Aberle, David Friend. 1982 [1966]. “A Classification of Social Movements” pp. 315–33 in The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ackerman, Susan E. 2005. “Falun Dafa and the New Age Movement in Malaysia: Signs of Health, Symbols of Salvation.” Social Compass 52(4):495–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agence France-Presse. 2001. “Falun gong demonstrators defy Beijing; Blood flows again in Tiananmen Square; as police arrest, beat protesting dissidents.” The Globe and Mail (Canada), January 2, p. A8.Google Scholar

Al Saud, Hussa Salman Abdulaziz. 2012. “The Weiquan Lawyers’ Movement in China: Does It Have a Future?” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights & the Law 13(2):44–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2006. The Civil Sphere. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2017. “Seizing the Stage: Social Performances from Mao Zedong to Martin Luther King Jr., and Black Lives Matter Today.” The Drama Review 61(1):14–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aminzade, Ronald and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 2001. “The Sacred, Religious, and Secular in Contentious Politics: Blurring Boundaries” pp. 155–78 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Aminzade, Ronald. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 2015. “China: Submission to the United Nations Committee against Torture, List of Issues, 54th Session, 20 April-15 May 2015.” London: Amnesty International Publications.Google Scholar

Ashiwa, Yoshiko and Wank, David L.. 2009. Making Religion, Making the State: the Politics of Religion in Modern China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Associated Press. 2002. “Falun Gong Followers Detained: China Rounds up 2,000 Members.” Calgary Herald, April 26, p. A19.Google Scholar

Bell, Mark R. and Boas, Taylor C.. 2003. “Falun Gong and the Internet: Evangelism, Community, and Struggle for Survival.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):277–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benford, Robert D and Snow, David A. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26(1):611–39.Google Scholar

Biao, Teng. 2014. “A Chinese Activist: Out of Prison but Not Free.” The Washington Post, September 7.Google Scholar

Black, George and Munro, Robin. 1993. Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China’s Democracy Movement. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Brook, Timothy. 1998. Quelling the People: the Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Nathan. 2013. “Buddhist group sues town; Deerpark’s planning decisions challenged.” Times Herald-Record, September 6.Google Scholar

Burgdoff, Craig A. 2003. “How Falun Gong Practice Undermines Li Hongzhi’s Totalistic Rhetoric.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):332–47.Google Scholar

Calhoun, Craig J. 1995. Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Calhoun, Craig J. 2012. The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, the Public Sphere, and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casanova, Jose. 1992. “Private and Public Religions.” Social Research 59(1):17–57.Google Scholar

Chan, Anita and Unger, Jonathan. 1990. “China after Tiananmen: It’s a Whole New Class Struggle” pp. 79–81 in The Nation. New York: The Nation Company, L.P.Google Scholar

Chan, Cheris Shun-ching. 2004. “The Falun Gong in China: A Sociological Perspective.” The China Quarterly 179:665–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, Cheris Shun-ching 2013. “Doing Ideology Amid a Crisis: Collective Actions and Discourses of the Chinese Falun Gong Movement.” Social Psychology Quarterly 76(1):1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, Maria Hsia. 2004. Falun Gong: the End of Days. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Chao, S. Y. 2001. “Power of the Wheel: The Falun Gong Revolution.” Pacific Affairs 74(4):591–92.Google Scholar

Chen, Chiung Hwang. 2005. “Framing Falun Gong: Xinhua News Agency’s Coverage of the New Religious Movement in China.” Asian Journal of Communication 15(1):16–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Jie. 2014. “The Overseas Chinese Democracy Movement after Thirty Years: New Trends at Low Tide.” Asian Survey 54(3):445–70.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei. 1993a. “权利先于是非 – 中国民联简史 (第五部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 1.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993b. “民主的乐章 – 中国民主团结联盟”十年简史 (连载).” 中国之春 (China Spring), issue 119, pp. 97–103.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993c. “永远的伤痛 – 中国民联简史(第十部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 6.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993d. “搞民主要优雅一点 – 中国民联简史(第七部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 3.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993e. “民联”、“民阵”之间 – 中国民联简史(第九部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 5.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993f. “曲折的道路 – 中国民联简史(第六部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 2.Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1993–1994. “‘中国民主团结联盟’ 简史（连载).” 中国之春 (China Spring) and 北京之春 (Beijing Spring).Google Scholar

Chen, Li and Lu, Wei 1994. “挫折与反思 – 中国民联简史(第十五部分).” 北京之春 (Beijing Spring), issue 13.Google Scholar

Chen, Nancy N. 1995. “Urban Spaces and Experiences of Qigong” pp. 347–61 in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China: the Potential for Autonomy and Community in post-Mao China, edited by Davis, Deborah. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Nancy N 2003. Breathing Spaces: Qigong, Psychiatry, and Healing in China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi. 2008. “Collective Petitioning and Institutional Conversion” pp. 54–70 in Popular Protest in China, edited by O’Brien, Kevin J.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, Xi 2012. Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Yi-Da, Abbasi, Ahmed, and Chen, Hsinchun. 2010. “Framing Social Movement Identity with Cyber-Artifacts: A Case Study of the International Falun Gong Movement.” Security Informatics 9:1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

China Spring. 1982. “告海内外同胞书 (Introductory Letter for our Chinese compatriots overseas and in China).” 中国之春 (China Spring), pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

China Spring 1989–1991. 中国之春 (China Spring).Google Scholar

Chinese Human Rights Defenders. 2015. Civil Society Information Submission to the Committee against Torture for the Review of the Fifth Periodic Report of China (CAT/C/CHN/5). Washington, DC: Chinese Human Rights Defenders.Google Scholar

Chiou, Chui Liang. 1995. Democratizing Oriental Despotism: China from 4 May 1919 to 4 June 1989 and Taiwan from 28 February 1947 to 28 June 1990. New York, NY: Macmillan; St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, Myron L. 1994. “Being Chinese: The Peripheralization of Traditional Chinese Identity” pp. 88–108 in The Living Tree: the Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today, edited by Weiming, Tu. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cook, Sarah and Lemish, Leeshai. 2011. “The 610 Office: Policing the Chinese Spirit.” China Brief 11(17):6–9.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian, Soule, Sarah A., and Armstrong, David A.. 2011. “Protesting While Black?” American Sociological Review 76(1):152–78.Google Scholar

Della Porta, Donatella and Tarrow, Sidney G.. 2005. Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham, MD; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Ding, Chu. 2008. 大梦谁先觉: 《中国之春》与我的民主历程. Hong Kong: Haifeng Publishing.Google ScholarPubMed

Duara, Prasenjit. 2003. Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Lanham, MD; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer, Martin, rew, McCarthy, John D., and Soule, Sarah A.. 2004. “The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action.” Annual Review of Sociology 30(1):65–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckholm, Erik and Rosenthal, Elisabeth. 2001. “China’s Leadership Pushes for Unity.” New York Times, March 9, pp. A1.Google Scholar

Economist, . 2002. “A jail by another name.” The Economist, December 19.Google Scholar

Edelman, Bryan and Richardson, James T.. 2003. “Falun Gong and the Law: Development of Legal Social Control in China.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):312–31.Google Scholar

Esherick, Joseph W. and Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N.. 1990. “Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modern China.” The Journal of Asian Studies 49(4):835–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Federation for a Democratic China. 1990–1991. Min Zhu Zhongguo (Democracy China). Paris: Min Zhu Zhongguo Magazine.Google Scholar

Festinger, Leon, Riecken, Henry W., and Schachter, Stanley. 2010 [1956]. When Prophecy Fails. London: Pinter & Martin Ltd.Google Scholar

Fisher, Gareth. 2003. “Resistance and Salvation in Falun Gong: The Promise and Peril of Forbearance.” Nova Religio 6(2):294–312.Google Scholar

Franzosi, Roberto. 2004. From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Franzosi, Roberto 2009. Quantitative Narrative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Franzosi, Roberto 2012. “On Quantitative Narrative Analysis” pp. 75–98 in Varieties of Narrative Analysis, edited by Holstein, James A. and Gubrium, Jaber F.. Los Angeles, CA; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC: Sage Publications, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gao, Zhisheng. 2007. A China More Just: My Fight as a Rights Lawyer in the World’s Largest Communist State. San Diego, CA: Broad Press USA.Google Scholar

Goldman, Merle. 1994. Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Goossaert, Vincent and Palmer, David A.. 2011. The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Gorski, Philip S. 2003. The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guo, Xuezhi. 2012. China’s Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gutmann, Ethan. 2014. The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China’s Secret Solution to its Dissident Problem. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar

Han, Minzhu and Zhang, Huasheng. 1990. Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Harrell, Stevan and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1982. “Syncretic Sects in Chinese Society: An Introduction.” Modern China 8(3):283–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

He, Rowena Xiaoqing. 2014. Tiananmen Exiles: Voices of the Struggle for Democracy in China. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hochschild, Adam. 2004. “Against All Odds: the First Great Human-rights Campaign” pp. 66+ in Mother Jones: Foundation for National Progress.Google Scholar

Hon, May Sin-mi. 2002. “Subversive’ group will not be targeted, pledges justice chief.” South China Morning Post, June 28, p. 1.Google Scholar

Hooper, Kate and Batalova, Jeanne. 2015. “Chinese Immigrants in the United States” in Migration Information Source. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar

Hu, Ping. 2005. 法轮功现象 (The Falun Gong Phenomenon). Hong Kong: Xinlidong yinshuadingzhuang gongsi.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2002. Dangerous Meditation: China’s Campaign against the Falun Gong. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch 2015. Tiger Chairs and Cell Bosses: Police Torture of Criminal Suspects in China. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Hurst, William, Liu, Mingxing, Liu, Yongdong, and Tao, Ran. 2014. “Reassessing Collective Petitioning in Rural China: Civic Engagement, Extra-State Violence, and Regional Variation.” Comparative Politics 46(4):459–82.Google Scholar

Jasper, James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, Ian. 2004. Wild Grass: Three Stories of Change in Modern China. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Johnson, Ian 2017. The Souls of China: the Return of Religion after Mao. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Junker, And rew. 2014a. “Follower Agency and Charismatic Mobilization in Falun Gong.” Sociology of Religion 75(3):418–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junker, And rew 2014b. “The Transnational Flow of Tactical Dispositions: The Chinese Democracy Movement and Falun Gong.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 19(3):329–50.Google Scholar

Junker, And rew 2018. “Live Organ Harvesting in China: Falun Gong and Unsettled Rumor.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 6(1):96–124.Google Scholar

Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Kilgour, David, Gutmann, Ethan, and Matas, David. 2016. Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update. International Coalition to End Organ Pillaging in China, pp. 680. Retrieved on June 25, 2016, from https://endtransplantabuse.org/an-update/.Google Scholar

Kniss, Fred and Burns, Gene. 2004. “Religious Movements” pp. 694–715 in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah Anne, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Ruud. 1993. “The Dynamics of Protest Waves: West Germany, 1965 to 1989.” American Sociological Review 58(5):637–58.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Ruud 1998. “The Use of Protest Event Data in Comparative Research: Cross-National Comparability, Sampling Methods and Robustness” pp. 90–110 in Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest, edited by Rucht, Dieter, Koopmans, Ruud, and Neidhardt, Friedhelm. Berlin: Edition Sigma.Google Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe: a Comparative Analysis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Kristof, Nicholas D. 2009. “Tear down this cyberwall!” New York Times, June 18.Google Scholar

Kuhn, Philip A. 2008. Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Kurien, Prema. 2004. “Multiculturalism, Immigrant Religion, and Diasporic Nationalism: The Development of an American Hinduism.” Social Problems 51(3):362–85.Google Scholar

Kurien, Prema 2007. A Place at the Multicultural Table: the Development of an American Hinduism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Lalich, Janja. 2004. Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults. Berkeley, CA; London: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Leijonhufvud, Göran. 1990. Going against the Tide: on Dissent and Big-character Posters in China. London: Curzon.Google Scholar

Li, Angela. 2002. “Local delegates to call for tighter rein on sect.” South China Morning Post, March 3, p. 3.Google Scholar

Li, Hongzhi. 2001. Essentials for Further Advancement (English Version). Minghui. Retrieved on July 23, 2013, from http://falundafa.org/eng/eng/jjyz.htm.Google Scholar

Li, Hongzhi 2003. Zhuan Falun: Turning the Law Wheel. Taiwan: Yih Chyun Bok Corp., Ltd.Google Scholar

Li, Hongzhi 2005. Essentials for Further Advancement II. Minghui. Retrieved on July 23, 2013, from http://falundafa.org/eng/eng/jjyz2.htm.Google Scholar

Lian, Xi. 2010. Redeemed by Fire: the Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lim, Louisa. 2014. The People’s Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lofland, John. 1985. Protest: Studies of Collective Behavior and Social Movements. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar

Loh, Christine. 2010. Underground Front: the Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong. Aberdeen; Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Lowe, Scott. 2003. “Chinese and International Contexts for the Rise of Falun Gong.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):263–76.Google Scholar

Lu, Yunfeng. 2005. “Entrepreneurial Logics and the Evolution of Falun Gong.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44(2):173–85.Google Scholar

Lu, Yunfeng 2008. The Transformation of Yiguan Dao in Taiwan: Adapting to a Changing Religious Economy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Lum, Thomas G. 2003. China and “Falun Gong.” Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.Google Scholar

Madsen, Richard. 2000. “Understanding Falun Gong.” Current History 99(638):243–47.Google Scholar

Madsen, Richard 2007. Democracy’s Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Masuzawa, Tomoko. 2005. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Matas, David and Kilgour, David. 2009. Bloody Harvest: Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China. Woodstock: Seraphim Editions.Google Scholar

Matas, David and Trey, Torsten. 2012. State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China. Woodstock: Seraphim Editions.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney G., and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McCarthy, John D. and Zald, Mayer N.. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” The American Journal of Sociology 82(6):1212–41.Google Scholar

McDonald, Kevin. 2006. Global Movements: Action and Culture. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Melton, J. Gordon. 1985. “Spiritualization and Reaffirmation: What Really Happens When Prophecy Fails.” American Studies 26(2):17–29.Google Scholar

Michels, Robert. 1966. Political Parties: a Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Morris, Aldon D. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Nathan, And rew J. 1985. Chinese Democracy. New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar

Nathan, And rew J. and Perry Link, E.. 2001. The Tiananmen Papers. New York, NY: Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Noakes, Stephen and Ford, Caylan. 2015. “Managing Political Opposition Groups in China: Explaining the Continuing Anti-Falun Gong Campaign.” The China Quarterly 223:658–79.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 2008. Popular Protest in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

O’Brien, , Kevin, J. and Li, Lianjiang. 2006. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Overmyer, Daniel L. 1981. “Alternatives: Popular Religious Sects in Chinese Society.” Modern China 7(2):153–90.Google Scholar

Overmyer, Daniel L. 2003. “Religion in China Today: Introduction.” The China Quarterly 174:307–16.Google Scholar

Ownby, David. 1999. “Chinese Millenarian Traditions: The Formative Age.” The American Historical Review 104(5):1513–30.Google Scholar

Ownby, David. 2003a. “A History for Falun Gong: Popular Religion and the Chinese State since the Ming Dynasty.” Nova Religio 6(2):223–43.Google Scholar

Ownby, David. 2003b. “The Falun Gong in the New World.” European Journal of East Asian Studies 2(2):303–20.Google Scholar

Ownby, David. 2008. Falun Gong and the Future of China. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2007. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2008. “Heretical Doctrines, Reactionary Secret Societies, Evil Cults: Labeling Heterodoxy in Twentieth-Century China” pp. 113–34 in Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation, edited by Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2009a. “Religiosity and Social Movements in China: Divisions and Multiplications” pp. 257–82 in Social Movements in China and Hong Kong, edited by Guiheux, Gilles and Kuah Kuah-Pearce, Khun Eng. Amsterdam: ICAS/Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2009b. “China’s Religious Danwei.” China Perspectives 4:17–30.Google Scholar

Palmer, Susan J. 2003. “From Healing to Protest: Conversion Patterns Among the Practitioners of Falun Gong.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):348–64.Google Scholar

Pan, Philip. 2001. “Human fire ignites Chinese mystery.” The Washington Post, February 4.Google Scholar

Pan, Philip 2002. “Falun Gong members receive stiff sentences.” The Washington Post, September 21, pp. A13.Google Scholar

Penny, Benjamin. 2002. “Falun Gong, Prophecy and Apocalypse.” East Asian History 23:149–68.Google Scholar

Penny, Benjamin 2003. “The Life and Times of Li Hongzhi: Falun Gong and Religious Biography.” China Quarterly 175:643–61.Google Scholar

Penny, Benjamin 2008. “Animal Spirits, Karmic Retribution, Falungong, and the State” pp. 135–54 in Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation, edited by Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Penny, Benjamin 2012. The Religion of Falun Gong. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Pepper, Suzanne. 2008. Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2001. “Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Popular Protest in Modern China.” Critical Asian Studies 33(2):163–80.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J 2002. Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Pils, Eva. 2006. “Asking the Tiger for His Skin: Rights Activism in China.” Fordham International Law Journal 30:1209.Google Scholar

Pils, Eva 2009. “Rights Activism in China: the Case of Gao Zhisheng” pp. 243–60 in Building Constitutionalism in China, edited by Balme, Stephanie and Dowdle, Michael W.. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Pils, Eva 2015. China’s Human Rights Lawyers Advocacy and Resistance. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Piven, Frances Fox and Cloward, Richard A.. 1977. Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Pomfret, John. 2002. “Fight over banned Chinese sect moves to U.S.; Falun Gong activists irk Beijing by filing human rights lawsuits in American Courts.” The Washington Post, March 12, pp. A15.Google Scholar

Porter, Noah. 2003. Falun Gong in the United States: an Ethnographic Study. MA thesis. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.Google Scholar

Poston, Dudley L., Jr. and Luo, Hua. 2007. “Chinese Student and Labor Migration to the United States: Trends and Policies Since the 1980s.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16(3):323–55.Google Scholar

Pringle, James. 2001. “Beijing police take batons to Falun Gong.” The Times (London), January 2.Google Scholar

Pye, Lucian W. 1990. “The Escalation of Confrontation” pp. 162–79 in The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen, edited by Hicks, George L and Motofumi, Asai. Harlow; Chicago, IL.: Longman Current Affairs; St. James Press.Google Scholar

Robbins, Thomas and Anthony, Dick. 1995. “Sects and Violence: Factors Enhancing the Volatility in Marginal Religious Movements” pp. xxvi, 394 in Armageddon in Waco: Critical Perspectives on the Branch Davidian Conflict, edited by Wright, Stuart A.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Robbins, Thomas and Palmer, Susan J.. 1997a. Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Robbins, Thomas and Palmer, Susan J. 1997b. “Patterns of Contemporary Apocalypticism” pp. 1–27 in Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements, edited by Robbins, Thomas and Palmer, Susan J.. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Roy, Denny. 2003. Taiwan: a Political History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Rucht, Dieter, Koopmans, Ruud, and Neidhardt, Friedhelm. 1998. Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest. Berlin: Edition Sigma.Google Scholar

Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber. 1997. “Introduction: Religion, States, and Transnational Civil Society” pp. 1–24 in Transnational Religion and Fading States, edited by Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, and Piscatori, James P.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Sacco, Stephen. 2008. “Questions remain in Deerpark death: No investigation scheduled; religion rules out autopsy.” Times Herald-Record, May 6.Google Scholar

Saich, Tony. 1990. The Chinese People’s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Schwarcz, Vera. 1986. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

SCMP. 2002. “No keeping politics out of court; the trial of 16 people over a Falun Gong protest took on a significance way beyond that of the minor offences involved.” South China Morning Post, August 16.Google Scholar

Sheffer, Gabriel. 1986. “A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics” pp. 1–15 in Modern Diasporas in International Politics, edited by Sheffer, Gabriel. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Christian. 1991. The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and Social Movement Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Christian 1996a. Disruptive Religion: the Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism. New York; London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Smith, Christian 1996b. Resisting Reagan: the U.S. Central America Peace Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Jackie. 2008. Social Movements for Global Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Jackie G. and Johnston, Hank. 2002. Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements. Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Spence, Jonathan D. 1999 [1990]. The Search for Modern China. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Spires, Anthony J. 2011. “Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs.” American Journal of Sociology 117(1):1–45.Google Scholar

Spires, Anthony J 2012. “Lessons from Abroad: Foreign Influences on China’s Emerging Civil Society.” The China Journal 68:125–46.Google Scholar

Spires, Anthony J., Tao, Lin, and Chan, Kin-man. 2014. “Societal Support for China’s Grass-roots NGOs: Evidence from Yunnan, Guangdong and Beijing.” The China Journal 71:65–90.Google Scholar

Ståhle, Esbjörn and Uimonen, Terho. 1989a. Electronic Mail on China. Stockholm: Föreningen för orientaliska studier.Google Scholar

Ståhle, Esbjörn and Uimonen, Terho 1989b. Electronic Mail on China, volume 1. Stockholm: Föreningen för orientaliska studier.Google Scholar

Ståhle, Esbjörn and Uimonen, Terho 1989c. Electronic Mail on China, volume 2. Stockholm: Föreningen för orientaliska studier.Google Scholar

Stamatov, Peter. 2010. “Activist Religion, Empire, and the Emergence of Modern Long-Distance Advocacy Networks.” American Sociological Review 75(4): 607–628.Google Scholar

Stark, Rodney and Liu, Eric. 2011. “The Religious Awakening in China.” Review of Religious Research 52(3):282–289.Google Scholar

Sun, Yanfei and Zhao, Dingxin. 2008. “Environmental Campaigns” pp. 179–204 in Popular Protest in China, edited by O’Brien, Kevin J.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G. 1995. “Cycles of Collective Action: Between Moments of Madness and the Repertoire of Contention” pp. 89–115 in Repertoires and cycles of collective action, edited by Traugott, Mark. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G 2005. The New Transnational Activism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G 2012. Strangers at the Gates: Movements and States in Contentious Politics. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Taylor, Verta and Nella, Van Dyke. 2004. “‘Get up, Stand up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements” pp. 262–93 in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah Anne, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Thornton, Patricia M. 2002. “Framing Dissent in Contemporary China: Irony, Ambiguity and Metonymy.” The China Quarterly 171:661–81.Google Scholar

Thornton, Patricia M. 2008. “Manufacturing Dissent in Transnational China” pp. 179–204 in Popular Protest in China, edited by O’Brien, Kevin J.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Thornton, Patricia M. 2010. “The New Cybersects: Popular Religion, Repression and Resistance” pp. 215–38 in Asia’s Transformations, edited by Perry, Elizabeth Jv and Selden, Mark. London; New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1995a. “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain” pp. 15–42 in Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, edited by Traugott, Mark. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles 1995b. Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles 2007. Democracy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Tilly, CharlesGoogle Scholar

Tilly, Charles 2008a. “Invention of the Social Movement” pp. 116–45 in Contentious Performances. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles 2008b. Contentious Performances. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles and Tarrow, Sidney G.. 2007. Contentious Politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles and Wood, Lesley J.. 2013. Social Movements, 1768–2012. Boulder, CO; London: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar

Tong, James W. 2002a. “Anatomy of Regime Repression in China: Timing, Enforcement Institutions, and Target Selection in Banning the Falungong, July 1999.” Asian Survey 42(6):795–820.Google Scholar

Tong, James W. 2002b. “An Organizational Analysis of the Falun Gong: Structure, Communications, and Financing.” China Quarterly 171(636–660).Google Scholar

Tong, James W. 2009. Revenge of the Forbidden City: the Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tong, James W. 2012. “Banding after the Ban: The Underground Falungong in China, 1999–2011.” Journal of Contemporary China 21(78):1045–62.Google Scholar

UN Commission on Human Rights. 2006. Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak. New York, NY: Economic and Social Council.Google Scholar

United States Congress. 2013. Chen Guangcheng and Gao Zhisheng: Human Rights in China: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, April 9, 2013. Washington, DC: House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa United States Congress, Global Health Global Human Rights. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

US Department of State. 2007. Human Rights Report: China. Washington, DC: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.Google Scholar

US Department of State 2008. International Religious Freedom Report 2008. Retrieved on October 2, 2018, from www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm.Google Scholar

Wallis, Roy and Bruce, Steve. 1986. “Sex, Violence and Religion” pp. xi, 359 in Sociological Theory, Religion and Collective Action, edited by Wallis, Roy and Bruce, Steve. Belfast: Queen’s University.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. 1965. The Revolution of the Saints: a Study in the Origins of Radical Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Gungwu. 1991. China and the Chinese Overseas. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Gungwu 2000. The Chinese Overseas: from Earthbound China to the Quest for Autonomy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Chinese Security State.” The China Quarterly 222:339–59.Google Scholar

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. 1990. “Student Protests and the Chinese Tradition 1919–1989” pp. 3–24 in The Chinese People’s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989, edited by Saich, Tony. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1994. Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1958 [1946]. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max 1978 [1968]. Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max 2001 [1930]. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Weller, Robert P. 1999. Alternate Civilities: Democracy and Culture in China and Taiwan. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Wessinger, Catherine. 2003. “Falun Gong Symposium Introduction and Glossary.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 6(2):215–22.Google Scholar

WOIPFG. 1999. Master Li Hongzhi Met with Chinese Media in Sydney. Hyde Park, MA: World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong.Google Scholar

Wong, Yiu-chung. 2006. ““Super Paradox” or “Leninist Integration”: The Politics of Legislating Article 23 of Hong Kong’s Basic Law.” Asian Perspective 30(2):65–95.Google Scholar

Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2001. “The Emotional Benefits of Insurgency in El Salvador” pp. 267–81 in Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, edited by Goodwin, Jeff, James, M. Jasper, and Polletta, Francesca. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Wood, Richard L. 1999. “Religious Culture and Political Action.” Sociological Theory 17(3):307–32.Google Scholar

Wood, Richard L. 2002. Faith in Action: Religion, Race, and Democratic Organizing in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Xie, Y. U. E. 2012. “The Political Logic of Weiwen in Contemporary China.” Issues & Studies 48(3):1–41.Google Scholar

Xu, Jian. 1999. “Body, Discourse, and the Cultural Politics of Contemporary Chinese Qigong.” The Journal of Asian Studies 58(4):961–91.Google Scholar

Yang, Fenggang. 2006. “The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China.” The Sociological Quarterly 47:93–122.Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin. 2003. “The Internet and the Rise of a Transnational Chinese Cultural Sphere.” Media, Culture & Society 25:469–90.Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin 2005. “Environmental NGOs and International Dynamics in China.” The China Quarterly 181:46–66.Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin 2009. The Power of the Internet in China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Yeung, Chris. 2002. “Beijing pushing for territory to introduce subversion law.” South China Morning Post, February 28.Google Scholar

Young, Michael P. 2006. Bearing Witness against Sin: the Evangelical Birth of the American Social Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Zhang, Boli. 2002. Escape from China: the Long Journey from Tiananmen to Freedom. New York: Washington Square Press.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin. 2000. “State‐Society Relations and the Discourses and Activities of the 1989 Beijing Student Movement.” American Journal of Sociology 105(6):1592–632.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin 2001. The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin 2010. “Theorizing the Role of Culture in Social Movements: Illustrated by Protests and Contentions in Modern China.” Social Movement Studies 9(1):33–50.Google Scholar

Zhu, Huiguang. 1994. “演播室里转“法轮” (Turning the ‘Law Wheel’ in the Broadcast).” 现在养生, May, pp. 2–7.Google Scholar

Zhu, X. and Penny, B.. 1994. “The Qigong Boom.” Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 27(1).Google Scholar

Zong, Hairen. 2002. 朱镕基在1999. Hong Kong: Ming jing chu ban she.Google Scholar