Abbott, Kenneth W., Levi-Faur, David and Snidal, Duncan. 2017. ‘Theorizing Regulatory Intermediaries: The RIT Model’. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670 no. 1: 14–35.Google Scholar

Abegglen, W. P. (1986). ‘Knowledge of United States Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Education Held by Selected Tennessee Public School Personnel (Law)’. PhD Thesis, East Tennessee State University. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2621.Google Scholar

Albrecht, Stan L., and Green, Miles. 1977. ‘Cognitive Barriers to Equal Justice before the Law’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 14 no. 2: 206–21.Google Scholar

Apel, Robert. 2013. ‘Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime: Implications for Criminal Deterrence’. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29 no. 1: 67–101.Google Scholar

Bench-Capon, Trevor J. M. 2015. Knowledge-Based Systems and Legal Applications, Vol. 36. Brighton, UK: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Bench-Capon, Trevor J. M., and Coenen, Frans P.. 1992. ‘Isomorphism and Legal Knowledge-Based Systems’. Artificial Intelligence and Law 1 no. 1:65–86.Google Scholar

Bowal, Peter. 1998. ‘A Study of Lay Knowledge of Law in Canada’. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 9: 121.Google Scholar

Cavanagh, Caitlin, and Cauffman, Elizabeth. 2017. ‘What They Don’t Know Can Hurt Them: Mothers’ Legal Knowledge and Youth Re-offending’. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 23 no. 2: 141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CCH Tax Law Editors. 2016. Internal Revenue Code: Income, Estate, Gift, Employment and Excise Taxes. New York: Wolters Kluwer CCH.Google Scholar

Chate, R. A. C. 2008. ‘An Audit of the Level of Knowledge and Understanding of Informed Consent amongst Consultant Orthodontists in England, Wales and Northern Ireland’. British Dental Journal 205 no. 12: 665.Google Scholar

Clark, T. R. 1990. ‘Mississippi Superintendents’ and Secondary Educators’ Knowledge of School Law as It Relates to Student Rights in Selected Areas’. PhD Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi. https://aquila.usm.edu/theses_dissertations/2745/.Google Scholar

Coffee, John C. Jr 1991. ‘Does Unlawful Mean Criminal?: Reflections on the Disappearing Tort/Crime Distinction in American Law’. Boston University Law Review 71: 193.Google Scholar

Cortese, Charles. 1966. ‘A Study in Knowledge and Attitudes toward the Law: The Legal Knowledge Inventory’. Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal 3: 192–204.Google Scholar

Darley, John M., Carlsmith, Kevin M. and Robinson, Paul H.. 2001. ‘The Ex Ante Function of the Criminal Law’. Law and Society Review:165–90.Google Scholar

Darley, John M., Sanderson, Catherine A. and LaMantia, Peter S.. 1996. ‘Community Standards for Defining Attempt Inconsistencies with the Model Penal Code’. American Behavioral Scientist 39 no. 4: 405–20.Google Scholar

Denvir, Catrina, Balmer, Nigel J. and Buck, Alexy. 2012. ‘Informed Citizens? Knowledge of Rights and the Resolution of Civil Justice Problems’. Journal of Social Policy 41 no. 3: 591–614.Google Scholar

Denvir, Catrina, Balmer, Nigel J. and Pleasence, Pascoe. 2013. ‘When Legal Rights Are Not a Reality: Do Individuals Know Their Rights and How Can We Tell?’. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 35 no.1: 139–60.Google Scholar

Eberwein III, Howard Jacob. 2008. Raising Legal Literacy in Public Schools: A Call for Principal Leadership: A National Study of Secondary School Principals’ Knowledge of Public School Law. University of Massachusetts Amherst.Google Scholar

Edelman, Lauren B., and Talesh, Shauhin A.. 2011. ‘To Comply or Not to Comply – That Isn’t the Question: How Organizations Construct the Meaning of Compliance’. Explaining Compliance: Business Responses to Regulation:103–22.Google Scholar

Edwards, Deborah L., and Mahling, Dirk E.. 1997. ‘Toward Knowledge Management Systems in the Legal Domain’. Proceedings of the International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work: The Integration Challenge.Google Scholar

Estlund, Cynthia L. 2002. ‘How Wrong Are Employees about Their Rights, and Why Does It Matter?’ New York University Law Review 77: 6.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Mary E. 2006. ‘Mobilizing the Law in China: “Informed Disenchantment” and the Development of Legal Consciousness’. Law & Society Review 40 no. 4: 783–816.Google Scholar

Ginther, Matthew R., Shen, Francis X., Bonnie, Richard J. and Hoffman, Morris B.. 2014. ‘The Language of Men’s Rea’. Vanderbilt Law Review 67: 1327.Google Scholar

Ginther, Matthew R., Shen, Francis X., Bonnie, Richard J., Hoffman, Morris B., Jones, Owen D. and Simons, Kenneth W.. 2018. ‘Decoding Guilty Minds: How Jurors Attribute Knowledge and Guilt’. Vanderbilt Law Review 71: 241.Google Scholar

Givelber, Daniel J., Bowers, William J. and Blitch, Carolyn L.. 1984. ‘Tarasoff, Myth and Reality: An Empirical Study of Private Law in Action’. Wisconsin Law Review: 443.Google Scholar

Goodwin-De Faria, Christine, and Marinos, Voula. 2012. ‘Youth Understanding & Assertion of Legal Rights: Examining the Roles of Age and Power’. International Journal of Children’s Rights 20 no. 3: 343–64.Google Scholar

Gray, G., and Pelisse, J.. 2019. ‘Frontline Workers and the Role of Legal and Regulatory Intermediaries’. Sciences Po LIEPP Working Paper, n°94, 2019–10–12.Google Scholar

Grisso, Thomas, Steinberg, Laurence, Woolard, Jennifer, Cauffman, Elizabeth, Scott, Elizabeth, Graham, Sandra, Lexcen, Fran, Dickon Reppucci, N. and Schwartz, Robert. 2003. ‘Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial: A Comparison of Adolescents’ and Adults’ Capacities as Trial Defendants’. Law and Human Behavior 27 no. 4: 333–63.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Duncan. 1982. ‘Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy’. Journal of Legal Education 32: 591.Google Scholar

Kim, Pauline T. 1998. ‘An Empirical Challenge to Employment at Will’. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations 23 no. 2: 91.Google Scholar

Kim, Pauline T. 1999. ‘Norms, Learning and Law: Exploring the Influences of Workers’ Legal Knowledge’. University of Illinois Legal Review 1999 no. 2: 447–516.Google Scholar

Leary, Thomas B. 1990. ‘The Commission’s New Option That Favors Judicial Discretion in Corporate Sentencing’. Federal Sentencing Reporter 3: 142.Google Scholar

Littleton, Mark. 2008. ‘Teachers’ Knowledge of Education Law’. Action in Teacher Education 30 no. 2: 71–8.Google Scholar

Matsuda, Mari. 1988. ‘Affirmative Action and Legal Knowledge: Planting Seeds in Plowed-Up Ground’. Harvard Women’s Law Journal 11: 1.Google Scholar

Militello, M., Schimmel, D. and Eberwein, H. J.. 2009. ‘If They Knew, They Would Change: How Legal Knowledge Impacts Principals’ Practice’. NASSP Bulletin 93 no. 1: 27–52.Google Scholar

Moore, S. J. 1997. ‘An Assessment of Selected Knowledge of School Law from Public Educators in the State of Tennessee’. PhD Thesis, Tennessee State University. https://digitalscholarship.tnstate.edu/dissertations/AAI9806345/.Google Scholar

Pleasence, Pascoe, and Balmer, Nigel J.. 2012. ‘Ignorance in Bliss: Modeling Knowledge of Rights in Marriage and Cohabitation’. Law & Society Review 46 no. 2: 297–333.Google Scholar

Pleasence, Pascoe, Balmer, Nigel J. and Denvir, Catrina. 2017. ‘Wrong about Rights: Public Knowledge of Key Areas of Consumer, Housing and Employment Law in England and Wales’. Modern Law Review 80 no. 5: 836–59.Google Scholar

Reifman, Alan, Gusick, Spencer M. and Ellsworth, Phoebe C.. 1992. ‘Real Jurors’ Understanding of the Law in Real Cases’. Law and Human Behavior 16 no. 5: 539–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riles, Annelise. 2006. ‘Anthropology, Human Rights, and Legal Knowledge: Culture in the Iron Cage’. American Anthropologist 108 no. 1: 52–65.Google Scholar

Rudy, Jesse. 2002. ‘What They Don’t Know Won’t Hurt Them: Defending Employment-at-Will in Light of Findings That Employees Believe They Possess Just Cause Protection’. Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law 23: 307.Google Scholar

Saltstone, Scot P., Saltstone, Robert and Rowe, Brian H.. 1997. ‘Knowledge of Medical-Legal Issues: Survey of Ontario Family Medicine Residents’. Canadian Family Physician 43: 669.Google ScholarPubMed

Sametz, L., McLoughlin, C. and Streib, V.. 1981. ‘Teacher’s Survey of Knowledge of School Law and Child Abuse’. Kent, OH. ED218243.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin. 1975. ‘Support for the Legal System: An Analysis of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior’. American Politics Quarterly 3 no. 1: 3–24.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin. 1976/7. ‘Studying American Legal Culture: An Assessment of Survey Evidence’. Law & Society Review 11: 427.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F.. 1989. ‘Lawyers and Legal Consciousness: Law Talk in the Divorce Lawyer’s Office’. Yale Law Journal: 1663–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saunders, LaVell E. 1975. ‘Collective Ignorance: Public Knowledge of Family Law’. Family Coordinator:69–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saunders, LaVell E. 1981. ‘Ignorance of the Law among Teenagers: Is It a Barrier to the Exertion of Their Rights as Citizens?’ Adolescence 16 no. 63: 711.Google Scholar

Schimmel, David, and Militello, Matthew. 2007. ‘Legal Literacy for Teachers: A Neglected Responsibility’. Harvard Educational Review 77 no. 3: 257–84.Google Scholar

Shaw, F. W. I. 1984. ‘Principals’ Knowledge of the Law of Public Education and Its Relation to Job Satisfaction’. Dissertation, University of Utah.Google Scholar

Shen, Francis X., Hoffman, Morris B., Jones, Owen D. and Greene, Joshua D.. 2011. ‘Sorting Guilty Minds’. New York University Law Review 86: 1306.Google Scholar

Shuman, Daniel W., and Weiner, Myron S.. 1981. ‘Privilege Study: An Empirical Examination of the Psychotherapist–Patient Privilege’. North Carolina Law Review 60: 893.Google Scholar

Talesh, Shauhin A. 2009. ‘The Privatization of Public Legal Rights: How Manufacturers Construct the Meaning of Consumer Law’. Law & Society Review 43 no. 3: 527–62.Google Scholar

Talesh, Shauhin A. 2015. ‘Rule‐Intermediaries in Action: How State and Business Stakeholders Influence the Meaning of Consumer Rights in Regulatory Governance Arrangements’. Law & Policy 37 nos. 1–2: 1–31.Google Scholar

Talesh, Shauhin, and Pélisse, Jérôme. 2019. ‘How Legal Intermediaries Facilitate or Inhibit Social Change’. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 79: 111–45.Google Scholar

Thornton, Dorothy, Gunningham, Neil and Kagan, Robert A.. 2005. ‘General Deterrence and Corporate Environmental Behavior’. Law & Policy 27 no. 2: 262–88.Google Scholar

Van McCrary, S., and Swanson, Jeffrey W.. 1999. ‘Physicians’ Legal Defensiveness and Knowledge of Medical Law: Comparing Denmark and the USA’. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 27 no. 1: 18–21.Google Scholar

Van McCrary, S., Swanson, Jeffrey W., Perkins, Henry S. and Winslade, William J.. 1992. ‘Treatment Decisions for Terminally Ill Patients: Physicians’ Legal Defensiveness and Knowledge of Medical Law’. Law, Medicine and Health Care 20 no. 4: 364–76.Google Scholar

White, Ben, Willmott, Lindy, Cartwright, Colleen, Parker, Malcolm H. and Williams, Gail. 2014. ‘Doctors’ Knowledge of the Law on Withholding and Withdrawing Life‐Sustaining Medical Treatment’. Medical Journal of Australia 201 no. 4: 229–32.Google Scholar

White, Ben, Willmott, Lindy, Parker, Malcolm, Cartwright, Colleen and Williams, Gail. 2012. ‘What Do Emergency Physicians Think of Law?’ Emergency Medicine Australasia 24 no. 4: 355–6.Google Scholar

Williams, Martha, and Hall, Jay. 1972. ‘Knowledge of the Law in Texas: Socioeconomic and Ethnic Differences’. Law & Society Review 7 no. 1: 99–118.Google Scholar

Winter, S., and May, P. J.. 2001. ‘Motivation for Compliance with Environmental Regulations’. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20 no. 4: 675–98.Google Scholar

Zirkel, Perry A. 1996. ‘The Law or the Lore?’ Phi Delta Kappan 77 no. 8: 579.Google Scholar

Agnew, Robert. 2007. Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Akers, Ronald L. 1991. “Self-Control as a General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 7, no. 2 (June):201–11. doi: 0748.4518/91/0600-0201506.50/0.Google Scholar

Baumeister, R. F., and Heatherton, Todd F.. 1996. “Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview.” Psychological Inquiry 7, no. 1:1–15. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1.Google Scholar

Baumeister, Roy F., Bratslavsky, Ellen, Muravin, Mark, and Tice, Dianne M.. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1252–65.Google Scholar

Beaver, Kevin M., Wright, John Paul, and Delisi, Matt. 2007. “Self-Control as an Executive Function: Reformulating Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Parental Socialization Thesis.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 34:1345–61.Google Scholar

Bensonl, Michael L., and Elizabeth Moore. 1992. “Are White-Collar and Common Offenders the Same? An Empirical and Theoretical Critique of a Recently Proposed General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:251–72.Google Scholar

Blumstein, Alfred, and Cohen, Jacquelyn. 1979. “Estimation of Individual Crime Rates from Arrest Records.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 70, no.4:561–85.Google Scholar

Brame, Robert, Paternoster, Raymond, and Bushway, Shawn D.. 2004. “Criminal Offending Frequency and Offense Switching.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 20, no. 2 (May):201–14. doi: 10.1177/1043986204263779.Google Scholar

Burt, Callie H., Simons, Ronald L., and Simons, Leslie G.. 2006. “A Longitudinal Test of the Effects of Parenting and the Stability of Self-Control: Negative Evidence for the General Theory of Crime.” Criminology 44, no. 2 (June):353–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00052.x.Google Scholar

Burt, Callie H., Sweeten, Gary, and Simons, Ronald L.. 2014. “Self-Control through Emerging Adulthood: Instability, Multidimensionality, and Criminological Significance.” Criminology 52, no. 3:450–87. doi: 10.1111/1745-9125.12045.Google Scholar

Chapple, Constance L. 2007. “Self-Control, Peer Relations, and Delinquency.” Justice Quarterly 22, no. 1:89–106. doi: 10.1080/0741882042000333654.Google Scholar

Clarke, Ronald V. 1995. “Situational Crime Prevention.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 19:91–150.Google Scholar

Cloward, Richard, and Ohlin, Lloyd. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Colvin, Mark. 2000. Crime and Coercion: An Integrated Theory of Chronic Criminality. New York: St. Martins.Google Scholar

Crank, Beverly Reece, and Brezina, Timothy. 2019. “Self-Control, Emerging Adulthood, and Desistance from Crime: A Partial Test of Pratt’s Integrated Self-Control/Life-Course Theory of Offending. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 5:38–59.Google Scholar

Cullen, Francis T., Unnever, James D., Wright, John Paul, and Beaver, Kevin M.. 2008. “Parenting and Self-Control.” In Out of Control: Assessing the General Theory of Crime, edited by Goode, Erich, 61–74. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cullen, Francis T., Pratt, Travis C., Turanovic, Jillian J., and Butler, Leah. 2018. “When Bad News Arrives: Project HOPE in a Post-Factual World.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 43:13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deane, Glenn, Armstrong, David P., and Felson, Richard B.. 2005. “An Examination of Offense Specialization Using Marginal Logit Models.” Criminology 43, no. 4:955–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2005.00030.x.Google Scholar

Delisi, Matt. 2003. “The Imprisoned Nonviolent Drug Offender: Specialized Martyr or Versatile Career Criminal?” American Journal of Criminal Justice 27, no. 2:167–82.Google Scholar

Farrington, David P. 1986. “Age and Crime.” In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, edited by Tonry, Michael and Morris, N., 189–250. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Farrington, David P., Piquero, Alex R., and Jennings, Wesley G.. Offending from Childhood to Late Middle Age: Recent Results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Gibbs, John J., Giever, Dennis, and Martin, Jamie S.. 1998. “Parental Management and Self-Control: An Empirical Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35, no. 1:40–70. doi: 10.1177/0022427898035001002.Google Scholar

Gottfredson, Michael R. 2008. “The Empirical Status of Control Theory in Criminology.” In Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, edited by Cullen, Francis T., Wright, John Paul, and Blevins, Kristie R., 77–100. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Gottfredson, Michael R., and Hirschi, Travis. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. 2019. Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hay, Carter. and Forrest, Walter. 2006. “The Development of Self-Control: Examining Self-Control Theory’s Stability Thesis.” Criminology 44, no. 4 (December):739–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00062.x.Google Scholar

Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hirschi, Travis. 2004. “Self-Control and Crime.” In Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Application, edited by Baumeister, Roy F. and Vohs, Kathleen D., 538–52. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Holtfreter, Kristy, Beaver, Kevin M., Reisig, Michael D., and Pratt, Travis C.. 2010a. “Low Self-Control and Fraud Offending.” Journal of Financial Crime 17, no. 3:295–307. doi: 10.1108/13590791011056264.Google Scholar

Holtfreter, Kristy, Reisig, Michael D., Piquero, Nicole Leeper, and Piquero, Alex R.. 2010b. “Low Self-Control and Fraud: Offending, Victimization, and Their Overlap.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 37, no. 2 (February):188–203. doi: 10.1177/0093854809354977.Google Scholar

Kempf, Kimberly L. 1987. “Specialization and the Criminal Career.” Criminology 25, no. 2 (May):399–420. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00803.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kubrin, Charis, Thomas, E., Stucky, D., and Krohn, Marvin D.. 2009. Researching Theories of Crime and Deviance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, Matthew R., Chassin, Laurie, and MacKinnon, David. 2010. “The Effect of Marriage on Young Adult Heavy Drinking and Its Mediators: Results from Two Methods of Adjusting for Selection into Marriage.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24:712–18.Google Scholar

Lynam, Donald R., Caspi, Avshalom, Moffitt, Terri E., Wikstrom, Per-Olof, Loeber, Rolf, and Novak, Scott. 2000. “The Interaction between Impulsivity and Neighborhood Context on Offending: The Effects of Impulsivity Are Stronger in Poorer Neighborhoods.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109:563–74.Google Scholar

Mazerolle, Paul, Brame, Robert, Paternoster, Ray, Piquero, Alex, and Dean, Charles. 2000. “Onset Age, Persistence, and Offending Versatility: Comparisons across Gender.” Criminology 38, no. 4 (November):1143–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01417.x.Google Scholar

McGloin, Jean Marie, and O’Neil Shermer, Lauren. 2009. “Self-Control and Deviant Peer Network Structure.” Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency 46, no. 1 (February):35–72. doi: 10.1177/0022427808326585.Google Scholar

McGloin, Jean Marie, and Kyle J. Thomas. 2019. “Peer Influence and Delinquency.” Annual Review of Criminology 2:241–264.Google Scholar

McGloin, Jean Marie, Sullivan, Christopher J., Piquero, Alex R., and Pratt, Travis C.. 2007. “Local Life Circumstances and Offending Specialization/Versatility: Comparing Opportunity and Propensity.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44, no. 3 (August):321–46. doi: 10.1177/0022427807302664.Google Scholar

McGloin, Jean Marie, Christopher J. Sullivan, and Alex R. Piquero. 2009. “Aggregating to Versatility? Transitions among Offender Types in the Short Term.” British Journal of Criminlogy 49:243–264.Google Scholar

Meldrum, Ryan C., and Hay, Carter. 2012. “Do Peers Matter in the Development of Self-Control? Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41:691–703. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9692-0.Google Scholar

Meldrum, Ryan C., Young, Jacob T. N., and Weerman, Frank M.. 2009. “Reconsidering the Effect of Self-Control and Delinquent Peers: Implications of Measurement for Theoretical Significance.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 46, no. 3 (May):353–76. doi: 10.1177/0022427809335171.Google Scholar

Messner, Steven F., Richard Rosenfeld, and Eric P. Baumer. 2004. “Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide.” American Sociological Review 69:882–903.Google Scholar

Moffit, Terrie E., Poulton, Richie, and Caspi, Avshalom. 2013. “Lifelong Impact of Early Self-Control.” American Scientist, 101 (July):352–9.Google Scholar

Muraven, Mark, and Baumeister, Roy F.. 2000. “Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle? Psychological Bulletin 126:247–59.Google Scholar

Na, Chongmin, and Paternoster, Raymond. 2012. “Can Self-Control Change Substantially Over Time? Rethinking the Relationship between Self- and Social Control.” Criminology 50, no. 2:427–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00269.x.Google Scholar

Piquero, Alex R. 2000. “Frequency, Specialization, and Violence in Offending Careers.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37, no. 4 (November):392–418. doi: 10.1177/0022427800037004003.Google Scholar

Piquero, Alex. R., Paternoster, Raymond, Mazerolle, Paul, Brame, Robert, and Dean, Charles W.. 1999. “Onset Age and Offense Specialization.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36, no. 3 (August):275–99. doi: 10.1177/0022427899036003002.Google Scholar

Piquero, Alex R., MacDonald, John, Dobrin, Adam, Daigle, Leah E., and Cullen, Francis T.. 2005. “Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21, no. 1 (March):55–71. doi: 10.1007/s10940-004-1787-2.Google Scholar

Piquero, Nicole Leeper, Schoepfer, Andrea, and Langton, Lynn. 2010. “Completely Out of Control or the Desire to Be in Complete Control? How Low Self-Control and the Desire for Control Relate to Corporate Offending.” Crime & Delinquency 56, no. 4:627–47. doi: 10.1177/0011128708325052.Google Scholar

Piquero, Alex R., Jennings, Wesley G., Farrington, David P., Diamond, Brie, and Reingle Gonzalez, Jennifer M.. 2016. “A Meta-analysis Update on the Effectiveness of Early Self-Control Improvement Programs to Improve Self-Control and Reduce Delinquency.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12:249–64.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C. 2008. “Rational Choice Theory, Crime Control Policy, and Criminological Relevance.” Criminology and Public Policy 7:43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pratt, Travis C. 2015. “A Reconceptualized Model of Self-Control and Crime: Specifying the Role of Self-Control Variability.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 42:662–79.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C. 2016. “A Self-Control/Life-Course Theory of Criminal Behavior.” European Journal of Criminology 13:129–46.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C. 2019. Addicted to Incarceration: Corrections Policy and the Politics of Misinformation in the United States. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., and Cullen, Francis T.. 2000. “The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta-analysis.” Criminology 38, no. 3 (August):931–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00911.x.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2016. “Lifestyle and Routine Activity Theories Revisited: The Importance of ‘Risk’ to the Study of Victimization.” Victims and Offenders 11:335–54.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2018. “Celerity and Deterrence.” In Deterrence, Choice, and Crime – Contemporary Perspectives, Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 23, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero, 187–210. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., Turner, Michael G., and Piquero, Alex R.. 2004. “Parental Socialization and Community Context: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Structural Sources of Low Self-Control.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41, no. 3 (August):219–43. doi: 10.1177/0022427803260270.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., Jillian J. Turanovic, Kathleen A. Fox, and Kevin A. Wright. 2014. “Self-Control and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis.” Criminology 52:87–116.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., Barnes, J. C., Cullen, Francis T., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2016. “‘I Suck at Everything’: Crime, Arrest, and the Generality of Failure.” Deviant Behavior 37:837–51.Google Scholar

Rocque, Michael. 2015. “The Lost Concept: The (Re) Emerging Link between Maturation and Desistance from Crime.” Criminology and Criminal Justice, 15, 340–60.Google Scholar

Schmidt, Klaus-Helmut, Neubach, Barbara, and Heuer, Herbert. 2007. “Self-Control Demands, Cognitive Control Deficits, and Burnout.” Work and Stress, 21, 142–54.Google Scholar

Schoepfer, Andrea, Piquero, Nicole Leeper, and Langton, Lynn. 2013. “Low Self-Control versus the Desire-For-Control: An Empirical Test of White-Collar Crime and Conventional Crime.” Deviant Behavior 35, no. 3 (February):197–214. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2013.834758.Google Scholar

Tittle, Charles R. 1980. Sanctions and Social Deviance: The Question of Deterrence. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Turanovic, Jillian J., and Pratt, Travis C.. 2014. “‘Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop’: Self-Control, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30:29–56.Google Scholar

Turanovic, Jillian J., Reisig, Michael D., and Pratt, Travis C.. 2015. “Risky Lifestyles, Low Self-Control, and Violent Victimization across Gendered Pathways.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31:183–206.Google Scholar

Turanovic, Jillian J., Pratt, Travis C., and Piquero, Alex R.. 2018. “Structural Constraints, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 34:251–74.Google Scholar

Turner, Michael G., and Piquero, Alex R.. 2002. “The Stability of Self-Control.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30, no. 6 (November–December):457–71. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00169-1.Google Scholar

Vazsonyi, Alexander T., Mikuska, Jakub, and Kelly, Erin L.. 2017. “It’s Time: A Meta-analysis on the Self-Control-Deviance Link.” Journal of Criminal Justice 48, (January):48–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.10.001.Google Scholar

Warr, Mark. 2002. Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, Per-Olof, and Svensson, Robert. 2010. “When Does Self-Control Matter? The Interaction between Morality and Self-Control in Crime Causation.” European Journal of Criminology 7:395–410.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, Per-Olof, and Treiber, Kyle. 2007. “The Role of Self-Control in Crime Causation: Beyond Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” European Journal of Criminology 4:237–64.Google Scholar

Wikstrom, Per-Olof, Oberwittler, Dietrich, Treiber, Kyle, and Hardi, Beth. 2012. Breaking Rules: The Social and Situational Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, Gregory M. 2010. “Impulsivity, Offending, and Neighborhood: Investigating the Person-Context Nexus.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26:301–32.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, Gregory M., Botchkovar, Ekaterina V., Antonaccio, Olena, and Hughes, Lorine A.. 2015. “Low Self-Control in ‘Bad’ Neighborhoods: Assessing the Role of Context on the Relationship between Self-Control and Crime.” Justice Quarterly, 32, no. 1 (November):56–84. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2012.737472.Google Scholar

Agrawal, A., and Lynskey, M. T.. 2006. “The Genetic Epidemiology of Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence.” Addiction 101 (6):801–12.Google Scholar

Agrawal, A., and Lynskey, M. T.. 2008. “Are There Genetic Influences on Addiction [sic]: Evidence from Family, Adoption and Twin Studies.” Addiction 103 (7): 1069–81.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.” In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Andrews, D. A., and Bonta, J.. 2010. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (5th ed.). New Providence, NJ: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc.Google Scholar

Baler, R. D., and Volkow, N. D.. 2006. “Drug Addiction: The Neurobiology of Disrupted Self-Control.” Trend in Molecular Medicine 12 (12):559–66.Google Scholar

Baumeister, R. F., and Vonasch, A. J.. 2015. “Uses of Self-Regulation to Facilitate and Restrain Addictive Behavior.” Addictive Behaviors 44:3–8.Google Scholar

Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., and Tice, D. M.. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (5):1252–65.Google Scholar

Berridge, K. C. 2009. “Wanting and Liking: Observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory.” Inquiry 52 (4):378–98.Google Scholar

Boles, S. M., and Miotto, K.. 2003. “Substance Abuse and Violence: A Review of the Literature.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 8 (2):155–74.Google Scholar

Bozarth, M. A. 1994. “Pleasure Systems in the Brain.” In Pleasure: The Politics and the Reality, edited by Warburton, D. M., 5–14. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Chaiken, J. M., and Chaiken, M. R.. 1990. “Drugs and Predatory Crime.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 203–40. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Chassin, L., Flora, D. B., and King, K. M.. 2004. “Trajectories of Alcohol and Drug Use and Dependence from Adolescence to Adulthood: The Effects of Familial Alcoholism and Personality.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113 (4):483–98.Google Scholar

Chatwin, C. 2017. “UNGASS 2016: Insights from Europe on the Development of Global Cannabis Policy and the Need for Reform of the Global Drug Policy Regime.” International Journal of Drug Policy 49:80–5.Google Scholar

Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., and Lieberman, M. D.. 2013. “Intentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral PFC.” In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function (2nd ed.), edited by Stuss, D. T. and Knight, R. T., 417–40. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Coskunpinar, A., Dir, A. L., and Cyders, M. A.. 2013. “Multidimensionality in Impulsivity and Alcohol Use: A Meta‐analysis Using the UPPS Model of Impulsivity.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37 (9):1441–50.Google Scholar

Dahlbäck, O. 1990. “Criminality and Risk-Taking.” Personality and Individual Difference 11 (3):265–72.Google Scholar

De Wit, H. 2009. “Impulsivity as a Determinant and Consequence of Drug Use: A Review of Underlying Processes.” Addiction Biology 14 (1):22–31.Google Scholar

De Wit, H., and Mitchell, S. H.. 2010. “Drug Effects on Delay Discounting.” In Impulsivity: Theory, Science and Neuroscience of Discounting, edited by Madden, G., Bickel, W. and Critchfield, T., 213–41. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

De Wit, H., Crean, J., and Richards, J. B.. 2000. “Effects of D-Amphetamine and Ethanol on a Measure of Behavioral Inhibition in Humans.” Behavioral Neuroscience 114 (4):830–7.Google Scholar

Douglas, K. S., Guy, L. S., and Hart, S. D.. 2009. “Psychosis as a Risk Factor for Violence to Others: A Meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (5):679–706.Google Scholar

Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., and Anda, R. F.. 2003. “Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.” Pediatrics 111 (3):564–72.Google Scholar

Duke, A. A., Smith, K. M., Oberleitner, L., Westphal, A., and McKee, S. A.. 2018. “Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence: A Meta-meta-analysis.” Psychology of Violence 8 (2):238–49.Google Scholar

Evenden, J. L. 1999. “Varieties of Impulsivity.” Psychopharmacology 146 (4):348–61.Google Scholar

Fagan, J. 1990. “Intoxication and Aggression.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 241–320. Chigaco: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fazel, S., Bains, P., and Doll, H.. 2006. “Substance Abuse and Dependence in Prisoners: A Systematic Review.” Addiction 101 (2):181–91.Google Scholar

Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., and Verster, J. C.. 2010. “Acute Alcohol Effects on Inhibitory Control and Implicit Cognition: Implications for Loss of Control over Drinking.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 34 (8):1346–52.Google Scholar

Fillmore, M. T. 2003. “Drug Abuse as a Problem of Impaired Control: Current Approaches and Findings.” Behavioral Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2 (3):179–97.Google Scholar

Fillmore, M. T., and Rush, C. R.. 2002. “Impaired Inhibitory Control of Behavior in Chronic Cocaine Users.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66 (3):265–73.Google Scholar

Fischman, M., and Haney, M.. 1999. “Neurobiology of Stimulants.” In Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (2nd ed.), edited by Galanter, M. and Kleber, H. D., 21–31. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

Franken, I. H. A., Booij, J., and van den Brink, W.. 2005. “The Role of Dopamine in Human Addiction: From Reward to Motivated Attention.” European Journal of Pharmacology 526 (1–3):199–206.Google Scholar

Franken, I. H. A., Muris, P., and Georgieva, I.. 2006. “Gray’s Model of Personality and Addiction.” Addictive Behaviors 31 (3):399–403.Google Scholar

Frone, M. R. 2006. “Prevalence and Distribution of Alcohol Use and Impairment in the Workplace: A US National Survey.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67 (1):147–56.Google Scholar

Ghahremani, D. G., Lee, B., Robertson, C. L., Tabibnia, G., Morgan, A. T., De Shetler, N., Brown, A. K., Monterosso, J. R., Aron, A. R., and Mandelkern, M. A.. 2012. “Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors Mediate Response Inhibition and Related Activity in Frontostriatal Neural Circuitry in Humans.” Journal of Neuroscience 32 (21):7316–24.Google Scholar

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. 2018. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.Google Scholar

Gold, M. S., and Tullis, M.. 1999. “Cannabis.” In Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (2nd ed.), edited by Galanter, M. and Kleber, H. D., 165–81. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

Goldstein, P. J. 1985. “The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Drug Issues 15 (4):493–506.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. Z., and Volkow, N. D.. 2002. “Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex.” American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (10):1642–52.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. Z., and Volkow, N. D.. 2011. “Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinical Implications.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12 (11):652–69.Google Scholar

Gottfredson, M., and Hirschi, T.. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., and Arneklev, B. J.. 1993. “Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime Delinquency 30 (1):5–29.Google Scholar

Heath, A. C. 1995. “Genetic Influences on Alcoholism Risk.” Alcohol Health and Research World 19:166–71.Google Scholar

Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., and Martin, N. G.. 1989. “Interactive Effects of Genotype and Social Environment on Alcohol Consumption in Female Twins.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 50 (1):38–48.Google Scholar

Heffernan, K., Cloitre, M., Tardiff, K., Marzuk, P. M., Portera, L., and Leon, A. C.. 2000. “Childhood Trauma as a Correlate of Lifetime Opiate Use in Psychiatric Patients.” Addictive Behaviors 25 (5):797–803.Google Scholar

Henkel, D. 2011. “Unemployment and Substance Use: A Review of the Literature (1990–2010).” Current Drug Abuse Reviews 4 (1):4–27.Google Scholar

Hester, R., Lubman, D. I., and Yücel, M.. 2010. “The Role of Executive Control in Human Drug Addiction.” In Behavioral Neuroscience of Drug Addiction, edited by Self, D. W. and Staley Gottschalk, J. K., 301–18. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar

Heyman, G. M. 2009. Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hunt, D. E. 1990. “Drugs and Consensual Crimes: Drug Dealing and Prostitution.” In Drugs and Crime, edited by Tonry, M. and Wilson, J. Q., 159–202. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hyman, S. E. 2007. “The Neurobiology of Addiction: Implications for Voluntary Control of Behavior.” American Journal of Bioethics 7 (1):8–11.Google Scholar

Jentsch, J. D., and Taylor, J. R.. 1999. “Impulsivity Resulting from Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Drug Abuse: Implications for the Control of Behavior by Reward-Related Stimuli.” Psychopharmacology 146 (4):373–90.Google Scholar

Kelly, J. F. 2004. “Toward an Addictionary: A Proposal for More Precise Terminology.” Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 22 (2):79–87.Google Scholar

Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., and Finkelhor, D.. 1993. “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies.” Psychological Bulletin 113 (1):164–80.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S., and Prescott, C. A.. 1998. “Cocaine Use, Abuse and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins.” British Journal of Psychiatry 173 (4):345–50.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L., and Prescott, C. A.. 1999. “Hallucinogen, Opiate, Sedative and Stimulant Use and Abuse in a Population‐Based Sample of Female Twins.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99 (5):368–76.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., and Prescott, C. A.. 2000. “Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders in Women: An Epidemiological and Cotwin Control Analysis.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (10):953–9.Google Scholar

Kennett, J., Vincent, N. A., and Snoek, A.. 2015. “Drug Addiction and Criminal Responsibility.” In Handbook of Neuroethics, edited by Clausen, J. and Levy, N., 1065–83. Dordrecht, NL: Springer Science.Google Scholar

King, K. M., and Chassin, L.. 2007. “A Prospective Study of the Effects of Age of Initiation of Alcohol and Drug Use on Young Adult Substance Dependence.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 68 (2):256–65.Google Scholar

Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R., and LaForge, K. S.. 2005. “Genetic Influences on Impulsivity, Risk Taking, Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction.” Nature Neuroscience 8 (11):1450–7.Google Scholar

Latimer, J., Morton-Bourgon, K., and Chrétien, J.-A.. 2006. A Meta-analytic Examination of Drug Treatment Courts: Do They Reduce Recidivism? Ottowa: Department of Justice Canada, Research and Statistics Division.Google Scholar

Lee, S. H., Ham, B.-J., Cho, Y.-H., Lee, S.-M., and Shim, S. H.. 2007. “Association Study of Dopamine Receptor D2TaqI A Polymorphism and Reward-Related Personality Traits in Healthy Korean Young Females.” Neuropsychobiology 56 (2–3):146–51.Google Scholar

Lee, B., London, E. D., Poldrack, R. A., Farahi, J., Nacca, A., Monterosso, J. R., Mumford, J. A., Bokarius, A. V., Dahlbom, M., and Mukherjee, J.. 2009. “Striatal Dopamine d2/d3 Receptor Availability Is Reduced in Methamphetamine Dependence and Is Linked to Impulsivity.” Journal of Neuroscience 29 (47):14734–40.Google Scholar

Logan, G. D. 1994. “On the Ability to Inhibit Thought and Action: A Users’ Guide to the Stop Signal Paradigm.” In Inhibitory Process in Attention, Memory and Language, edited by Dagenbach, D. and Carr, T. H., 189–239. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Logue, A., Tobin, H., Chelonis, J. J., Wang, R. Y., Geary, N., and Schachter, S.. 1992. “Cocaine Decreases Self-Control in Rats: A Preliminary Report.” Psychopharmacology 109 (1–2):245–7.Google Scholar

MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., and Munafò, M. R.. 2011. “Delayed Reward Discounting and Addictive Behavior: A Meta-analysis.” Psychopharmacology 216 (3):305–21.Google Scholar

McGlothlin, W. H., Anglin, M. D., and Wilson, B. D.. 1978. “Narcotic Addiction and Crime.” Criminology 16 (3):293–316.Google Scholar

Miczek, K. A., Weerts, E. M., and DeBold, J. F.. 1993. “Alcohol, Aggression and Violence: Biobehavioral Determinants.” In Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Martin, S., 83–119. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.Google Scholar

Mitchell, O., Wilson, D. B., and MacKenzie, D. L.. 2007. “Does Incarceration-Based Drug Treatment Reduce Recidivism? A Meta-analytic Synthesis of the Research.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 3 (4):353–75.Google Scholar

Morse, S. J. 2011. “Addiction and Criminal Responsibility.” In Addiction and Responsibility, edited by Poland, J. and Graham, G., 159–99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Morse, S. J. 2017. “The Science of Addiction and Criminal Law.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 25 (6):261–9.Google Scholar

Mowen, T. J., and Visher, C. A.. 2015. “Drug Use and Crime after Incarceration: The Role of Family Support and Family Conflict.” Justice Quarterly 32 (2):337–59.Google Scholar

Muraven, M., Shmueli, D., and Burkley, E.. 2006. “Conserving Self-Control Strength.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (3):524–37.Google Scholar

Nordstrom, B. R., and Dackis, C. A.. 2011. “Drugs and Crime.” Journal of Psychiatry and Law 39 (4):663–87.Google Scholar

Parhar, K. K., Wormith, J. S., Derkzen, D. M., and Beauregard, A. M.. 2008. “Offender Coercion in Treatment: A Meta-analysis of Effectiveness.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 35 (9):1109–35.Google Scholar

Parker, R. N., and Auerhahn, K.. 1998. “Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence.” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1):291–311.Google Scholar

Pratt, T. C., and Cullen, F. T.. 2000. “The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta‐analysis.” Criminology 38 (3):931–64.Google Scholar

Prescott, C. A., and Kendler, K. S.. 1999. “Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Male Twins.” American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1):34–40.Google Scholar

Reiss, A. J., and Roth, J. A.. 1993. “Alcohol, Other Psychoactive Drugs and Violence.” In Understanding and Preventing Violence (Vol. 1), edited by Reiss, A. and Roth, J., 182–220. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar

Rose, R. J., Dick, D. M., Viken, R. J., and Kaprio, J.. 2001. “Gene‐Environment Interaction in Patterns of Adolescent Drinking: Regional Residency Moderates Longitudinal Influences on Alcohol Use.” Alcoholism: Clinical Experimental Research 25 (5):637–43.Google Scholar

Roth, J. A. 1994. Psychoactive Substances and Violence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (February).Google Scholar

Schütz, C. G. 2016. “Homelessness and Addiction: Causes, Consequences and Interventions.” Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 3 (3):306–13.Google Scholar

Smith, D. E., and Davidson, L. D.. 2015. “Strategies of Drug Prevention in the Workplace: An International Perspective of Drug Testing and Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs).” In Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, edited by el-Guebaly, N., Carrà, G. and Galanter, M., 1111–27. Milan: Springer.Google Scholar

Smith, J. L., Mattick, R. P., Jamadar, S. D., and Iredale, J. M.. 2014. “Deficits in Behavioural Inhibition in Substance Abuse and Addiction: A Meta-analysis.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 145:1–33.Google Scholar

Tsuang, M. T., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., True, W., Lin, N., Meyer, J. M., Toomey, R., Faraone, S. V., and Eaves, L.. 1996. “Genetic Influences on DSM‐III‐R Drug Abuse and Dependence: A Study of 3,372 Twin Pairs.” American Journal of Medical Genetics 67 (5):473–77.Google Scholar

Tsuang, M. T., Bar, J. L., Harley, R. M., and Lyons, M. J.. 2001. “The Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse: What We Have Learned.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 9 (6):267–79.Google Scholar

Van Rooij, B., and Fine, A.. in press. The Invisible Code: Why Law Fails to Improve Our Behaviour. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Vazsonyi, A. T., Mikuška, J., and Kelley, E. L.. 2017. “It’s Time: A Meta-analysis on the Self-Control-Deviance Link.” Journal of Criminal Justice 48:48–63.Google Scholar

Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J., and Clark, L.. 2008. “Impulsivity as a Vulnerability Marker for Substance-Use Disorders: Review of Findings from High-Risk Research, Problem Gamblers and Genetic Association Studies.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32 (4):777–810.Google Scholar

Volkow, N. D., and Li, T.-K.. 2004. “Drug Addiction: The Neurobiology of Behaviour Gone Awry.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (12):963–70.Google Scholar

Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., and Goldstein, R. Z.. 2002. “Role of Dopamine, the Frontal Cortex and Memory Circuits in Drug Addiction: Insight from Imaging Studies.” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 78 (3):610–24.Google Scholar

Warshaw, L. J., and Messite, J.. 1996. “Workplace Violence: Preventive and Interventive Strategies.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 36 (10):993–1006.Google Scholar

Weekes, J., Moser, A., Wheatley, M., and Matheson, F.. 2013. “What Works in Reducing Substance-Related Offending?” In What Works in Offender Rehabilitation: An Evidence-Based Approach to Assessment and Treatment, edited by Craig, L. A., Dixon, L. and Gannon, T. A., 237–54. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Google Scholar

Werb, D., Kamarulzaman, A., Meacham, M. C., Rafful, C., Fischer, B., Strathdee, S. A., and Wood, E.. 2016. “The Effectiveness of Compulsory Drug Treatment: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Drug Policy 28:1–9.Google Scholar

Belknap, Joanne. 1987. ‘Routine Activity Theory and the Risk of Rape: Analyzing Ten Years of National Crime Survey Data’. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2 no. 4: 337–56.Google Scholar

Benson, Bruce, and Zimmerman, Paul R.. 2010. Handbook on the Economics of Crime. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Benson, Michael L., Madensen, Tamara D., and Eck, John E.. 2009. ‘White-Collar Crime from an Opportunity Perspective’. In The Criminology of White Collar Crime, edited by Simpson, Sally and Weisburd, David, 175–95. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Blakely, Edward J., and Snyder, Mary Gail. 1997. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Bossler, Adam M., and Holt, Thomas J.. 2009. ‘On-line Activities, Guardianship, and Malware Infection: An Examination of Routine Activities Theory’. International Journal of Cyber Criminology 3 no. 1: 400–20.Google Scholar

Breetzke, Gregory D., and Cohn, Ellen G.. 2013. ‘Burglary in Gated Communities: An Empirical Analysis Using Routine Activities Theory’. International Criminal Justice Review 23 no. 1: 56–74.Google Scholar

Clarke, Ronald V. 2005. ‘Seven Misconceptions of Situational Crime Prevention’. In Tilley, Nick (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 39–70. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Clarke, Ronald V., and Mayhew, Pat. 1998. ‘Preventing Crime in Parking Lots: What We Know and Need to Know’. In Reducing Crime through Real Estate Development and Planning. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute 34:205–10.Google Scholar

Clarke, Ronald V. G. 1980. ‘“Situational” Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice’. British Journal of Criminology 20 no. 2: 136–47.Google Scholar

Cohen, Lawrence E., and Felson, Marcus. 1979. ‘Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach’. American Sociological Review 44 no. 4: 588–608.Google Scholar

Design Council. 2010. ‘Design Out Crime, Using Design to Reduce Injuries from Alcohol-Related Violence in Pubs and Clubs’. www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/design-out-crime-alcohol.pdf.Google Scholar

Ekblom, Paul. 1988. ‘Preventing Post Office Robberies in London: Effects and Side Effects’. Journal of Security Administration 11 no. 2: 36–43.Google Scholar

Farrington, D. P., and Welsh, B. C. (2002). ‘Improved Street Lighting and Crime Prevention’. Justice Quarterly 19(2): 313–42.Google Scholar

Feldman, Yuval. 2018. The Law of Good People: Challenging States’ Ability to Regulate Human Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Feldman, Yuval, and Kaplan, Yotam. 2018. ‘Big Data & Bounded Ethicality’. Bar Ilan University Faculty of Law Research Paper (19–05).Google Scholar

Gibbs, Carole, Cassidy, Michael B., and Rivers, Louie III. 2013. ‘A Routine Activities Analysis of White‐Collar Crime in Carbon Markets’. Law & Policy 35 no. 4: 341–74.Google Scholar

Groff, Elizabeth R. 2007. ‘Simulation for Theory Testing and Experimentation: An Example Using Routine Activity Theory and Street Robbery’. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23 no. 2: 75–103.Google Scholar

Guerette, Rob T. and Bowers, Kate J.. 2009. ‘Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations’. Criminology 47 no. 4: 1331–68.Google Scholar

Hindelang, Michael J., Gottfredson, Michael R. and Garofalo, James. 1978. Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar

Holt, Thomas J., and Bossler, Adam M.. 2008. ‘Examining the Applicability of Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory for Cybercrime Victimization’. Deviant Behavior 30 no. 1: 1–25.Google Scholar

Kelly, Morgan. 2000. ‘Inequality and Crime’. Review of Economics and Statistics 82 no. 4: 530–9.Google Scholar

Levi, Michael, Bissell, Paul and Richardson, Tony. 1991. The Prevention of Cheque and Credit Card Fraud. London: Home Office.Google Scholar

Mayhew, Pat, Clarke, Ronald V., and Elliott, David. 1989. ‘Motorcycle Theft, Helmet Legislation and Displacement’. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 28 no. 1: 1–8.Google Scholar

McNeeley, Susan. 2015. ‘Lifestyle-Routine Activities and Crime Events’. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 31 no. 1: 30–52.Google Scholar

Mesch, Gustavo S. 2009. ‘Parental Mediation, Online Activities, and Cyberbullying’. CyberPsychology & Behavior 12 no. 4: 387–93.Google Scholar

Newman, Oscar. 1972. Defensible Space. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Osgood, D. Wayne, Wilson, Janet K., O’Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Johnston, Lloyd D.. 1996. ‘Routine Activities and Individual Deviant Behavior’. American Sociological Review: 635–55.Google Scholar

Painter, Kate, and Farrington, David P.. 1997. ‘The Crime-Reducing Effect of Improved Street Lighting: The Dudley Project’. Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies 2: 209–26.Google Scholar

Pease, Ken. 1991. ‘The Kirkholt Project: Preventing Burglary on a British Public Housing Estate’. Security Journal 2 no. 2: 73–7.Google Scholar

Pratt, Travis C., Holtfreter, Kristy and Reisig, Michael D.. 2010. ‘Routine Online Activity and Internet Fraud Targeting: Extending the Generality of Routine Activity Theory’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 47 no. 3: 267–96.Google Scholar

Rocque, Michael, Saunoris, James W., and Marshall, Emily C.. 2019. ‘Revisiting the Relationship between the Economy and Crime: The Role of the Shadow Economy’. Justice Quarterly 36 no. 4: 620–55.Google Scholar

Scherdin, Mary Jane. 1986. ‘The Halo Effect: Psychological Deterrence of Electronic Security Systems’. Information Technology and Libraries 5 no. 3: 232–5.Google Scholar

Sherman, Lawrence W., Gartin, Patrick R. and Buerger, Michael E.. 1989. ‘Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place’. Criminology 27 no. 1: 27–56.Google Scholar

Spano, Richard, and Freilich, Joshua D.. 2009. ‘An Assessment of the Empirical Validity and Conceptualization of Individual Level Multivariate Studies of Lifestyle/Routine Activities Theory Published from 1995 to 2005’. Journal of Criminal Justice 37 no. 3: 305–14.Google Scholar

Staats, Bradley R., Dai, Hengchen, Hofmann, David, and Milkman, Katherine L.. 2016. ‘Motivating Process Compliance through Individual Electronic Monitoring: An Empirical Examination of Hand Hygiene in Healthcare’. Management Science 63. 10.1287/mnsc.2015.2400.Google Scholar

Zimring, Franklin E. 2006. The Great American Crime Decline. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar