, Lauren. 2000. “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics.” In Transformations: Thinking Through Feminism, edited by Ahmed, Sarah, Kilby, Jane, Lury, Celia, McNeil, Maureen and Skeggs, Beverley. New York: Routledge, 3347.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Basil. 1971. “On the Classification and Framing of Educational Knowledge.” In Knowledge and Control, edited by Youn, Michael. London: Collier-Macmillan, 4769.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Basil. 1977. Class, Codes and Control, Vol. 3. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, Kum Kum. 1991. Talking Politics: A Psychological Framing for Views from Youth in Britain. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bilawi, Hassan. 2000. “Anmat al-Haymana fi Al-Ta’lim: Ru’ya Naqdiyya [Modes of Hegemony in Education: A Critical Perspective].” In Al-Hurriya al-Fikrriya wal-Acadimiya fi Misr [Intellectual and Academic Freedom in Egypt], edited by Rashid, Amina. Cairo: Dar al-Amin lil-Tiba‘a wal-Nashr wal-Tawzi’, 175–80.Google Scholar
Binzel, Christine, and Assaad, Ragui. 2011. “Egyptian Men Working Abroad: Labour Supply Responses by the Women Left Behind.” Labour Economics 18 (1), 98114.Google Scholar
Birkholz, Sina. 2014. “Struggles of Distinction: Young Women Constructing Their Class Identity in Egypt’s Americanized Milieu”. Middle East Topic and Arguments 2: 4662.Google Scholar
Biswal, Bagala. 1999. “Private Tutoring and Public Corruption: A Cost-effective Education System for Developing Countries.” The Developing Economies 37 (2), 222–40.Google Scholar
Bjork, Christopher. 2002. “Reconstructing Rituals: Expressions of Autonomy and Resistance in a Sino-Indonesian School.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 33 (4), 465–91.Google Scholar
Blackman, Lisa, Cromby, John, Hook, Derek, Papadopoulos, Dimitris, and Walkerdine, Valerie. 2008. “Editorial: Creating Subjectivities.” Subjectivity 22, 127.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Gillum, Rachel. 2013. “Religiosity of Interviewer Effects in the Islamic World: Assessing the Impact of Veiled Enumerators on Survey Response in Egypt.” Politics and Religion 6 (3), 459–82.Google Scholar
Botros, Atef. 2012. “Reconfiguring the Past: History, Memory and Ideology in Egyptian History Textbooks between 1932 and 2009.” In The Politics of Education Reform in the Middle East. Self and Other in Textbooks and Curricula, edited by Alayan-Beck, Samira, Rohde, Achim and Dhouib, Sarhan. New York: Berghahn, 112–30.Google Scholar
Boughzala, Mongi, and Kouki, Mokhtar. 2003. “Unemployment Persistence and the Informal Sector.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 0326 (September). https://erf.org.eg/publications/unemployment-persistence-and-the-informal-sector/.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory of Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by Richardson, John G.. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 4658.Google Scholar
Bourdieru, Pierre. 1994 [1993]. “Rethinking the State: On the Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field.” Sociological Theory 12 (1), 119.Google Scholar
Bourdieru, Pierre. 1996. The State Nobility: Elite Schools and the Field of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieru, Pierre. 1998. Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market, trans. Richard Nice. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, and Passeron, Jean-Claude. (1977) 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, Chamboredo, Jean-Claude, and Passeron, Jean-Claude. 1991. The Craft of Sociology: Epistemological Preliminaries. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutieri, Charis. 2016. Learning in Morocco: Language Politics and the Abandoned Educational Dream. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bowles, Samuel, and Gintis, Herbert. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brand, Laurie. 2014. Official Stories: Politics and National Narratives in Egypt and Algeria. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bray, Mark. 2006. “Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 36 (4), 515–30.Google Scholar
Bray, Mark. 2017. “Schooling and Its Supplements: Changing Global Patterns and Implications for Comparative Education.” Comparative Education Review 61 (3), 469–91.Google Scholar
Bray, Mark, André, Mazawi, and Ronald, Sultana (eds.). 2013. Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics, and Implications for Learning and Equity. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
Bray, Mark., and Kwo, Ora. 2013. “Behind the Façade of Fee-Free Education: Shadow Education and Its Implications for Social Justice.” Oxford Review of Education 39 ( 4), 480–97.Google Scholar
Brown, Wendy. 2005. Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2002. “The Decline of Pluralism in Mubarak’s Egypt.” Journal of Democracy 13 (4), 614.Google Scholar
Bush, Ray, ed. 2002. Counter-Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in an Era of Economic Reform. London and New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1995. “Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of ‘Postmodernism’.” In Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange, edited by Benhabib, Seyla, Butler, Judith, Cornell, Drucilla and Fraser, Nancy. New York: Routledge, 3557.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Callan, Eamonn. 2004. “Citizenship and Education.” Annual Review of Political Science 7, 7190.Google Scholar
Cameron, Mark. 2006. “Managing School Discipline and Implications for School Social Workers: A Review of Literature.” National Association of Social Workers 28 (4), 219–28.Google Scholar
Campagna, Joel. 1996. “From Accommodation to Confrontation: The Muslim Brotherhood in the Mubarak Years.” Journal of International Affairs 50 (1), 278304.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2004. Egypt Households Survey 2004. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2014. Results of Survey on Basic Education in Egypt. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2015. The Development of Basic Education Egypt. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2016. Income, Expenditure & Consumption Survey 2015: Volume 1V: Average of Household Expenditure According to Socio-Economic Characteristics of Households. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2017. Egypt Census 2017 (Arabic). Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2018. Education: Egypt in Numbers 2017. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
CAPMAS (Central Authority for Public Mobilization and Statistics). 2021. Education: Egypt in Numbers 2017. Cairo: CAPMAS.Google Scholar
Carre, Olivier. 1979. La Legitimation Islamique des Socialismes Arabes: Analyse Conceptuelle Combinatoire de Manuels Scolaires Egyptiens, Syriens et Irakiens [Islamic Legitimation of Arab Socialism: Combined Conceptual Analysis of Egyptian, Syrian and Iraqi School Textbooks]. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Chekir, Hamouda, and Diwan, Ishac. 2015. “Crony Capitalism in Egypt.” Journal of Globalization and Development. https://growthlab.cid.harvard.edu/files/growthlab/files/chekir_and_diwan_-_2015_-_crony_capitalism_in_egypt.pdf.Google Scholar
Cohen, Anthony P. 1994. Self-Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cole, Juan R. I., and Kandiyoti, Deniz. 2002. “Nationalism and the Colonial Legacy in the Middle East and Central Asia: Introduction.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, 189203.Google Scholar
Colla, Elliott. 2008. Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 1979. The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Robert. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Robert William, and Connell, Raewyn. 2000. The Men and the Boys. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cornwall, Andrea, Robins, Steven, and von Liers, Bettina. 2011. “States of Citizenship: Contexts and Cultures of Public Engagement and Citizen Action.” IDS Working Paper no. 363. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00363_2.x.Google Scholar
Crawford, Keith. 2004. “Inter-Cultural Education: The Role of School Textbook Analysis in Shaping a Critical Discourse on Nation and Society.” Pacific Circle Consortium 27th Annual Conference, April 21–23, 2004.Google Scholar
Cribb, Alan, and Ball, Stephen. 2005. “Towards an Ethical Audit of the Privatisation of Education.” British Journal of Educational Studies 53 (2): 115–28.Google Scholar
Crouch, Julie L.,and Behl, Leah E.. 2001. “Relationships among Parental Beliefs in Corporal Punishment, Reported Stress, and Physical Child Abuse Potential.” Child Abuse and Neglect 25, 413–19.Google Scholar
Currie, Elliot. 1998. Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
D’Amato, John. 1993. “Resistance and Compliance in Minority Classrooms.” In Minority Education: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Jacob, Evelyn and Jordan, Cathie. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Da Silva, Tomaz Tadeu. 1988. “Distribution of School Knowledge and Social Reproduction in a Brazilian Urban Setting.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 9 (1), 5579.Google Scholar
Davidson, Anne Locke. 1996. Making and Molding Identity in Schools: Student Narratives on Race, Gender, and Academic Engagement. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, Anne Locke. 1999. “Negotiating Social Differences: Youths’ Assessments of Educators’ Strategies.” Urban Education 34 (3), 338–69.Google Scholar
Davies, Jonathan S. 2012. “Active Citizenship: Navigating the Conservative Heartlands of the New Labour Project.” Policy & Politics 40 (1), 319.Google Scholar
Davies, Lynn. 1984. Pupil Power: Deviance and Gender in School. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Scott. 1995. “Reproduction and Resistance in Canadian High Schools: An Empirical Examination of the Willis Thesis.” British Journal of Sociology 46, 662–87.Google Scholar
Davis, Eric. 2005. Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Deacon, Roger. 2002. “An Analytics of Power Relations: Foucault on the History of Discipline.” History of Human Science 15 (1), 89117.Google Scholar
Deacon, Roger. 2006. “Michel Foucault on Education: A Preliminary Theoretical Overview.” South African Journal of Education 26 (2), 177–87.Google Scholar
Deeb, Lara, and Winegar, Jessica. 2012. “Anthropologies of Arab-Majority Societies.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41, 537–8.Google Scholar
Delamont, Sara. 1990. Sex Roles and the School. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Delanty, Gerard. 2000. Citizenship in a Global Age. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles. 1992. “Postscript on the Societies of Control.” October 59 (Winter), 37.Google Scholar
Diab, Osama. 2016. “Egypt’s Widening Wealth Gap.” Mada Masr, May 23. www.madamasr.com/en/2016/05/23/feature/economy/egypts-widening-wealth-gap/.Google Scholar
Dietz, Tracy L. 2000. “Disciplining Children: Characteristics Associated with the Use of Corporal Punishment.” Child Abuse & Neglect 24 (12): 1529–42.Google Scholar
Donald, James. 1992. Sentimental Education: Schooling, Popular Culture and the Regulation of Liberty. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Dorio, Jason, Abdou, Ehaab, and Moheyeldine, Nashwa. 2019. The Struggle for Citizenship Education in Egypt: (Re)Imagining Subjects and Citizens. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dorman, W. Judson. 2007. “The Politics of Neglect: The Egyptian State in Cairo, 1974–98.” Doctoral Dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Dorman, W. Judson. 2009. “Informal Cairo: Between Islamist Insurgency and the Neglectful State?Security Dialogue 40 (4–5), 419–41.Google Scholar
DuRant, Robert H., Cadenhead, Chris, Pendergrast, Robert A., Slavens, Greg, and Linder, Charles W.. 1994. “Factors Associated with the Use of Violence among Urban Black Adolescents.” American Journal of Public Health 84 (4) (April), 612–17.Google Scholar
ECER (Egyptian Centre for the Right to Education). 2010a. “Al-Taghadi ‘an al-‘Unf al-Madrasi Rishwa Rakhisa li-Di‘af al-Nufus min al-Mu‘alimin [Turning a Blind Eye to School Violence is a Cheap Bribe to Corrupt Teachers].” http://madanya.net/?p=602.Google Scholar
ECER (Egyptian Centre for the Right to Education). 2010b. “Wazir al-Tarbiya wal-Ta‘lim: al-Mudaris Asbah Maltasha bisabab Man‘al-Darb fil-Madaris [The Minister of Education: Teachers have become Targets of Abuse because of the Prohibition of Beating in Schools].” www.anhri.net/egypt/makal/2010/pr0204.shtml.Google Scholar
ECESR (Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights). 2014. “ECESR Publishes Major Report on 2013 Protests in Egypt.” http://ecesr.org/en/2014/07/07/.Google Scholar
ECESR (Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights). 2016. “Factsheet No. 4: Teacher Conditions. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights.” http://ecesr.org/wp-content/.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
EIPR (Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights). 2012. “Ta‘liq al-mubadara ‘ala al-qarar al-ri’asi bi-ta‘dil qanun kadir al-mu‘alimin [EIPR Statement on Presidential Decree to Amend Teacher’s Cadre Law].” www.eipr.org/sites/default/files/pressreleases/pdf/education_law_commentary_141112.pdf.Google Scholar
EIPR (Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights). 2014. “Joint Submission by: Forum of Egyptian Independent Human Rights Organizations.” Submission for the 20th Session of Universal Periodic Review, Geneva, October–November. http://eipr.org/sites/default/files/pressreleases/pdf/joint.stakeholderssubmission.upr_.egypt_.theforum.pdf.Google Scholar
Elbadawy, Asmaa. 2014. “Education in Egypt: Improvements in Attainment, Problems with Quality and Inequality.” Working Paper no. 854, Economic Research Forum. https://erf.org.eg/publications/education-in-egypt-improvements-in-attainment-problems-with-quality-and-inequality/.Google Scholar
Elgeziri, Moushira. 2010. “Wading through Treacle: Female Commercial School Graduates (CSGs) in Egypt’s Informal Economy.” Feminist Formations 22 (3), 1050.Google Scholar
ELMPS (Egypt Labor Markey Panel Surveys). 2012. Economic Research Forum. www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/161.Google Scholar
Elshamy, H. M. (2018). “Measuring the Informal Economy in Egypt.” International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 3 (2): 735–44.Google Scholar
Elyachar, Julia. 2005. Markets of Dispossession: NGO’s Economic Development, and the State in Cairo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Elyachar, Julia. 2015. “Rethinking Anthropology of Neoliberalism in the Middle East”. In A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East, edited by Altorki, Soraya. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 411–33.Google Scholar
Ersado, Lire, and Aran, Meltem. 2014. “Inequality of Opportunity among Egyptian Children.” Policy Research Working Paper no. 7026. World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Ersado, Lire and Gignoux, Jérémie. 2014. “Egypt: Inequality of Opportunity in Education.” Policy Research Working Paper no. 6996. World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Ersado, Lire and Gignoux, Jérémie. 2017. “Egypt: Inequality of Opportunity in Education.” Middle East Development Journal 9 (1), 2254.Google Scholar
Essam El-Din, Gamal. 2003. “Education in Flux.” Al-Ahram Weekly, July 31–August 6, 2003.Google Scholar
ETF (European Training Foundation), and World Bank. 2005a. Integration of TVET into the Knowledge Economy: Reform and Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
ETF (European Training Foundation), and World Bank. 2005b. Reforming TVET in the Middle East and North Africa: Experiences and Challenges. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1940. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faulks, Keith. 1998. Citizenship in Modern Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Faulks, Keith. 2006. “Rethinking Citizenship Education in England: Some Lessons from Contemporary Social and Political Theory.” Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 1 (2), 123–40.Google Scholar
Fayed, Ahmed Alaa. 2017a. Corruption in the Egyptian Secondary Education. Ph.D. dissertation, King’s College London.Google Scholar
Fayed, Ahmed Alaa. 2017b. “The Current Status of Corruption in Egypt.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 10 (4), 510–21.Google Scholar
Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, ed. 1995. Children in the Muslim Middle East. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Fikry, W. 2015. Miṣr al-majhoola [The Unknown Egypt]. Cairo: Dar Salama for Printing and Distribution.Google Scholar
Firmin, Mike, and Castle, Sally. (2008). “Early Childhood Discipline: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Research on Christian Education 17, 107–29.Google Scholar
Foley, Douglas. 1990. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Foley, Douglas A., Levinson, Bradley A., and Hurtig, Janise. 2000. “Anthropology Goes Inside: The New Educational Ethnography of Ethnicity and Gender.” Review of Research in Education 25, 3798.Google Scholar
Fortna, Benjamin C. 2002. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1979. “The Life of Infamous Men.” In Michel Foucault: Power, Truth, Strategy, edited by Morris, Meaghan and Patton, Paul. Sydney: Feral, 7691.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1982. “The Subject and Power.” In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, edited by Dreyfus, Hubert and Rabinow, Paul. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 208–26.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1990. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1997. “The Ethic of the Care of the Self as a Practice of Freedom.” In Michel Foucault: Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth, edited by Rabinow, Paul. New York: The New Press, 281302.Google Scholar
Fournier, Anna. 2007. “Patriotism, Order and Articulations of the Nation in Kyiv High Schools Before and After the Orange Revolution.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 23 (1), 101–17.Google Scholar
Freire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Gakh, Hisham al- 2010. “Juha- al-‘Ashira Mas’an- Hisham Al-Gakh [Juha-10 P.M.-Hisham al-Gakh].” www.youtube.com/watch?v=z90qk08RKkM&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL2B9059C458AE69BE.Google Scholar
Gakh, Hisham al- 2011. “Akhar Qasida li-Hisham al-Gakh bi-‘Unwan Mikamilin’ [The Latest Poem of Hisham al-Gakh Titled ‘Persevering’].” www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeJAHlDxNgc.Google Scholar
Gaskell, Jane. 1985. “Course Enrolment in the High School: The Perspective of Working Class Females.” Sociology of Education 58: 4859.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1965. The Social History of an Indonesian Town. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gershoni, Israel, and Jankowski, James P.. 1995. Redefining the Egyptian Nation: 1930–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ghannam, Farha. 2002. Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the Politics of Identity in a Global Cairo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ghannam, Farha. 2013. Live and Die Like a Man: Gender Dynamics in Urban Egypt. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, Indermit S., and Heyneman, Stephen P.. 2000. “Arab Republic of Egypt.” In Vocational Education and Training Reform, edited by Gill, Indermit S., Fluitman, Fred and Dar, Amit. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 401–29.Google Scholar
Gillies, Val. 2008. “Perspectives on Parenting Responsibility: Contextualizing Values and Practices.” Journal of Law and Society 35 (1), 95112.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Mark, and Megahed, Nagwa. 2011. “Globalization and the Reform of Faculties of Education in Egypt: The Roles of Individual and Organizational, National and International Actors.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 19 (15), 124.Google Scholar
Ginwright, Shawn, and James, Taj. 2002. “From Assets to Agents of Change: Social Justice, Organizing, and Youth Development.” New Directions for Youth Development 96, 2746.Google Scholar
Giroux, Henry. 2001. “Vocationalizing Higher Education: Schooling and the Politics of Corporate Culture.” In Beyond the Corporate University: Culture and Pedagogy in the New Millennium, edited by Giroux, Henry and Myrsiades, Kostas. Boston, MA: Rowman and Littlefield, 2944.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Donna M. 2003. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. Ewing, NJ: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, Sherryl Hope, Hoven, Christina W., Narrow, William et al. 1998. “Measurement of Risk for Mental Disorders and Competence in a Psychiatric Epidemiologic Community Survey: The National Institute of Mental Health Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 162–73.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff, Jasper, James, and Polletta, Francesca. 2000. “The Return of the Repressed: The Fall and Rise of Emotions in Social Movement Theory.” Mobilization 5 (1), 6584.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff, Jasper, James, and Polletta, Francesca. eds. 2001. Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grafstein, Robert. 1981. “The Failure of Weber’s Conception of Legitimacy: Its Causes and Implications.” Journal of Politics 43 (2) (May), 456–72.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Translated and edited by Hoare, Quintin and Smith, Geoffrey Nowell. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Green, Andy. 1997. Education, Globalization and the Nation State. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Griffen, Christine. 1985 Typical Girls? Young Women from School to the Job Market. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Groiss, Arnon. 2004. Jews, Christians, War and Peace in Egyptian School Textbooks. New York: The Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace and the American Jewish Committee. www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/EgyptMarch2004.pdf.Google Scholar
Haenni, Patrick, and Tammam, Husam. 2003. “Chat Shows, Nashid Groups and Lite Preaching: Egypt’s Air-Conditioned Islam.” Le Monde Diplomatique (English Edition), September.Google Scholar
Hajii, . 2006. “Four Faces of Respect.” Reclaiming Children and Youth 15 (2), 6670.Google Scholar
Hall, Tom, Coffey, Amanda, and Williamson, Howard. 1999. “Self, Space and Place: Youth Identities and Citizenship”. British Journal of Sociology of Education 20 (4), 501–13.Google Scholar
Hall, Tom, and Williamson, Howard. 1999. Citizenship and Community. Carnegie Young People Initiative Series. Leicester: Youth Work Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Tom, Williamson, Howard, and Coffey, Amanda. 2000. “Young People, Citizenship and the Third Way: A Role for the Youth Service?Journal of Youth Studies 3, 461–72.Google Scholar
Hamid, Abu Bakr. 2010. “Ali Ahmad Bakathir bi-Munasabat Mu’tamar Bakatheer al-Dawli bil-Qahira [Ali Ahmad Bakathir on the Occasion of the International Bakathir Conference in Cairo].” Sahifat al-Thawra al-Yamaniya, July 13. http://bakatheer.com/moltaqa_details.php?id=608.Google Scholar
Hammersley, Martyn, and Atkinson, Paul. 1995. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hamzawy, Amr. 2017. “Legislating Authoritarianism: Egypt’s New Era of Repression.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. March 16. http://carnegieendowment.org/2017/03/16/legislating-authoritarianism-egypt-s-new-era-of-repression-pub-68285.Google Scholar
Hanieh, Adam. 2018. Money, Markets and Monarchies: The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Political Economy of the Contemporary Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A., and Wößmann, Ludger. 2006. “Does Educational Tracking Affect Performance and Inequality? Differences-in-Differences Evidence across Countries.” Economic Journal 116 (510), C63C76.Google Scholar
Harb, Tariq Al-Ghazali. 2009. “Ta‘limat Mushadada bil-Ta‘dil. Ay bil-Tazwir [Strict Instructions to Adjust. That is, to Falsify].” Al-Masry Al-Youm, July 27.Google Scholar
Harb, Usama al-Ghazali. 2010. “Al-Nizam al-Siyasi wal-‘Unf al-Ta’ifi [The Political System and Sectarian Violence].” Al-Masry Al-Youm, January 30.Google Scholar
Harders, Cilja. 2003. “The Informal Social Pact: The State and the Urban Poor in Cairo.” In Politics from Above, Politics from Below: The Middle East in the Age of Economic Reform, edited by Kienle, Eberhard. London: Al-Saqi Publications, 191213.Google Scholar
Harik, Iliya. 1992. “Subsidization Policies in Egypt: Neither Economic Growth or Distribution.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (3), 481–99.Google Scholar
Hart, Gillian. (2006). “Denaturalizing Dispossession: Critical Ethnography in the Age of Resurgent Imperialism.” Antipode 38 (5), 9771004.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Sarah. 2008. “The Informal Market of Education in Egypt: Private Tutoring and its Implications.” Department of Anthropology and African Studies, University of Mainz, Working Papers no. 88. https://d-nb.info/1105413284/34.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hassan, Fatma, Amany Refaat, H. F. El-Sayed, and El-Defrawi, M. H.. 1999. “Disciplinary Practices and Child Maltreatment among Egyptian Families in an Urban Area of Ismailia City.” The Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry 22, 172–89.Google Scholar
Havel, Vaclav. 1986. “The Power of the Powerless.” In Living in Truth, edited by Vadislav, Jan. London and Boston, MA: Faber and Faber, 36122.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 2007. “Introduction: The Culture, Politics, and Future of Muslim Education.” In Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Muslim Education, edited by Hefner, Robert and Zaman, M.Q.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 139.Google Scholar
Hempel-Jorgensen, Amelia. 2009. “The Construction of the ‘Ideal Pupil’ and Pupils’ Perceptions of ‘Misbehaviour’ and Discipline: Contrasting Experiences from a Low-Socio-Economic and a High-Socio-Economic Primary School.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 30 (4), 435–48.Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda. 1992. “Scenes of Schooling: Inside a Girls’ School in Cairo.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 15 (1).Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda. 2002. “‘The Soul of a Nation’: Abdallah Nadim and Educational Reform in Egypt (1845–1896).” Mediterranean Journal of Educational Studies 7 (1), 124.Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda. 2006. “Islamization and Education between Politics, Profit, and Pluralism.” In Cultures of Arab Schooling: Critical Ethnographies from Egypt, edited by Herrera, Linda and Torres, Carlos Alberto. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2552.Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda. 2008a. “Education and Empire: Democratic Reform in the Arab World?International Journal of Educational Reform 17 (4), 355–74.Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda. 2008b. “New Developments in Educational Policy in the Arab World: Privatization, Rights and Educational Markets in Egypt.” European Journal on Child and Youth Research 2, 6876. www.coe.int/.Google Scholar
Herrera, Linda, and Torres, Carlos Alberto, eds. 2006. Cultures of Arab Schooling: Critical Ethnographies from Egypt. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 2004. Syria: Revolution from Above. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Lisa, DeHart, Monica, and Collier, Stephen J.. 2006. “Notes on the Anthropology of Neoliberalism.” Anthropology News 47, 910.Google Scholar
Holland, Dorothy C., and Eisenhart, Margaret A.. 1990. Educated in Romance: Women, Achievement, and College Culture. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Holloway, Susan D., Fuller, Bruce, Rambaud, Marylee F., and Eggers-Pierola, Constanza. 1997. Through My Own Eyes: Single Mothers and the Cultures of Poverty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Holsten, James. 2008. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2010. “Corporal Punishment in Schools and Its Effect on Academic Success.” Joint HRW and ACLU Statement, April 15. www.hrw.org/news/2010/04/15/corporal-punishment-schools-and-its-effect-academic-success-joint-hrw/aclu.Google Scholar
Hughes Rinker, Cortney. 2015. “Creating Neoliberal Citizens in Morocco: Reproductive Health, Development Policy, and Popular Islamic Beliefs.” Medical Anthropology 34 (3), 226–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, Ian. 1996. “Assembling the School.” In Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism and Rationalities of Government, edited by Barry, Andrew, Osborne, Thomas and Rose, Nikolas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 143–66.Google Scholar
Hursh, David. 2005. “Neo-liberalism, Markets, and Accountability: Transforming Education and Undermining Democracy in the United States and England.” Policy Futures in Education 3 (1), 315.Google Scholar
Hussein, Salma. 2020a. “Social Spending Has Increased and Poverty Rates Have Multiplied. Where Is the Mistake?” Al-Shorouk Newspaper, January 3. www.shorouknews.com/columns/view.aspx?cdate=03012020&id=4165f69a-1468-430b-9631-c77defbbd358.Google Scholar
Hussein, Salma. 2020b. “Social Spending Has Increased and Poverty Rates Have Multiplied. Where is the Second Mistake?” Al-Shorouk Newspaper, January 31. www.shorouknews.com/columns/view.aspx?cdate=31012020&id=724b534b-ad07-49f9-99f8-320208e19fb7.Google Scholar
Hyman, Irwin A. 1995. “Corporal Punishment, Psychological Maltreatment, Violence, and Punitiveness in America: Research, Advocacy, and Public Policy.” Applied and Preventive Psychology 4, 113–30.Google Scholar
Ianchovichina, Elena, ed. 2018. “Arab Spring Protestors and Protests.” In Eruptions of Popular Anger: The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath. MENA Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank, 117–25.Google Scholar
IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), and World Bank. 2005. “Making Egyptian Education Spending More Effective.” Egypt Public Expenditure Review Policy Note 2 (July). Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Ille, Sebastian. 2015. “Private Tutoring in Egypt: Quality Education in a Deadlock between Low Income, Status and Motivation.” Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, Working Paper no. 178. Cairo.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization Database (ILOSTAT). 2019. Unemployment Rate by Sex, Age and Education (Egypt). www.ilo.org/ilostat.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin F. and Nielsen, Greg M.. 2008. Acts of Citizenship. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin F. and Nyers, Peter. 2014. “Introduction: Globalizing Citizenship Studies.” In Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies, edited by Isin, Engin F. and Nyers, Peter. London and New York: Routledge, 111.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin F., and Turner, Bryan S.. 2002. “Citizenship Studies: An Introduction.” In Handbook of Citizenship Studies, edited by Isin, Engin F. and Turner, Bryan S. London: Sage, 110.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin F., and Turner, Bryan S.. 2007. “Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies 11 (1), 517.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2006. Political Life in Cairo’s New Quarters: Encountering the Everyday State. Minnesota, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2011a. “A Private Estate Called Egypt.” The Guardian, February 6. www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/feb/06/private-estate-egypt-mubarak-cronies.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2011b. “Authoritarian Government, Neoliberalism and Everyday Civilities in Egypt.” Third World Quarterly 32 (5), 845–62.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2012. “The Egyptian Revolution against the Police.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 79 (2), 435–62.Google Scholar
Ivinson, Gabrielle, and Duveen, Gerard. 2006. “Children’s Recontextualisations of Pedagogy”. In Knowledge, Power and Educational Reform: Applying the Sociology of Basil Bernstein, edited by Moore, Rob, Arnot, Madeline, Beck, John and Daniels, Harry. New York and London: Routledge, 109–25.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Craig, and Perrow, Charles. 1977. “Insurgency of the Powerless: Farm Worker Movements (1946–1972).” American Sociological Review 42 (2), 249–67.Google Scholar
Jones, Karen, and Williamson, Kevin. 1979. “The Birth of the Classroom.” Ideology and Consciousness 6, 58110.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 2005. “Introduction: The Search for Inclusive Citizenship.” In Inclusive Citizenship, edited by Kabeer, N.. London, New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1991. “Identity and Its Discontents: Women and the Nation.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 20 (3), 429–43.Google Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1994. “The Paradoxes of Masculinity.” In Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies, edited by Cornwall, Andrea and Lindisfarne, Nancy. New York: Routledge, 197212.Google Scholar
Kanna, Ahmed. 2010. “Flexible Citizenship in Dubai: Neoliberal Subjectivity in the Emerging ‘City-Corporation’.” Cultural Anthropology 25, 100–29.Google Scholar
Kapferer, Judith L. 1981. “Socialization and the Symbolic Order of the School.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 12 (4), 258–74.Google Scholar
Kassem, Maye. 2004. Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Katz, Michael B. 1995. Improving Poor People: The Welfare State, the “Underclass”, and Urban Schools as History. Ewing, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keat, Russell, and Abercrombie, Nicholas, eds. 1991. Enterprise Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kennelly, Jacqueline, and Llewellyn, Kristina R.. 2011. “Educating for Active Compliance: Discursive Constructions in Citizenship Education.” Citizenship Studies 15 (6–7), 897914.Google Scholar
Khalidi, Rashid, and Anderson, Lisa, eds. 1991. The Origins of Arab Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Khalil, Magdi. 2009. “Al-Simat al-Ra’isiya li-Muqararat al-Lugha al-‘Arabiya wal-Tarbiya al-Diniya fi al-Ta‘lim al-‘Am fi Misr [The Key Features of the Arabic Language and Religious Education Curricula in General Education in Egypt].” Al-Hiwar al-Mutamadin 2631, April 29. www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=170283.Google Scholar
Khalil, Magdi. 2010. “Al-Ta‘lim wal-Muwatana [Education and Citizenship].” Al-Hiwar al-Mutamadin 2924, February 22. www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=204882.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. 2004. “Transformation without Democratization? Egypt’s Political Future.” Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 4, 7086.Google Scholar
Kohli, Wendy. 1999. “Performativity and Pedagogy: The Making of Educational Subjects.” Studies in Philosophy and Education 18, 319–26.Google Scholar
Kumar, Krishan. 2005. Political Agenda of Education: A Study of Colonialist and Nationalist Ideas. New Delhi: SAGE.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2004. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lansdown, Gerison. 1994. “Children’s Rights.” In Children’s Childhoods: Observed and Experienced, edited by Mayall, Berry. London: The Falmer Press, 3344.Google Scholar
Lees, Sue. 1986. Losing out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Leila, Reem. 2008. “Testing Those Who Test.” Al-Ahram Weekly, August 28–September 3.Google Scholar
Létourneau, Jean-François. 2016. “Explaining the Muslim Brotherhood’s Rise and Fall in Egypt.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (2), 300–7.Google Scholar
Levinson, Bradley A. 1999. “Resituating the Place of Educational Discourse in Anthropology.” American Anthropologist 101 (3), 594604.Google Scholar
Levinson, Bradley A. 2001. We Are All Equal: Student Culture and Identity at a Mexican Secondary School, 1988–1998. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Levinson, Bradley A., and Holland, Dorothy C.. 1996. “The Cultural Production of the Educated Person: An Introduction.” In The Cultural Production of the Educated Person: Critical Ethnographies of Schooling and Local Practice, edited by Levinson, Bradley A., Foley, Douglas E. and Holland, Dorothy C.. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 154.Google Scholar
Lister, Ruth. 2007. “Why Citizenship: Where, When and How Children?Theoretical Inquiries in Law 8 (2), 693718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R., Williams, F., Anttonen, A., et al. 2007. Gendering Citizenship in Western Europe. New Challenges for Citizenship Research in a Cross-National Context. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Lukose, Ritty. 2005. “Empty Citizenship: Protesting Politics in the Era of Globalization.” Cultural Anthropology 20 (4), 506–33.Google Scholar
Lulyx, Aurolyn. 1999. The Citizen Factory: Schooling and Cultural Production in Bolivia. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lust, Ellen, Soltan, Gamal, and Whichman, Jakob. 2015. Islam, Ideology and Transition: Egypt after Mubarak. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, Eleanor Emmons, and Martin, John Anthony. 1983. “Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent–Child Interaction.” In Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, edited by Mussen, Paul Henry and Hetherington, Eileen Mavis, 4th edn. New York: Wiley, 1101.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Robert, and Marsh, Jane. 2001. “Disconnected Youth.” Journal of Youth Studies 4 (4), 373–91.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Robert, and Marsh, Jane. 2004. “Missing School: Educational Engagement, Youth Transitions, and Social Exclusion.” Youth Society 36, 143–61.Google Scholar
Macleod, Jay. 1987 Ain’t No Makin’ It: Levelled Aspirations in a Low-lncome Neighborhood. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Mahmud, Amira Sabir. 2004. “Dawr al-Musalsalat al-‘Arabiya al-Tilifizyunia al-Misriya fi al-Tanshi’a al-Ijtima‘iya lil-Murahiqin [The Role of Arabic Egyptian Television Serials in the Socialization of Adolescents].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
Makar, Farida and Abdou, Ehaab D.. 2021. “Egyptian Textbooks in Times of Change: 1952–1980.” Arab Studies Journal 29 (1), 836.Google Scholar
Makhlouf, Mustafa. 2012. “Tahni’at al-huriyya wal-‘adala wa ‘uyub al-thawra [Congratulating Freedom and Justice and the Defects of the Revolution].” Masrawy, January 10. www.masress.com/masrawy/4725086.Google Scholar
Makhoul, Jihad, Shayboub, Rawan, and Jamal, Jinan. 2004. “Violence: The Silent Determinant of Child Labor.” Journal of Children and Poverty 10 (2), 131–47.Google Scholar
Mandour, Maged. 2015. “Repression in Egypt from Mubarak to Sisi.” Sada – Middle East Analysis, August 11. http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=60985.Google Scholar
Manzon, Maria, and Areepattamannil, Shaljan. 2014. “Shadow Educations: Mapping the Global Discourse.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34 (4), 389402.Google Scholar
Marcus, George. 2002. The Sentimental Citizen: Emotion in Democratic Politics. University Park: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, George, Neuman, Russell, and McKuen, Michael. 2002. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
MARED (Misreyoun (Egyptians) Against Religious Discrimination). 2010. Education and Citizenship. Cairo: Misreyoun against Religious Discrimination.Google Scholar
Marshall, T. H. (1950) 1992. “Citizenship and Social Class.” In Citizenship and Social Class, edited by Marshall, T. H. and Bottomore, Tom. London: Pluto Press, 351.Google Scholar
Marshall, James D., and Marshall, Dominique. 1997. Discipline and Punishment in New Zealand Education. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.Google Scholar
Martini, Jeffrey, and Worman, Stephen. 2013. “Voting Patterns in Post-Mubarak Egypt.” Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR223.Google Scholar
Masoud, Tarek. 2014. Counting Islam: Religion, Class and Elections in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, Craig. 1987. “Weber and the Classification of Forms of Legitimacy.” The British Journal of Sociology 38 (2), 199215.Google Scholar
Mayall, B. 2000. “The Sociology of Childhood in Relation to Children’s Rights.” The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 243–59.Google Scholar
Mayton, Joseph, and Ammar, Manar. 2008. “60 Percent of Women Harassed on Daily Basis: Cairo.” Women News Network. http://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/10/09/womenharassedcairo807/.Google Scholar
McCann, James A. 1997. “Electoral Choices and Core Value Change: The 1992 Presidential Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (2), 564–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, Barry, and Wahba, Jackline. 2004. “Migration and Mobility in the Egyptian Labour Market.” Economic Research Forum, Research Report 0401. https://erf.org.eg/publications/migration-and-mobility-in-the-egyptian-labor-market/.Google Scholar
McLaren, Peter. 1999. Schooling as Ritual Performance: Toward a Political Economy of Educational Symbols and Gestures. 3rd edn. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield.Google Scholar
El-Meehy, Asya. 2009. “Rewriting the Social Contract: The Social Fund and Egypt’s Politics of Retrenchment.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Megahed, Nagwa. 2004. “Stratified Students, Stratified Teachers: Ideologies of Social Mobility/Reproduction, Ideologies of Professionalism, and Teachers’ Perceptions of Secondary Education Reform in Egypt.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Megahed, Nagwa, and Ginsburg, Mark. 2008. “Social Inequalities, Educational Attainment and Teachers in Egypt.” In Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives, edited by Holsinger, Donald and Jacob, James. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 369–90.Google Scholar
Meininghaus, Esther. 2016. Creating Consent in Ba’thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. London, New York: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Meital, Yoram. 2006. “The Struggle over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections.” The Middle East Journal 6 (2), 257–79.Google Scholar
Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Middleton, Jacob. 2008. “The Experience of Corporal Punishment in Schools, 1890–1940.” History of Education 37 (2), 253–75.Google Scholar
Mishra, Ajit, and Ray, Ranjan. 2010. “Informality, Corruption, and Inequality.” Bath Economics Research Papers 13 (10). http://opus.bath.ac.uk/22127/1/1310.pdf.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1991. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft587006k2/.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1999. “Dreamland: The Neo-Liberalism of Your Desires.” Middle East Report 210, 28–33.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2007. National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education Reform in Egypt: Towards an Education Paradigm Shift 2007/08–2011/12. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2010. The Condition of Education in Egypt. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2014. National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education 2014–2030. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2015. Statistical Year Book 2014/2015. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2017. “Shawki Announces the Results of the First Step in Teacher’s First Project.” Last modified April 30. http://portal.moe.gov.eg.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2018. Statistical Year Book 2017/2018. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2019. Statistical Year Book 2018/2019. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2020a. Educational Indicators and Statistics for the Year 2019/2020. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education and Technical Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2020b. Statistical Summary for Pre-University Education. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education and Technical Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2020c. Statistical Year Book 2019/2020. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education and Technical Education.Google Scholar
MOE/MOETE (Ministry of Education/renamed Ministry of Education and Technical Education). 2021. Statistical Year Book 2020/2021. Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Education and Technical Education.Google Scholar
MOF (Ministry of Finance). 2018. Citizen Budget for the Financial Year 2018/2019. Ministry of Finance, Arab Republic of Egypt. www.budget.gov.eg/pdf/2019/CB2018-2019-detailed-28-septemper.pdf.Google Scholar
Mok, Ka Ho. 1997. “Privatization or Marketization: Educational Development in Post-Mao China.” International Review of Education 43 (5/6), 547–67.Google Scholar
Mokhtar, May, and Wahba, Jackline. 2002. “Informalization of Labor in Egypt.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Reform, edited by Assaad, Ragui. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 131–57.Google Scholar
Moore, Henrietta. 1994. A Passion for Difference. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Edward W. 2005. “‘Tuck in That Shirt!’ Race, Class, Gender, and Discipline in an Urban School.” Sociological Perspectives 48 (1), 2548.Google Scholar
Mossallam, Alia. 2012. “Hikayat Sha‘b: Stories of a Peoplehood: Nasserism, Popular Politics and Songs in Egypt 1956–1973.” Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Mostafa, Mahmoud. 2015. “The Absence of Contemporary Literature in Egypt’s Education System.” Jadaliyya, November 18. http://www.jadaliyya.com/.Google Scholar
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., and Hooper, M., 2017. PIRLS 2016 International Results in Reading. Retrieved from Boston College, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center. http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/.Google Scholar
Mustafa, Anisa. 2016. “Active Citizenship, Dissent and Civic Consciousness: Young Muslims Redefining Citizenship on Their Own Terms.” Identities 23 (4): 454–69.Google Scholar
Nagar, Munish. 2007. “Child Abuse Survey Report Reveals Shocking Figures.” Meri News, April 13. www.merinews.com/article.Google Scholar
Naguib, Kamal. 2006. “The Production and Reproduction of Culture in Egyptian Schools.” In Cultures of Arab Schooling: Critical Ethnographies from Egypt, edited by Herrera, Linda and Torres, Carlos Alberto. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 5381.Google Scholar
Nasif, Imad. 2010. “Al-Masri li-Huquq al-Insan Yarsim Kharitat al-‘Unf Dakhil al-Madaris al-Misriya wa Yutalib bi-Iqala Hukumat Nathif [Egyptian (Center) for Human Rights Draws the Map of Violence in Egyptian Schools and Calls for the Sacking of the Nazif Government].” Al-Aqbat Mutahidun, November 23. http://copts-united.com/Arabic2011/Article.php?I=635&A=25921.Google Scholar
Nasir, Na’ila Suad, and Kirshner, Ben. 2003. “The Cultural Construction of Moral and Civic Identities.” Applied Developmental Science 7 (3), 138–47.Google Scholar
NCCM and UNICEF. 2015. Violence against Children in Egypt: A Quantitative Survey and Qualitative Study in Cairo, Alexandria and Assiut. Cairo: NCCM and UNICEF Egypt.Google Scholar
Nelson, Matthew J. 2008. “Religious Education in Non-Religious Schools: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Bangladesh.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 46 (3), 271–95.Google Scholar
Nelson, Matthew J. 2017. “The New Minister of Education: Education is a ‘Commodity’. And the State Might Not Continue to Pay Its Bills.” Mada Masr, February 16. https://tinyurl.com/ybzwuvrq.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Linda. 1999. Play of Reason: From the Modern to the Postmodern. Buckingham: Open University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Nour, Saker. 2015. “Small Farmers and the Revolution in Egypt: The Forgotten Actors.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 8 (2), 198211.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Mike, and Sharpe, Sue. 2000. Uncertain Masculinities: Youth, Ethnicity and Class and in Contemporary Britain. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2015. Schools for Skills: A New Learning Agenda for Egypt. OECD. www.oecd.org/countries/egypt/Schools-for-skills-a-new-learning-agenda-for-Egypt.pdf.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2018. Stocktaking Report: Egypt. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development with the Support of the Federal Republic of Germany, Foreign Office.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2020. “Education at a Glance 2020: OECD Indicators.” OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/69096873-en.Google Scholar
Official Gazette. 2020. “Law No. 212 for the Year 2020.” The Egyptian Official Gazette, Issue 49, December 3.Google Scholar
Ogando Portela, María José, and Pells, Kirrily. 2015. “Corporal Punishment in Schools: Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam.” Innocenti Discussion Paper no. 2015-02. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a0896d40f0b652dd000208/YL-DP2015-02_corporal-punishment-in-schools-longitudinal-evidence.pdf.Google Scholar
Ogbu, John U. 1978. Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ohrn, Elisabet. 1998. “Gender and Power in School: On Girl’s Open Resistance.” Social Psychology of Education 1, 341–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olssen, Mark. 1996. “In Defense of the Welfare State and Publicly Provided Education.” Journal of Education Policy 11 (3), 337–62.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 2006a. “Mutations in Citizenship.” Theory, Culture & Society 23 (2–3), 499505.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 2006b. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Orenstein, Peggy. 1994. School Girls: Young Women, Self-Esteem and the Confidence Gap. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. 2005. “Subjectivity and Cultural Critique.” Anthropological Theory 5 (1), 3152.Google Scholar
Pakulski, Jan. 1986. “Legitimacy and Mass Compliance: Reflections on Max Weber and Soviet-Type Societies.” British Journal of Political Science 16 (1), 3556.Google Scholar
Pearce, Jenny. 2018. Elites and Violence in Latin America Logics of the Fragmented Security State. Violence, Security, and Peace Working Papers no. 1. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101622/1/Pearce_elites_and_violence_in_latin_america_published.pdf.Google Scholar
Perry, E. Glenn. 2004. “The Arab Democracy Deficit: The Case of Egypt.” Arab Studies Quarterly 26, 91106.Google Scholar
Peteet, Julie. 1994. “Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian ‘Intifada’: A Cultural Politics of Violence.” American Ethologist 21 (1): 3149.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, Paulo Sergio. 2006. World Report on Violence against Children. Geneva: United Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children.Google Scholar
Pollard, Lisa. 2005. Nurturing the Nation: The Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing and Liberating Egypt (1805–1923). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Popkewitz, Thomas S., and Brennan, Marie. 1997. “Restructuring of Social and Political Theory in Education: Foucault and a Social Epistemology of School Practices.” Educational Theory 47 (3), 287313.Google Scholar
Pratt, Nicola. 2005. “Identity, Culture and Democratization: The Case of Egypt.” New Political Science 27 (1), 6986.Google Scholar
Proctor, Lavanya Murali. 2015. “‘Boys Must Be Beaten’: Corporal Punishment, Gender, and Age in New Delhi Schools.” Landscapes of Violence 3 (3), Article 3. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/lov/vol3/iss3/3.Google Scholar
Raby, Rebecca. 2005. “Polite, Well-Dressed and on Time: Secondary School Conduct Codes and the Production of Docile Citizens.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 42 (1), 7192.Google Scholar
Raby, Rebecca. 2008. “Frustrated, Resigned, Outspoken: Students’ Engagement with School Rules and Some Implications for Participatory Citizenship.” The International Journal of Children’s Rights 16, 7798.Google Scholar
Radwan, Abul Futuh. 1970. Al-Mudarris fil-Madrasa wal-Mujtama’. Cairo: Anglo American Bookshop.Google Scholar
Radwan, Samir. 2007. “Good Jobs, Bad Jobs and Economic Performance: The View from the Middle East and North Africa.” In Employment and Shared Growth: Rethinking the Role of Labor Mobility for Development, edited by Paci, Pierella and Serneels, Pieter. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 3752.Google Scholar
Ramadan, Buthayna Abdul Ra’uf. 2005. “Al-Nuthim al-Ta‘limiya al-Wafida wa Atharuha ‘ala al-Nasaq al-Qimi [Imported Educational Systems and Their Impact on the Value System].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Educational Studies and Research, Cairo University.Google Scholar
Ramy, Sahar. (1993). “Impact of U.S. Assistance on Educational Policy in Egypt: A Case Study on the Center of Curriculum and Instructional Materials Development 1989–1992.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, American University in Cairo.Google Scholar
Read, Jason. 2009. “A Genealogy of Homo-Economicus: Neoliberalism and the Production of Subjectivity.” Foucault Studies 6, 2536.Google Scholar
Reed-Danahay, Deborah. 2005. Locating Bourdieu. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Reed-Danahay, Deborah, and Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn M.. 1991. “Backward Countryside, Troubled City: French Teachers’ Images of Rural and Working-Class Families.” American Ethnologist 18 (3), 546–64.Google Scholar
Reid, Donald. M. 1990. Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Alan, and Waterbury, John. 1996. A Political Economy of the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ripoll-Núñez, Karen J., and Rohner, Ronald P.. 2006. “Corporal Punishment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Directions for a Research Agenda.” Cross-Cultural Research 40(3), 220–49.Google Scholar
Rippberger, Susan, and Staudt, Kathleen. 2003. Pledging Allegiance: Learning Nationalism at the El Paso/Juarez Border. London: RoutledgeFalmer.Google Scholar
Robinson, Kerry H. 2005. “Reinforcing Hegemonic Masculinities through Sexual Harassment: Issues of Identity, Power and Popularity in Secondary Schools.” Gender and Education 17 (1), 1937.Google Scholar
Roll, Stephan. 2016. “Managing Change: How Egypt’s Military Leadership Shaped the Transformation.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (1), 2343.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1994. “Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy.” Cultural Anthropology 9 (3), 402–11.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas. 1993. “Government, Authority, and Expertise in Advanced Liberalism.” Economy and Society 22 (3), 283–99.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roussillon, Alain. 1998. “Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, edited by Daly, Martin W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 334–93.Google Scholar
Rubin, Beth C., Hayes, Brian, and Benson, Keith. 2009. “‘It’s the Worst Place to Live’: Urban Youth and the Challenge of School-Based Civic Learning.” Theory into Practice 48, 213–21.Google Scholar
Russell, Mona. 2002. “Competing, Overlapping, and Contradictory Agendas: Egyptian Education under British Occupation, 1882–1922.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 21 (1/2), 5060.Google Scholar
Russell, Mona L. 2004. Creating the New Egyptian Woman: Consumerism, Education, and National Identity, 1863–1922. Gordonsville, VA: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Saad, Ahmed Youssof. 2006. “Subsistence Education: Schooling in a Context of Urban Poverty.” In Cultures of Arab Schooling: Critical Ethnographies from Egypt, edited by Herrera, Linda and Torres, Carlos Alberto. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 83107.Google Scholar
Sabah, Madiha Muhammad. 2004. “Al-Hawiya al-Qawmiya lada Tulab al-Marhalatayn al-I‘dadiya wal-Thanawiya [National Identity for Students of the Preparatory and Secondary Stages].” Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
Sabry, Sarah. 2010. “How Poverty is Underestimated in Greater Cairo, Egypt.” Environment and Urbanization 22 (2), 523–41.Google Scholar
Sadiq, Saad Rajab. 2010. “Al-Ta‘lim fi Misr.. Mushkilat wa Hulul 8-Al-‘Unf fil-Nitham al-Ta‘limi al-Misri [Education in Egypt. Problems and Solutions 8: Violence in the Egyptian Education System].” Misruna. www.ouregypt.us/education/education19.html.Google Scholar
El-Saharty, Sameh, Richardson, Gail, and Chase, Susan. 2005. “Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals: Challenges and Opportunities.” World Bank Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper (February).Google Scholar
Salehi-Isfahani, Insan Tunali and Assaad, Ragui. 2009. “A Comparative Study of Returns to Education of Urban Men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey.” Middle East Development Journal 1 (2), 145187.Google Scholar
Sandefur, Justin. 2018. “Chart of the Week: Teacher Pay around the World: Beyond ‘Disruption’ and ‘De-skilling’.” Centre for Global Development Blog Posts. www.cgdev.org/blog/chart-week-teacher-pay-around-world-beyond-disruption-and-deskilling.Google Scholar
Sasnal, Patrycja. 2014. Myths and Legends: Modern History and Nationalistic Propaganda in Egyptian Textbooks. Warsaw, Poland: Polish Institute of International Affairs. www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180939/Myths%20and%20Legends_%20Modern%20History%20and%20Nationalistic%20Propaganda%20in%20Egyptian%20Textbooks.pdf.Google Scholar
Al-Sayid, Muhammad Ahmed. 2006. “Mada Fa‘iliyat Birnamij li-Da‘m al-Shu‘ur bil-Intima’ lil-Watan lada Talamith al-Halaqa al-Thaniya min al-Ta‘lim al-Asasi- Dirasa Muqarana [Effectiveness of a Program to Reinforce the Sense of Belonging to the Nation for Students of the Second Stage of Basic Education - A Comparative Study].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
Sayigh, Yazid. 2012. “Above the State: The Officers’ Republic in Egypt.” The Carnegie Papers (August): 1–31. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/officers_republic1.pdf.Google Scholar
Sayed, Eman Sh., and Langsten, Ray. 2014. “Gender, Tutoring and Track in Egyptian Education.” International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences 8 (10), 3223–7.Google Scholar
Sayed, Fatma H. 2006. Transforming Education in Egypt: Western Influence and Domestic Policy Reform. Cairo, New York: The American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V. and Vecchione, M. (2010), Basic Personal Values, Core Political Values, and Voting: A Longitudinal Analysis. Political Psychology, 31, 421–52.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Selim, Tarek. 2008. “The Education Market in Egypt: A Game Theory Approach.” Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series no. 422. https://erf.org.eg/publications/the-education-market-in-egypt-a-game-theory-approach/-Google Scholar
Serra, Narcis and Steglitz, Joseph E., eds. 2004. The Washington Consensus Reconsidered: Towards a New Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sewell, William H., and Hauser, Robert M.. 1980. “The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of Social and Psychological Factors in Aspirations and Achievements.” In Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization: A Research Annual, vol. 1, edited by Kerckhoff, Alan C.. Greenwich: JAI, 5999.Google Scholar
Sharabi, Hisham. 1975. Muqadimat li-Dirasat al-Mujtama’ al-‘Arabi [Introductions to the Study of Arab Society]. Jerusalem: Matbu‘at Salah al-Din.Google Scholar
Sharabi, Hisham. 1987. Al-Nitham al-Abawi wa Ishkaliyat Takhaluf al-Mujtama’ al-‘Arabi [The Patriarchal Structure and the Problem of the Backwardness of Arab Society]. Beirut: Dar Al-Tali‘a.Google Scholar
El-Sharnoubi, Osman. 2017. “IMF Loan in Hand, When Will the Promised LE25 Billion in Social Spending Be Allocated?” Mada Masr, February 23. www.madamasr.com/en/2017/02/23.Google Scholar
Shatz, Adam. 2010. “Mubarak’s Last Breath.” London Review of Books 32 (10), 610. www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n10/adam-shatz/mubaraks-last-breath.Google Scholar
Shehata, Samer S. 2003. “In the Basha’s House: The Organizational Culture of Egyptian Public-Sector Enterprise.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 35 (1), 103–32.Google Scholar
Shehata, Samer S. 2009. Shop Floor Culture and Politics in Egypt. Albany, NY: Suny Press.Google Scholar
Shihata, Mustafa. 2010. “Indihash fi al-Awsat al-Ta‘limiya ba‘d Intiqad Ahmad Zaki Badr Ilgha’ al-Darb fil-Madaris [Shock in Educational Circles after Ahmad Zaki Badr’s Criticism of the Banning of Beating in Schools].” Al-Dostor Newspaper, February 4. http://dostor.org/politics/egypt/10/february/3/5087.Google Scholar
Shirazi, Roozbeh. 2012. “Performing the ‘Knights of Change’: Male Youth Narratives and Practices of Citizenship in Jordanian Schools.” Comparative Education 48 (1), 7185.Google Scholar
Shirazi, Roozbeh. 2016. “‘These Boys are Wild’: Constructions and Contests of Masculinities at Two Jordanian High Schools.” Gender and Education 28 (1), 89107.Google Scholar
Sieverding, Maia, Krafft, Caroline, and Elbadawy, Asmaa. 2019. “An Exploration of the Drivers of Private Tutoring in Egypt.” Comparative Education Review 63 (4), 562–90.Google Scholar
Singerman, Diane. 1995. Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
“Al-Sisi: Al-ta’lim la yufid ma’ watan dayi’ aw biydi’.” 2016. YouTube. Accessed May 7, 2017. www.youtube.com/watch?v=bylhQ-9Sj84.Google Scholar
Smith, Charles D. 1997.” Imagined Identities, Imagined Nationalisms: Print Culture and Egyptian Nationalism in Light of Recent Scholarship.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, 607–22.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2007. “Reading Reform into the Past: Power and the Islamist Articulations of Muslim History.” Quest 4 (Summer). www.qub.ac.uk/sites.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2009. “Amr Khaled and Young Muslim Elites: Islamism and the Consolidation of Mainstream Muslim Piety in Egypt.” In Cairo Contested: Governance, Urban Space and Global Modernity, edited by Singerman, Diane. Cairo: American University Press, 415–54.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2012. “The De-Facto Privatization of Secondary Education in Egypt.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 42 (1), 4767.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2014. “Tell the Teacher: I See You, I Thank You.” Mada Masr, July 1. www.madamasr.com/en/2014/07/01/opinion/society.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2015. “Secular Façade, Neoliberal Islamisation: Textbook Nationalism from Mubarak to Sisi.” Nations & Nationalism 21 (4): 805–24.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2017. “Recent Policy Direction in Egyptian Education.” In Civil Society and Public Policy Formation: Strategies from Morocco and Egypt. Paris: Arab Reform Initiative, 3443. www.arab-reform.net/en/node/1077.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2019. Expensive Classrooms, Poor Learning: The Imperatives of Reforming School Construction in Egypt. Alternative Policy Solutions, American University in Cairo. http://api.aps.aucegypt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/en_education-draft-6-25.Feb_.2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2021. “The Lived Social Contract in Schools: From Protection to the Production of Hegemony.” World Development, 137, 104986.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. 2022. De-skilling, Digitalization and Divergent Outcomes: The 3Ds of New Educational Reforms in the Case of Egypt. RISE Working Paper Series.Google Scholar
Springborg, Robert. 2003. “Identity in Crisis: Egyptian Political Identity in the Face of Globalization.” Harvard International Review 25 (3), 1824.Google Scholar
Starrett, Gregory. 1998. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
State University. 2019. “Egypt – Administration, Finance, & Educational Research.” Education Encyclopedia, stateuniversity.com. https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/415/Egypt-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html#ixzz5DaeiwK7E.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2011. “An Uncivil Partnership: Egypt’s Jama’a Islamiyya and the State after the Jihad.” Third World Quarterly 32 (5), 863–81.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Robert, and Ellsworth, Jeanne. 1991. “Dropping Out in a Working Class High School: Adolescent Voices on the Decision to Leave.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 12 (3), 277–91.Google Scholar
Stevick, Doyle, and Levinson, Bradley. 2003. “From Noncompliance to Columbine: Capturing Student Perspectives to Understand Noncompliance and Violence in Public Schools.” Urban Review 35 (4), 323–49.Google Scholar
Straus, Murray A. 2000. “Corporal Punishment and Primary Prevention of Physical Abuse.” Child Abuse & Neglect 24 (9): 1109–14.Google Scholar
Swartz, Sharlene, Harding, James Hamilton, and De Lannoy, Ariane. 2012. “Ikasi Style and the Quiet Violence of Dreams: A Critique of Youth Belonging in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Comparative Education 48 (1), 2740.Google Scholar
Tadros, Mariz. 2001. “Resistance Clouds the Future.” Al-Ahram Weekly, November, 1–7. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/558/intrvw.htm.Google Scholar
Tadros, Mariz. 2006. “State Welfare in Egypt since Adjustment: Hegemonic Control with a Minimalist Role.” Review of African Political Economy 33 (108), 237–54.Google Scholar
Talbani, Aziz. 1996. “Pedagogy, Power, and Discourse: Transformation of Islamic Education.” Comparative Education Review 40 (1), 6682.Google Scholar
Talwar, Victoria, Carlson, Stephanie M., and Lee, Kang. 2011. “Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children’s Executive Functioning: A Natural Experiment.” Social Development 20 (4), 805–24.Google Scholar
Tan, Jason. 1998. ”The Marketisation of Education in Singapore: Policies and Implications.” International Review of Education, 44 (1), 4763.Google Scholar
Tawfik, Ghosoun. 2019. “The (Re)Production of Privilege: Education, Jobs and Precarity in Rural Upper Egypt.” Master’s thesis, American University in Cairo.Google Scholar
“Thanawiya Amma Rap Song.” 2010. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYdAFFezlIA.Google Scholar
Thornberg, Robert. 2008. “It’s Not Fair! Voicing Pupils: Criticisms of School Rules.” Children and Society 22, 418–28.Google Scholar
Toronto, James A., and Eissa, Muhammad S.. 2007. “Egypt: Promoting Tolerance, Defending against Islamism.” In Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East, edited by Doumato, Eleanor A. and Starrett, Gregory, Boulder, CO, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2752.Google Scholar
Al-Tukhi, ‘Arabi Abdul-Aziz Ahmad. 1999. “Dawr Majalat al-Atfal fi al-Tanshi’a al-Siyasiya lil-Tifl al-Misri [The Role of Children’s Magazines in the Political Socialization of the Egyptian Child].” Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Higher Studies of Childhood, Ain Shams University.Google Scholar
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics Database). n.d. http://data.uis.unesco.org.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2005. Egypt’s National Human Development Report: Choosing Our Future: Toward a New Social Contract. Cairo: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2010. Egypt Human Development Report: Youth in Egypt: Building Our Future. Cairo: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2009. Educational Reform in Egypt: 2003–2008, From Access to Quality: Education for a Changing World. Cairo: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNEVOC .2013. “Country Profiles: Egypt,” TVET World Database, www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&lang=en&ct=EGY.Google Scholar
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 1996. Staff Appraisal Report: The Arab Republic of Egypt Education Enhancement Program. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2015. Children in Egypt: A Statistical Digest. Cairo: UNICEF Egypt.Google Scholar
van de Bildt, Joyce. 2015. “The Quest for Legitimacy in Postrevolutionary Egypt: Propaganda and Controlling Narratives,” Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 6 (3–4), 253–74.Google Scholar
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. 1978. Nasser and His Generation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Verme, Paolo, Milanovic, Branko, Al-Shawarby, Sherine, et al. 2014. Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt: Facts and Perceptions across People, Time, and Space. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2021. “The Social Organization of Difference,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44 (8), 1273–95.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2005. “Pointers on Pierre Bourdieu and Democratic Politics.” In Pierre Bourdieu and Democratic Politics, edited by Wacquant, Loïc. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1028.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2010. “Crafting the Neoliberal State: Workfare, Prisonfare, and Social Insecurity.” Sociological Forum, 25: 197220.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2012. “Three Steps to a Historical Anthropology of Actually Existing Neoliberalism.” Social Anthropology 20 (1), 6679.Google Scholar
Wali, Mamdouh. 2018. “The Decline in the Number of Azhari Education: Egyptian Minister of Education Tariq Shawki Did Not Call for Merging Pre-University Azhari Education into Public Education [Arabic].” Al Jazeera Mubasher Al-‘Amma, May 5. http://mubasher.aljazeera.net/opinion/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A.Google Scholar
Walker, Lindley. 1989. “Australian Maid: Sex, Schooling and Social Class.” Ph.D. thesis, Macquarie University.Google Scholar
Walkerdine, Valerie, and Lucey, Helen. 1989. Democracy in the Kitchen: Regulating Mothers and Socializing Daughters. London: Virgo Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Warming, H., and Fahnøe, K. 2017. “Social Work and Lived Citizenship.” In Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society, edited by Warming, Hanne and Fahnøe, Kristian. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series. Palgrave Macmillan, 122.Google Scholar
Washburn, Leah. 1997. “Accounts of Slavery: An Analysis of the United States History Textbooks from 1900–1992.” Theory and Research in Social Education 25 (4), 470–91.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Watfa, Ali As‘ad. 1996. “The Social Backgrounds of Educational Interactions in Arab Universities: The University of Damascus as an Exemplar.” Al-Mustaqbal Al-‘Arabi 19 (214), 7485.Google Scholar
Watfa, Ali As‘ad. 1999. “Mathahir al-Tasalut fil-Thaqafa wal-Tarbiya al-‘Arabiya al-Mu‘asira [Features of Authoritarianism in Contemporary Arab Culture and Education].” Al-Mustaqbal Al-‘Arabi 22 (247), 5471.Google Scholar
Watson, Ian. 1993. “Education Class and Culture: The Birmingham Ethnographic Tradition and the Problem of the New Middle Class.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 14 (2), 179–97.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1998. “Acting ‘As If ’: Symbolic Politics and Social Control in Syria.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 40 (3), 503–23.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 2015. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria: With a New Preface. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weis, Lois. 1982. “Educational Outcomes and School Processes: Theoretical Perspectives.” In Comparative Education, edited by Altbach, Phillip G., Arnove, Robert and Kelly, Gail. New York: Macmillan, 485504.Google Scholar
Weis, Lois. 1990. Working Class without Work: High School Students in a De-Industrializing Economy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Westlund, Andrea C. 1999. “Pre-Modern and Modern Power: Foucault and the Case of Domestic Violence.” Signs 24 (4), 1045–66.Google Scholar
Whittey, Geoff. 1974. “Sociology and the Problem of Radical Educational Change.” In Educability, Schools and Ideology, edited by Flude, Michael and Ahier, John. London: Croom Helm, 112–37.Google Scholar
Willis, Paul. 1977. Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Farnborough: Saxon House.Google Scholar
Winegar, Jessica. 2014. “Civilizing Muslim Youth: Egyptian State Culture Programmes and Islamic Television Preachers.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 20 (3) (September), 445–65.Google Scholar
Wise, Lindsay. 2003. “Words from the Heart: New Forms of Islamic Preaching in Egypt.” M.Phil. thesis, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford University.Google Scholar
WJP (World Justice Project). 2018. Rule of Law Index 2017–2018. Washington, DC: World Justice Project. https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP_ROLI_2017–18_Online-Edition.pdf.Google Scholar
WJP (World Justice Project). 2021. Rule of Law Index 2021. Washington, DC: World Justice Project. Retrieved from https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-INDEX-21.pdf.Google Scholar
Woods, Peter. 1990. The Happiest Days? How Pupils Cope with School. London: Falmer.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1996. Staff Appraisal Report: The Arab Republic of Egypt Education Enhancement Program. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2002. Poverty Reduction in Egypt: Diagnosis and Strategy. Report No. 24234-EGT. Washington, DC: The World Bank .Google Scholar
World Bank. 2003. Unlocking the Employment Potential in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2008. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2012. Arab Republic of Egypt: Inequality of Opportunity in Educational Achievement, Report No. 70300-EG. Washington, DC: The World BankGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2013. Egypt: Secondary Education Enhancement Project (SEEP). Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019a. “Unemployment, Total (Modeled ILO Estimate).” The World Bank DataBank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=EG&view=chart.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019b. “Unemployment, Total (National Estimate).” The World Bank DataBank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?locations=EG&view=chart.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019c. “Unemployment, Youth Total (Modeled ILO Estimate).” The World Bank DataBank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS?locations=EG.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019d. “Unemployment, Youth Female (Modeled ILO Estimate).” The World Bank DataBank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.FE.ZS?locations=EG.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019e. “Unemployment, Youth Male (Modeled ILO Estimate).” The World Bank DataBank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.MA.ZS?locations=EG.Google Scholar
Youdell, Deborah. 2005. “Sex–Gender–Sexuality: How Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Constellations Are Constituted in Secondary Schools.” Gender and Education 17 (3), 249–70.Google Scholar
Youdell, Deborah. 2006a. Impossible Bodies, Impossible Selves: Exclusions and Student Subjectivities. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Youdell, Deborah. 2006b. “Subjectivation and Performative Politics – Butler Thinking Althusser and Foucault: Intelligibility, Agency and the Raced-Nationed-Religioned Subject of Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 27 (3), 511–28.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. 1990. White Mythologies: History Writing and the West. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Youssef, Randa, Attia, Medhat, and Kamel, Mohamed. 1998. “Children Experiencing Violence: Prevalence and Determinants of Corporal Punishment in Schools.” Child Abuse Neglect 22 (10), 975–85.Google Scholar
Yunus, Fathi. 2009. “Madaris Misr. Halabat Musara‘a [Egypt’s Schools. Fighting Rings].” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, January 2. www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=45&article=501288&issueno=10993.Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2006. “Belonging and the Politics of Belonging.” Patterns of Prejudice 40 (3), 197214.Google Scholar
Zembylas, Michalinos. 2009. “Affect, Citizenship, Politics: Implications for Education.” Pedagogy, Culture and Society 17 (3), 369–83.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Hania Sobhy, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (MPI-MMG), Göttingen
  • Book: Schooling the Nation
  • Online publication: 16 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108956031.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Hania Sobhy, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (MPI-MMG), Göttingen
  • Book: Schooling the Nation
  • Online publication: 16 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108956031.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Hania Sobhy, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (MPI-MMG), Göttingen
  • Book: Schooling the Nation
  • Online publication: 16 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108956031.010
Available formats
×