Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T00:25:18.028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Memory and Recall Overview

from Part II - Memory and Recall

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

By
Gema Martín-Ordás
Edited by
Allison B. Kaufman ,
Josep Call  and
James C. Kaufman
Allison B. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Josep Call
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
James C. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Get access

Summary

Episodic memory refers to the ability to recollect personal past events, allowing mental time travel.In contrast, semantic memory has been defined as the storage of general facts about the world. The field of comparative psychology has adopted this distinction in order to study what nonhuman animals recall about their past. The aim in this chapter is to reflect on the concept of episodic memory as well as on the experimental approaches used in comparative psychology to study this ability. A critical analysis of both the conceptualization of episodic memory and the experimental paradigms is provided.

Keywords

episodic memorysemantic memoryfuture thinkingplanning
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition , pp. 117 - 139
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen,  T. A. & Fortin, N. J. (2013). The evolution of episodic memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110(suppl. 2), 10379–10386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. J. & Dewhurst, S. A. (2009). Remembering the past and imagining the future: Differences in event specificity of spontaneously generated thought. Memory, 17(4), 367–373.Google Scholar
Arndt, J. & Reder, L. M. (2002). Word frequency and receiver operating characteristic curves in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual process interpretation. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn., 28(5), 830–842.Google Scholar
Babb, S. J. & Crystal, J. D. (2005). Discrimination of what, when and where: Implications for episodic-like memory in the rat. Learn. Motiv., 36 (2), 177–189.Google Scholar
Babb, S. J. & Crystal, J. D. (2006). Discrimination of what, when, and where is not based on the time of the day. Learn. Behav., 34(2), 124–130.Google Scholar
Basile, B. & Hampton, R. R. (2011). Monkeys recall and reproduce simple shapes from memory. Curr. Biol., 21(9), 774–778.Google Scholar
Bird, L. R., Roberts, W. A., Abroms, B., Kit, K. A., & Crupi, C. (2003). Spatial memory for food hidden by rats (Rattus norvegicus) on the radial maze: Studies of memory for what, where and when. J. Comp. Psychol., 117(2) 176–187Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L. & Carroll, D. C. (2007). Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci., 11(2), 49–57.Google Scholar
Cheke, L. G. & Clayton, N. S. (2010). Mental time travel in animals. Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Cogn. Sci., 1(9), 1–16.Google Scholar
Cheke, L. G. and Clayton, N. S. (2011). Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) overcome their current desires to anticipate two distinct future needs and plan for them accordingly. Biol. Lett., 8(2), 171–175.Google Scholar
Cheke, L. G. & Clayton, N. S. (2013). Do different tests of episodic memory produce consistent results in human adults? Learn. Mem., 20(9), 491–498.Google Scholar
Cheke, L. G. & Clayton, N. S. (2015). The six blind men and the elephant: Are episodic memory tasks tests of different things or different tests of the same thing? J. Exp. Child Psychol., 137, 164–171.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. S. & Dickinson, A. (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature, 395(6699), 272–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, N. S. & Dickinson, A. (1999a). Memory for the contents of caches by scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens). J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Proc., 25(1), 82–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Clayton, N. S. & Dickinson, A. (1999b). Motivational control of caching behavior in the scrub jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens. Anim. Behav., 57(2), 435–444.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. S. & Dickinson, A. (1999c). Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember the relative time of caching as well as the location and content of their caches. J. Comp. Psychol., 113(4), 403–416.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. S., Yu, K. S., & Dickinson, A. (2001). Scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) form integrated memories of the multiple features of caching episodes. J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Proc., 27(1), 17–29.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J., & Dickinson, A. (2003a). Can animals recall the past and plan for the future? Nature Rev. Neurosci., 4(8), 685–691.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. S., Yu, K. S., & Dickinson, A. (2003b). Interacting cache memories: Evidence for flexible memory use by Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens). J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Proc., 29(1), 14–22.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A. & Fthenaki, A. (2000). Disruption and Loss of Autobiographical Memory. In Cermac, L. S., (Ed.), Handbook of Neuropsychology: Memory and Its Disorders, (281–312), Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C. (2013). Mental time travel: A case for evolutionary continuity. Trends Cogn. Sci., 17, 5–6.Google Scholar
Correia, S. P. C., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Western scrub-jays anticipate future needs independently of their current motivational state. Curr. Biol. 17, 856–861.Google Scholar
Crystal, J. D. (2009). Elements of episodic-like memory in animal models. Behav. Proc., 80, 269.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A. & Mathy, A. (2011). Tracking the construction of episodic future thoughts. J. Exp. Psychol. (Gen.), 140, 258–271.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., Renaud, O., & Van der Linden, M. (2011). Frequency, characteristics, and functions of future-oriented thoughts in daily life. Appl. Cogn. Psychol., 35, 96–103.Google Scholar
Dekleva, M., Dufour, V., de Vries, H., Spruijt, B. M., & Sterck, E. H. M. (2011). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fail a what-where-when task but find rewards by using a location-based association strategy. PLoS One, 6, e16593.Google Scholar
Dere, E., Huston, J. P., & De Souza Silva, M. A. (2005). Integrated memory for objects, places and temporal order: Evidence for episodic-like memory in mice. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 84, 214–221.Google Scholar
Dere, E., Kart-Teke, E., Huston, J. P., and De Souza Silva, M. A. (2006). The case for episodic memory in animals. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 30, 1206–1224.Google Scholar
Dere, E., Zlomuzica, A., Huston, J. P., De Souza, Silva M. A. (2008). Animal Episodic Memory. In Dere, E., Easton, A., Nadel, L., Huston, J. P., (Eds.), Handbook of Episodic Memory, (Vol. 18, pp. 155–184). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Dudai, Y. & Carruthers, M. (2005). The Janus face of Mnemosyne. Nature, 434, 567.Google Scholar
Dufour, V, & Sterck, E. H. M. (2008). Chimpanzees fail to plan in an exchange task but succeed in a tool-using procedure. Behav. Proc. 79, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eacott, M. J. & Norman, G. (2004). Integrated memory for object, place and context in rats: A possible model of episodic-like memory in rats? J. Neurosci., 24, 1948–1953.Google Scholar
Eacott, M. J. & Gaffan, E. A. (2005). The roles of perirhinal cortex, postrhinal cortex, and the fornix in memory for objects, contexts, and events in the rat. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. B, 58, 202–217.Google Scholar
Eacott, M. J., Easton, A., & Zinkivsky, A. (2005), Recollection in an episodic-like memory task in the rat. Learn. Mem., 12, 221–223.Google Scholar
Eacott, M. J. & Easton, A. (2010). Episodic memory in animals: Remembering which occasion. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2273–2280.Google Scholar
Eacott, M. J. & Easton, A. (2012). Remembering the past and thinking about the future: Is it really about time? Learn. Motiv., 43, 200–208.Google Scholar
Easton, A., Zinkivskay, A., & Eacott, M. J. (2009). Recollection is impaired, but familiarity remains intact in rats with lesions of the fornix. Hippocampus, 19, 837–843.Google Scholar
Easton, A., Webster, L. A. D., & Eacott, M. J. (2012). The episodic nature of episodic-like memories. Learn. Mem. 19, 146–150.Google Scholar
Eichenbaum, H., Fortin, N. J., Ergorul, C., Wright, S. P., & Agster, K. L. (2005). Episodic recollection in animals: “If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck…”. Learn. Motiv., 36, 190–207.Google Scholar
Ergorul, C. & Eichenbaum, H. (2004). The hippocampus and memory for ‘‘what’’, ‘‘where’’, and ‘‘when’’. Learn. Mem., 11, 397–405.Google Scholar
Ferkin, M. H., Combs, A., del Barco-Trillo, J., Pierce, A. A., & Franklin, S. (2008). Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, have the capacity to recall the ‘‘what’’, ‘‘where’’ and ‘‘when’’ of a single past event. Anim. Cogn., 11, 147–159.Google Scholar
Fortin, N. J., Wright, S. P. & Eichenbaum, H. (2004). Recollection-like memory retrieval in rats is dependent on the hippocampus. Nature, 431, 188–191.Google Scholar
Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychol. Bull., 113, 44–66.Google Scholar
Friedman, W. J. (2007). The meaning of ‘‘time’’ in episodic memory and mental time travel. Behav. Brain Sci., 30, 323.Google Scholar
Gadian, D. G., Aicardi, J., Watkins, K. E., Porter, D. A., Mishkin, M., & Vargha-Khadem, F. (2000). Developmental amnesia associated with early hypoxic–ischaemic injury. Brain: J. Neurol., 123, 499–507.Google Scholar
Graham, K. S., Lee, A. C. H., Brett, M., & Patterson, K. (2003). The neural basis of autobiographical and semantic memory: New evidence from three PET studies. Cognitive Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 3, 234–254.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. L. & Verfaellie, M. (2010). Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory: Evidence from neuropsychology. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 16, 748–753.Google Scholar
Hampton, R. R. & Schwartz, B. L. (2004). Episodic memory in nonhumans: What, and where, is when? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 14, 192–197.Google Scholar
Hampton, R. R., Hampstead, B. M., & Murray, E. A. (2005). Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) demonstrate robust memory for what and where, but not for when, in an open-field test of memory. Learn. Motiv., 36, 245–259.Google Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 1726–1731.Google Scholar
Hayne, H. & Imuta, K. (2011). Episodic memory in 3- and 4-year-old children. Develop. Psychob., 53, 317–322.Google Scholar
Henderson, J., Hurly, T. A., Bateson, M., & Healy, S. D. (2006). Timing in free living rufous humming birds, Selasphorus rufus. Curr. Biol., 16, 512–515.Google Scholar
Hirano, M. & Noguchi, K. (1998). Dissociation between specific personal episodes and other aspects of remote memory in a patient with hippocampal amnesia. Percept. Mot. Skills, 87, 99–107.Google Scholar
Hockley, W. E. (1992). Item versus associative information: Further comparisons of forgetting rates. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn., 18, 1321–1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, S. M. & Smulders, T. V. (2011). Do humans use episodic memory to solve a What-Where-When memory task? Anim. Cogn., 14, 95–102.Google Scholar
Jozet-Alves, C., Bertin, M., Clayton, N. S. (2013). Evidence of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish. Curr. Biol., 23, 1033–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabadayi, C. & Osvath,  M. (2017). Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering. Science, 357, 202–204.Google Scholar
Kart-Teke, E., De Souza Silva, M. A., Huston, J. P., & Dere, E. (2006). Wistar rats show episodic-like memory for unique experiences. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 85, 173–182.Google Scholar
Kapur, N. (1999). Syndromes of retrograde amnesia: A conceptual and empirical synthesis. Psychol. Bull., 125, 800–825.Google Scholar
Kelley, R. & Wixted, J. T. (2001). On the nature of associative information in recognition memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn., 27, 701–722.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B. & Nichols, S. (2012). Memory and the sense of personal identity. Mind, 121, 677–702.Google Scholar
de Kort, S. R., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2005). Retrospective cognition by food-caching Western scrub-jays. Learn. Motiv., 36, 159–176.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, A. L, Martin, G. M., Skinner, D. M., Thorpe, C. M., & Walsh, C. J. (2012). Spontaneous Object Recognition in Animals: A Test of Episodic Memory, Advances in Object Recognition Systems, Dr. Ioannis Kypraios (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0598-5, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/35989.Google Scholar
Langston, R. F., Wood, E. R. (2010). Associative recognition and the hippocampus: Differential effects of hippocampal lesions on object-place, object-context and object-place-context memory. Hippocampus, 20, 1139–1153.Google Scholar
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychol. Aging, 17, 677–689.Google Scholar
Lewis, A., Call, J., & Berntsen, D. (2017). Non-goal-directed recall of specific events in apes after long delays. Proc. R. Soc. B Lond., 284, 20170518.Google Scholar
Lu, H., Zou, Q., Gu, H., Raichle, M. E., Stein, E. A., & Yang, Y. (2012). Rat brains also have a default mode network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 3979–3984.Google Scholar
Mantini, D., Gerits, A., Nelissen, K., Durand, J. B., Joly, O., Simone, L., Sawamura, H., Wardak, C., Orban, G. A., Buckner, R. L., & VanDuffel, W. (2011). Default mode of brain function in monkeys. J. Neurosci., 31, 12954–12962.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordas, G., Haun, D., Colmenares, F., & Call, J. (2010). Keeping track of time: Evidence of episodic-like memory in great apes. Anim. Cogn., 13, 331–340.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordás, G., Atance, C., & Louw, A. (2012). The role of episodic and semantic memory in episodic foresight. Learn. Motiv., 43, 209–219.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordás, G, Berntsen, D, & Call, J. (2013). Memory for distant past events in chimpanzees and orangutans. Curr. Biol., 23, 1438–1441.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordás, G., Atance, C. M., & Call, J. (2014). Remembering in a tooluse task in children and great apes: The role of the information atencoding. Memory, 22, 129–144.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordás, G., Atance, C. M., & Caza, J. (2017). Did the popsicle melt? Preschoolers’ performance in an episodic-like memory task. Memory, 25, 1260–1271.Google Scholar
Martín-Ordás, G. & Atance, C. M. (2019). Adults’ performance in an episodic-like memory task: The role of experience. Front. Psychol., 9, 2688.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. (2005 .) Progress in the Study of Chimpanzee Recall and Episodic Memory. In Terrace, H. S. & Metcalfe, J. (Eds.), The Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness (pp. 188–224). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinnon, M. C., Black, S. E., Miller, B., Moscovitch, M., & Levine, B., (2006). Autobiographical memory in semantic dementia: Implications for theories of limbic-neocortical interaction in remote memory. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2421–2429.Google Scholar
McKenzie, T. L. B., Bird, L. R., & Roberts, W. A. (2005). The effects of cache modification on food caching and retrieval behavior by rats. Learn. Motiv., 36, 260–278.Google Scholar
Morris, R. G. M. & Frey, U. (1997) Hippocampal synaptic plasticity: Role in spatial learning or the automatic recording of attended experience? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 352, 1489–1503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulcahy, N. J. & Call, J. (2006). Apes save tools for future use. Science, 312, 1038–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullally, S. L., Hassabis, D., and Maguire, E. A. (2012). Scene construction in amnesia: An fMRI study. J. Neurosci., 32, 5646–5653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naqshbandi, M. & Roberts, W. A. (2006). Anticipation of future events in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus): Tests of the Bischof- Köhler hypothesis. J. Comp. Psychol., 120, 345–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osvath, M. (2009). Spontaneous planning for stone throwing by a male chimpanzee. Curr. Biol., 19(5), R191–R192.Google Scholar
Osvath, M. & Osvath, H. (2008). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo abelii) forethought: Self-control and pre-experience in the face of future tool use. Anim. Cogn., 11, 661–674.Google Scholar
Osvath, M &Karvonen, E (2012).Spontaneous innovation for future deception in a male chimpanzee. PLoS One,7(5). DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0036782Google Scholar
Osvath, M., & Persson, T. (2013). Great apes can defer exchange: A replication with different results suggesting future oriented behavior. Front. Comp. Psychol. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00698Google Scholar
Panoz-Brown, D., Iyer, V., Carey, L. M., Sluka, C. M., Rajic, G., Kestenman, J., Gentry, M., Brotheridge, S., Somekh, I., Corbin, H. E., Tucker, K. G., Almeida, B., Hex, S. B., Garcia, K. D., Hohmann, A. G., & Crystal, J. D. (2018). Replay of episodic memories in the rat. Curr. Biol., 28, 1628–1634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pause, B. M., Zlomuzica, A., Kinugawa, K., Mariani, J., Pietrowsky, R., & Dere, E. (2013). Perspectives on episodic-like and episodic memory. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 7, 33.Google Scholar
Premack, D. (2007). Human and animal cognition: Continuity and discontinuity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 13861–13867.Google Scholar
Raby, C. R., Alexis, D. M., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Planning for the future by Western scrub-jays. Nature, 445, 919–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redshaw,  J., Taylor,  A. H., Suddendorf,  T. (2017). Flexible planning in ravens? Trends Cogn. Sci., 21, 821–822.Google Scholar
Rilling, J. K., Barks, S. K., Parr, L. A., Preuss, T. M., Faber, T. L., Pagnoni, G., Bremner, J. D., & Votaw, J. R. (2007). A comparison of resting-state brain activity in humans and chimpanzees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 17146–17151.Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A., Feeney, M. C., MacPherson, K., Petter, M., McMillan, N., & Musolino, E. (2008). Episodic-like memory in rats: Is it based on when or how long ago? Science, 320, 113–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotello, C. M., Macmillan, N. A., & Van Tassel, G. (2000). Recall-to reject in recognition: Evidence from ROC curves. J. Memo. Lang., 43, 67–88.Google Scholar
Salwiczek, L. H., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2008). What Do Animals Remember about Their Past?” In Menzel, R., (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology of Memory (pp. 441–459). Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Salwiczek, L. H. & Bshary, R. (2011). Cleaner wrasses keep track of the ‘when’ and ‘what’ in a foraging task. Ethology, 117, 939–948.Google Scholar
Sauvage, M. M., Fortin, N. J., Owens, C. B., Yonelinas, A. P., & Eichenbaum, H. (2008). Recognition memory: Opposite effects of hippocampal damage on recollection and familiarity. Nat. Neurosci., 11, 16–18.Google Scholar
Sauvage, M. M., Beer, Z., & Eichenbaum, H. (2010). Recognition memory: Adding a response deadline eliminates recollection but spares familiarity. Learn. Mem., 17, 104–108.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. & Addis, D. R. (2007). The ghosts of past and future. Nature, 445, 27.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B.L. (2005). Do Human Primates Have Episodic Memory? In Terrace, H. S. & Metcalfe, J. (Eds.), The Missing Link in Cognition (pp. 225–241), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. L., Colon, M. R., Sanchez, I. C., Rodriguez, I. A., & Evans, S. (2002). Single-trial learning of ‘‘what’’ and ‘‘who’’ information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): Implications for episodic memory. Anim. Cogn., 5, 85–90.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. L., Hoffman, M. L., & Evans, S. (2005). Episodic-like memory in a gorilla: A review and new findings. Learn. Motiv., 36, 226–244.Google Scholar
Skov-Rackette, S. I., Miller, N. Y., & Shettleworth, S. J. (2006). What–where–when memory in pigeons. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav., 32, 345–358.Google Scholar
Slotnick, S. D., Klein, S. A., Dodson, C. S., & Shimamura, A. P. (2000). An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn., 26, 1499–1517.Google Scholar
Snowden, J., Griffiths, H., & Neary, D. (1994). Semantic dementia: Autobiographical contribution to preservation of meaning. Cogn. Neuropsychol., 11, 265–288.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T. (2006). Foresight and evolution of the human mind. Science, 312, 1006–1007.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genet. Soc. Gen. Psychol. Monogr., 123, 133–167.Google ScholarPubMed
Suddendorf, T. & Busby, J. (2003). Like it or not? The mental time travel debate. Trends Cogn. Sci., 7, 437–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel and is it unique to humans? Behav. Brain Sci., 30, 299–313.Google Scholar
Templer, V. L., & Hampton, R. R. (2013). Episodic memory in nonhuman animals. Curr. Biol., 23, R801–R806. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and Semantic Memory. In Tulving, E. and Donaldson, W. (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 381–403). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 53, 1–25.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human? In Terrace, H. S. and Metcalfe, J., (Eds.), The Missing Link in Cognition, (3–56), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W., & Mishkin, M. (1997). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277, 376–380.Google Scholar
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychol. Bull., 121, 331–354.Google Scholar
Wheeler, M. A. & McMillan, C. T. (2001). Focal retrograde amnesia and the episodic-semantic distinction. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 1, 22–36.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G. & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 95, 144–149.Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A. P. (1997). Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Mem. Cogn., 25, 747–763.Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A. P. (1999a). The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: A formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characteristics. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn., 25, 1415–1434.Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A. P. (1999b). Recognition memory ROCs and the dual-process signal-detection model: Comment on Glanzer, Kim, Hilford, & Adams (1999). J. Exp. Psychol. Learn., 25, 514–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 356, 1363–1374.Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. J. Mem. Lang., 46, 441–517.Google Scholar
Zentall, T. R., Clement, T. S., Bhatt, R. S., & Allen, J. (2001). Episodic-like memory in pigeons. Psychonom. Bull. Rev., 8, 685–690.Google Scholar
Zhou, W. & Crystal, J. D. (2009). Evidence for remembering when events occurred in a rodent model of episodic memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 9525–9529.Google Scholar
Zhou, W., Hohmann, A. G., & Crystal, J. D. (2012). Rats answer an unexpected question after incidental encoding. Curr. Biol., 22, 11491153.Google Scholar
Zinkivskay, A, Nazir, F., & Smulders, T. V. (2009). What–where–when memory in magpies (Pica pica). Anim. Cogn., 12, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×