In this chapter, the second limitation of the human rights-based approach is examined. The chapter develops the argument that the human rights-based approach casts the personal scope of the refugee definition too widely, as anyone who is exposed to a 'sustained or systemic denial of human rights demonstrative of a failure of state protection' is, by definition, persecuted. Such a definition, however, incorporates a wide range of individuals who would not, having regard to the 'ordinary meaning' of the term, be described as 'persecuted', including people who die because of failures of the state to maintain effective disaster risk reduction infrastructure (as in the case of Budayeva v Russian Federation). The argument is advanced that this dominant definition of being persecuted misses what is fundamental to the experience of being persecuted within the meaning of the Refugee Convention. In this context, being persecuted cannot be understood without reference to the role of discrimination as a contributory cause of a person's exposure to serious denials of human rights. Employing the methodology at Articles 31-33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a recalibrated definition of being persecuted is articulated.