Book contents
- The Limits of Universal Rule
- The Limits of Universal Rule
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Maps
- Figures
- Contributors
- Abbreviations
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1 From the Mediterranean to the Indus Valley: Modalities and Limitations of the Achaemenid Imperial Space
- 2 Limits of All-Under-Heaven: Ideology and Praxis of “Great Unity” in Early Chinese Empire
- 3 The Roman Empire
- 4 The Medieval Roman Empire of the East as a Spatial Phenomenon (300–1204 CE)
- 5 Early Islamic Imperial Space
- 6 The Mongol Imperial Space
- 7 The Territories and Boundaries of Empires
- 8 Delimiting the Realm Under the Ming Dynasty
- 9 The Expansion of the Qing Empire Before 1800
- 10 All Under the Tsar
- Index
- References
6 - The Mongol Imperial Space
From Universalism to Glocalization*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 January 2021
By
Book contents
- The Limits of Universal Rule
- The Limits of Universal Rule
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Maps
- Figures
- Contributors
- Abbreviations
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1 From the Mediterranean to the Indus Valley: Modalities and Limitations of the Achaemenid Imperial Space
- 2 Limits of All-Under-Heaven: Ideology and Praxis of “Great Unity” in Early Chinese Empire
- 3 The Roman Empire
- 4 The Medieval Roman Empire of the East as a Spatial Phenomenon (300–1204 CE)
- 5 Early Islamic Imperial Space
- 6 The Mongol Imperial Space
- 7 The Territories and Boundaries of Empires
- 8 Delimiting the Realm Under the Ming Dynasty
- 9 The Expansion of the Qing Empire Before 1800
- 10 All Under the Tsar
- Index
- References
Summary
This study seeks to explain how the Mongol imperial space was created and administrated by the Mongols and conceived by the Mongols and their subjects mainly in Yuan China and Ilkhanid Iran. It stresses the interplay between the Mongols’ universal vision, their construction of a “Chinggisid space,” and the revival of “glocal” (i.e., local with global characteristic) spatial concepts in Mongol-ruled China and Iran. It starts by reviewing Mongol expansion, analyzing the reasons for its unprecedented success and the impact of its halt, and concludes in assessing the impact of the Mongol Empire on the shaping of the post-Mongol imperial space across Eurasia.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Limits of Universal RuleEurasian Empires Compared, pp. 220 - 256Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Adshead, Samuel A. M. 1993. Central Asia in World History. New York: St. Martin Press.Google Scholar
Aigle, Denise. 2007. “The Mongol invasions of Bilād al-Shām by Ghāzān Khān and Ibn Taymīyah’s three ‘anti-Mongol’ fatwas.” Mamluk Studies Review 11: 89–120.Google Scholar
Aigle, Denise 2014. The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Akasoy, Anna, Burnett, Charles, and Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit, eds. 2013. Rashīd al-Dīn. Agent and Mediator of Cultural Exchanges in Ilkhanid Iran. Warburg Institute Colloquia 24. London and Turin: The Warburg Institute.Google Scholar
Albrecht, Sarah. 2016. “Dār al-Islām and dār al-ḥarb.” In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, ed. Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Online edition.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1987. Mongol Imperialism: the Policies of the Grand Khan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1994. “The Rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongol Rule in North China.” In: The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, ed. Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Dennis, 321–413. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1996. “Spiritual Geography and Political Legitimacy in the Eastern Steppe.” In: Ideology and the Formation of the Early State, ed. Claessen, Henri J. M. and Oosten, Jarich G., 116–35. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1997a. Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1997b. “Ever Closer Encounters: The Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire.” Journal of Early Modern History 1: 2–23.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2001a. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2001b. “Sharing out the Empire: Apportioned Lands under the Mongols.” In: Nomads in the Sedentary World, ed. Khazanov, A.M. and Wink, A, 172–90. Richmond: Curson.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2009. “A Note on Mongol Imperial Ideology.” In: The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History: Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, ed. Rybatzki, Volker, Pozzi, Alessandra, Geier, Peter W. and Krueger, John R., 1–9. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2011. “Imperial Posts, West, East and North: A Review Article: Adam J. Silverstein, Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 17: 237–76.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2015. “Eurasia after the Mongols.” In: The Cambridge History of the World, Vol. 6: The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1: Foundations, ed. Bentley, Jerry H., Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E., 159–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Amitai, Reuven. 2005. “The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War.” In: Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, ed. Amitai, Reuven and Biran, Michal, 359–90. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Amitai, Reuven 2007. The Mongols in the Islamic Lands: Studies in the History of the Ilkhanate. Aldershot: Variorum.Google Scholar
Amitai, Reuven 2013. Holy War and Rapprochement. Studies in the Relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate (1260–1335). Turnhout: Brespols.Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. 1995. Mongols and Mamluks. The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven 1999. “Mongol imperial ideology and the Ilkhanid war against the Mamluks.” In: The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, ed. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven and Morgan, David O., 57–72. Leiden: Brill. Reprinted in Amitai,Google Scholar
Atwood, Christopher P. 2013. “The Uyghur Stone: Archaeological Revelations in the Mongol Empire.” In: The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them: Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th birthday, ed. Curta, Florin and Maleon, Bogdan-Petru, 315–43. Iaşi: Editura Universităţii ‘Alexandru Ioan Cuza.Google Scholar
Atwood, Christopher P. forthcoming. “Mongol Empire and Early Modernity.” In: Asia and the Early Modern, ed. I. Kaya Şahin and Hendrik Spruyt.Google Scholar
Barber, Malcolm and Bate, Keith, trans. 2010. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th-13th Centuries. Crusade Texts in Translation 18. Fordham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Barfield, Thomas J. 1989. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barfield, Thomas J. 2001. ‘‘The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation along the Chinese–Nomad Frontier.” In: Empires: Perspective from Archaeology and History, ed. Alcock, Susan E., D’Altroy, Terence N., Morrison, Kathleen D., and Sinopoli, Carla M., 10–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baumann, Brian. 2013. “By the Power of Eternal Heaven: The Meaning of Tenggeri to the Government of the Pre-Buddhist Mongols.” Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident 35: 233–84.Google Scholar
Baydawi, Nasir al-Din ʿAbdallah (d. 1286). 1935. Nizam al-tawarikh, ed. Bahman, Karimi. Tehran: Kitabkhana-i ʿIlmi, 1313sh.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal. 1997. Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal 2004. “The Mongol Transformation: From the Steppe to Eurasian Empire.” Medieval Encounters 10: 339–61.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal 2009. “Central Asia from the Conquest of Chinggis Khan to the Rise of Tamerlane: The Ögodeied and Chaghadaid Realms.” In: The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. Vol. 2. The Chinggisid Age, ed. Golden, Peter B., Cosmo, Nicola Di, and Frank, Allan, 46–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal 2013. “Rulers and City Life in Mongol Central Asia (1220–1370).” In: Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City-life in Iran and the Neighboring Countries, ed. Durand-Gué, Daviddy, 257–83. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal 2015a. “Introduction: Nomadic Culture.” In: Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors, ed. Amitai, Reuven and Biran, Michal, 1–9. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Biran, Michal 2015b. “The Mongol Empire and the Inter-Civilizational Exchange.” In: The Cambridge History of the World. Vol. 5. Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500CE–1500CE, ed. Kedar, Benjamin and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry, 534–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brack, Jonathan Z. 2018. “Theologies of Auspicious Kingship: The Islamization of Chinggisid Sacral Kingship in the Islamic World.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 60: 1,143–71.Google Scholar
Bretschneider, Emily V. 1888. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources. 2 vols. Toronto: Robats.Google Scholar
Brook, Timothy. 2018. “Chinese Legitimation of the Mongol Regime and the Legacy of Unification.” In: Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations Since Chinggis Khan, ed. Brook, Timothy, van Praag, Walt, van Miek Boltjes, M. C., 49–55. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Brose, Michael C. 2006. “Realism and Idealism in the Yuanshi Chapters on Foreign Relations.” Asia Major (Third Series) 19: 327–47.Google Scholar
Burbank, Jane and Cooper, Frederick. 2010. Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cai, Meibiao 蔡美彪, ed. 1955. Yuandai baihua bei jilu 元代白話碑集禄. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chavannes, Edouard. 1908. “Inscriptions et pièces de chancellerie chinoises de époque mongole (2nd series).” T’oung-pao 9: 297–448.Google Scholar
Cleaves, Francis W. 1950. “The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1335 in Memory of Chang Ying-jui.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 13: 1–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaves, Francis W. 1951. “The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1338 in Memory of Jigüntei.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14: 1–104.Google Scholar
Cleaves, Francis W. 1952. “The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1346.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 15: 1–123.Google Scholar
Cleaves, Francis W. 1953. “The Mongolian Documents in the Musée de Téhéran.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 16: 1–107.Google Scholar
Cleaves, Francis W. 1959. “The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 22: 1–133.Google Scholar
Crossley, Pamela K. and Garthwaite, Gene R.. 2016. “Post-Mongol States and Early Modern Chronology in Iran and China.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26: 293–307.Google Scholar
Davis, Richard L. 2009. “The Reign of Tu-tsung (1264–1274) and His Successors to 1279.” In: The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 5, part I. The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, ed. Twitchett, Denis and Smith, Paul J., 913–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, Christopher, ed. 1980. Mission to Asia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, Nicola. 1999. “State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History.” Journal of World History 10: 1–40.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, Nicola 2015. “Why Qara Qorum? Climate and Geography in the Early Mongol Empire.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 21: 67–78.Google Scholar
Duindam, Jeroen Jozef, Frans. 2016. Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Endicott-West, Elisabeth. 2005. “The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism.” In: Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Outside World, ed. Amitai, Reuvem and Biran, Michal, 461–82. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Fiaschetti, Francesca. 2014a. “The Borders of Rebellion: The Yuan Dynasty and the Rhetoric of Empire.” In: Political Strategies of Identity Building in non-Han empires in China, ed. Fiaschetti, Francesca and Schneider, Julia, 127–45. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Fiaschetti, Francesca 2014b. “Tradition, Innovation and the Construction of Qubilai’s Diplomacy.” Mingqing yanjiu 18: 65–96.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Joseph F. 1986. “The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspective.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46: 11–50.Google Scholar
Fragner, Bert G. 1997. “Iran under Ilkhanid rule in a World History Perspective.” In:L’Iran face à la domination mongole, ed. Aigle, Denis, 121–31. Tehran: Institut français de recherche en Iran.Google Scholar
Fragner, Bert G. 2006. “Ilkhanid Rule and its Contributions to Iranian Political Culture.” In: Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, ed. Komaroff, Linda, 68–80. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Golden, Peter B. 1982. “Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia.” AEMA 2: 37–76.Google Scholar
Golden, Peter B. 2006. “The Türk Imperial Tradition in the pre-Chinggisid Era.” In: Imperial Statecraft, ed. Sneath, David, 23–61. Bellingham: Western Washington University Press. Reprinted in Golden.Google Scholar
Golden, Peter B. 2010. Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia. Farnham, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate/Variorum.Google Scholar
Haw, Stefan, 2013. “The Mongol Empire: The First Gunpowder Empire?” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23: 449–61.Google Scholar
Hsim, Hosung. 2014. “The Postal Roads of the Great Khans in Central Asia under the Mongol-Yuan Empire.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44: 405–69.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich. 2006. “The Ilkhanid Palace at Takht-i Sulayman: Excavation Results.” In: Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, ed. Komaroff, Linda, 94–110. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Humble, Geoffrey F. 2015. “Princely Qualities and Unexpected Coherence: Rhetoric and Representation in ‘Juan’ 117 of the ‘Yuanshi’.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 45: 307–37.Google Scholar
Humble, Geoffrey F. 2017. “Biographical Rhetorics: Narrative and Power in Yuanshi Biography.” PhD dissertation, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Fuwati, Kamal al-Din ʿAbd al-Razzaq b. Ahmad (1244–1323). 1995. Majmaʿ al-adab fi muʿjam al-alqab, ed. al-Kazim, Muhammad. 6 vols. Tehran: Muʾassasat al-tibaʿa wa-l-nashr, 1416h.Google Scholar
Isahaya, Yoichi. 2017. “Toluid Appanages as Mesoscale Agency in Cross-Cultural Exchange.” Paper presented at the workshop “Networks, Regions and Institutions in Mongol Eurasia: A Meso-Historical Analysis,” The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 17–18.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter. 1978. “The Dissolution of the Mongol Empire.” Central Asiatic Journal 32: 186–244.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 1999a. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 1999b. “From Ulus to Khanate: The Making of the Mongol States, c.1220– c.1290.” In: The Mongol Empire and its Legacy, ed. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven and Morgan, David O., 13–28. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 2011. “World-Conquest and Local Accommodation: Threat and Blandishment in Mongol Diplomacy.” In: History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honour of John E. Woods, ed. Pfeiffer, Judith and Quinn, Sheila A in collaboration with Tucker, Ernest, 3–22. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 2017. The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
al-Juwayni [Juvaini], ʿAṭa-Malik (1226–1283). 1912–1937. Taʾrikh-i Jahangusha Edited Mirza Muhammad Qazwin. 3 vols. London: Luzac.Google Scholar
al-Juwayni [Juvaini], ʿAṭa-Malik (1226–1283) 1997. Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror, trans. Boyle, John A.. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Kauz, Ralph, ed. 2015. “Chinese and Asian Geographical and Cartographical Views on Central Asia and Its Adjacent Regions.” Special Issue, Journal of Asian History 49: 1–266.Google Scholar
Kim, Hodong. 2009. “The Unity of the Mongol Empire and Continental Exchanges over Eurasia.” Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 1: 15–42.Google Scholar
Kim, Hodong 2014. “The Compilation of the Gazetteer of the Grand Unification (Dayitong zhi) and the Origin of the Mongol World Map.” Paper presented at the conference “Chinese and Asian Geographical and Cartographical Views on Central Asia and its Adjacent Region,” Bonn, January 10–11.Google Scholar
Kim, Hodong 2015. “Was Da Yuan a Chinese Dynasty?” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 45: 279–305.Google Scholar
Kim, Hodong 2018. “Mongol Perceptions of ‘China’ and the Yuan Dynasty.” In: Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations Since Chinggis Khan, ed. Brook, Timothy, van Praag, Walt, and van Miek Boltjes, M. C., 45–49. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Hodong 2019. “The Formation and Changes of Uluses in the Mongol Empire.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62: 269–317.Google Scholar
Krawulsky, Dorothea. 2011. “The Revival of the Ancient Name Īrān under the Mongol Īlkhāns (r. 656–736/1258–1336).” In: The Mongol Īlkhāns and their Vizier Rashīd al-Dīn, ed. Krawulsky, Dorothea, 43–52. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kuroda, Akinobu. 2009. “The Eurasian Silver Century, 1276–1359: Commensurability and Multiplicity.” Journal of Global History 4: 245–69.Google Scholar
Langlois, John M. 2009. “Song Lian and Liu Ji in 1358 on the Eve of Joining Zhu Yuanzhang.” Asia Major (Third Series) 22: 131–62.Google Scholar
Matsui, Dai. 2009. “‘Dumdadu Mongghol Ulus’ – ‘The Middle Mongolian Empire’”. In: The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History: Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, ed. Rybatzki, Volker, Pozzi, Alessandra, Geier, Peter W. and Krueger, John R., 112–19. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
May, Timothy. 2012. The Mongol Conquest in World History. London: Reaction-Globalities.Google Scholar
May, Timothy Forthcoming. “The Mongols’ Military Machine.” In: The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire, vol. 1, ed. Biran, Michal and Hodong, Kim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Melville, Charles. 2001. “From Adam to Abaqa: Qāḍī Baiḍāwī’s Rearrangement of History.” Studia Iranica 30: 67–86.Google Scholar
Melville, Charles 2007. “From Adam to Abaqa: Qādī Baidāwī’s Rearrangement of History (Part 2).” Studia Iranica 36: 7–64.Google Scholar
Meyvaert, Paul, 1980. “An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France.” Viator 11: 245–59.Google Scholar
Mostaert, Antoine and Cleaves, Francis W.. 1952. “Trois documents mongols des archives secrètes vaticanes.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 15: 419–506.Google Scholar
Mostaert, Antoine and Cleaves, Francis W. 1962. Les lettres de 1289 et 1305 des ilkhan Arγun et Ölǰeitü à Philippe le Bel. Scripta Mongolica Monograph Series 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute.Google Scholar
Mott, Christopher, 2015. The Formless Empire: A Short History of Diplomacy and Warfare in Central Asia. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing.Google Scholar
Munkh-Erdene, Lamsuren. 2018. “The Emergence of the Chinggisid State.” In: Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations Since Chinggis Khan, ed. Brook, Timothy, van Praag, Walt, van Miek Boltjes, M. C., 29–33. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Münkler, Herfried. 2007. Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B. and Wigen, Einar. 2015. “Remnants of the Mongol Imperial Tradition”. In: Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order, ed. Halperin, Sandra and Palan, Ronen, 1–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Park, Hyunhee. 2012. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Park, Hyunhee 2013. “Cross-Cultural Exchange and Geographic Knowledge of the World in Yuan China.” In: Eurasian Influences on Yuan China, ed. Rossabi, Morris, 125–58. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Pederson, Neil, Hessl, Amy E., Baatarbileg, Nachin, Anchukaitis, Kevin. J., and Cosmo, Nicola Di. 2014. “Pluvials, Droughts, the Mongol Empire, and Modern Mongolia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(12): 4,375–9.Google Scholar
Pines, Yuri. 2012. The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Poppe, Nicholas. 1957. The Mongolian Monuments in hPh’ags-pa Script. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Hamdallah, Qazwini, Mustawfi (1281–1349). 1915–19. Nuzhat al-qulūb, edited and translated by Guy Le Strange as The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat al-Qulūb (Gibb Memorial Series 23), 2 vols. Leiden and London: Brill and Luzac.Google Scholar
Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1971. Papal Envoys to the Great Khans. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rachewiltz, Igor de 1973. “Some Remarks on the Ideological Foundations of Chinggis Khan’s Empire.” Papers on Far Eastern History 7: 21–36.Google Scholar
Rachewiltz, Igor de 1983. “Qan, Qa’an and the Seal of Güyük.” In: Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift für Walter Heissig zum 70. Geburstag, ed. Sagaster, Klaus and Weiers, Michael, 272–81. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Rachewiltz, Igor de tr. 2006. The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Rashid al-Din, Fadlallah (1247–1318). 1994. Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh, ed. Rawshan, Muhammad and Mustafa, Musawi. 3 vols. Tehran: Nashr-i Alburz.Google Scholar
Rashid al-Din, Fadlallah 1998–9. Jami’u’t-tawarikh [sic] Compendium of Chronicles, trans. Thackston, Wheeler M., 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Robinson, David M. 2008. “The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Yuan Mongols.” In: Culture, Courtiers and Competition: The Ming Court (1368–1644), ed. Robinson, David M., 365–421. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, David M. 2019. In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rossabi, Morris. 1988. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Roudometof, Victor. 2016. Glocalization: A Critical Introduction. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rubruck, William of (ca. 1220–1293). 1990. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. Translated Jackson, Peter and edited Morgan, David. London: The Haklyut Society.Google Scholar
Sen, Tansen. 2006. “The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200–1450.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49: 421–53.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Adam. J. 2007. Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skelton, R. A. et al., eds. 1995. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 1997. “Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia.” Modern Asian Studies 31: 735–62.Google Scholar
al-ʿUmari, Ibn Fadlallah Shihab al-Din (1301–1349). 1968. Das Mongolische Weltreich: al-ʿUmarīs Darstellung der mongolischen Reiche in seinem Werk Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār, ed. and trans. Lech, Klaus. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Vasary, Istvan, 2009. “The Jochid Realm: The Western Steppe.” In: The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age, ed. Cosmo, Nicola Di, Golden, Peter B., and Frank, Allan J., 67–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vogelin, Eric. 1940–1. “Mongol Orders of Submission to European Powers, 1245–1255.” Byzantion 15: 378–411.Google Scholar
Wang, Shidian 王士點 (d. 1359) and Qiweng, Shang 商企翁 (fl. 1341–1367). 1992. Mishujian zhi 秘書監志 (Accounts of the Palace Library). Ed. Rongsheng, Gao 高榮盛. Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wassaf al-Ḥadrat (Sharaf al-Din ʿAbdallah b. Fadlallah al-Shirazi, fl. 1299–1328). 1853. Tajziyat al-Amsar wa Tazjiyat al-A’ṣar (Ta‘rikh-i Wassaf). Lithograph. Bombay: Muhammad Mahdi Isfahani.Google Scholar
Yang, Qiao. 2017. “From the West to the East, from the Sky to the Earth: A Biography of Jamāl al-Dīn.” Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques 71(4): 1231–45.Google Scholar
Yelü, Zhu 耶律鑄 (1221–1285). n.d. Shuangxi zuiyin ji 雙溪醉隱集 [Yelü Zhu’s Literary Collection]. e-Siku quanshu edition.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by