Within a few short years of the 1990 changes in immigration and refugee policy, the country was turning away from the Pennsylvania model of immigration. This chapter begins with a discussion of the renewed growth in unauthorized migration after the IRCA legalization and the failure of the United States to address it. In many respects, the high level of tolerance for unauthorized migration represents a return to the Virginia model of disposable workers with few rights. But that tolerance came at a price when numbers increased. Unauthorized migration became a divisive issue in the 1994 elections when California adopted Proposition 187, which would have restricted the access of unauthorized migrants, including children, to basic emergency services and education.