Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-27T02:20:24.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Problems Related to Health, Safety, and Security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2018

A. Javier Treviño
Affiliation:
Wheaton College, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

This chapter introduces several health-related social problems. The first is that there are health disparities by socioeconomic status and racial group. These disparities are long standing and persistent, despite overall improvements in health. Three models are used to explain health disparities: health behaviors, health care, and the physical and social environment. Next, we discuss the dauntingly complicated US health care system. We focus on two problematic aspects: the high costs of health care and lack of access to health care. We examine this both before and after the 2010 enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and find it will not significantly improve costs in the short run. It may not reduce health disparities given that the Medicaid expansion piece is voluntary. We conclude that there is much work to be done to create a fair and equitable health care system.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abramson, J. 2004. Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Adler, N., Boyce, T., Chesney, M., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R., and Syme, S.. 1994. Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist 49(1):15.Google Scholar
Adler, N. E., and Newman, K.. 2002. Socioeconomic disparities in health: Pathways and policies. Health Affairs 21(2):6075.Google Scholar
Adler, N. E., and Ostrove, J. M.. 1999. Socioeconomic status and health: What we know and what we don't. In Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social Psychological, and Biological Pathways, edited by Adler, Nancy E. and Stewart, Judith, 191209. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2005. Health care costs and financing. www.ahrq.gov/research/feb05/0205RA20.htm.Google Scholar
Arendt, J. N., and Lauridse, J.. 2008. Do risk factors explain more of the social gradient in self-reported health when adjusting for baseline health? European Journal of Public Health 18(2):131–37.Google Scholar
Armstrong, G., Conn, L., and Pinner, R. W.. 1999. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. Journal of the American Medical Association 281(1):6166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baicker, K., Chandra, A., and Skinner, J.. 2005. Geographic variation in health care and the problem of measuring racial disparities. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48(1):S42S53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baicker, K., Chandra, A., Skinner, J., and Wennberg, J. E.. 2004. Who you are and where you live: How race and geography affect the treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Health Affairs 33:3344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, P. H. 1999. Understanding the U.S. Health Services System. Chicago: Health Administration Press.Google Scholar
Bell, M. L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., Samet, J. M., and Dominici, F.. 2004. Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987–2000. Journal of the American Medical Association 292:2372–78.Google Scholar
Buck, J. 2011. The looming expansion and transformation of public substance abuse treatment under the Affordable Care Act. Health Affairs 30(8):1402–10.Google Scholar
Carmen, K. G., and Eibner, C.. 2014. Changes in Health Insurance Enrollment since 2013: Evidence from the Rand Health Reform Opinion Study. Research Report RR-656-RC. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. National health expenditure data: Highlights, 2015. www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/highlights.pdf.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. A., Inagami, S., and Finch, B.. 2008. The built environment and collective efficacy. Health & Place 14(2):198208.Google Scholar
Collins, S., and Nicholson, J.. 2010. Rite of passage: Young adults and the Affordable Care Act of 2010. The Commonwealth Fund 87:123.Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office. 2013. Analysis of the administration's announced delay of certain requirements under the Affordable Care Act. www.cbo.gov/publication/44465.Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office. 2014. The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014–24. www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/45010-Outlook2014_Feb_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Cookson, W., and Moffatt, M. F.. 1999. Asthma: An epidemic in the absence of infection? Science 275(5296):4142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, S., and Macintyre, S.. 2006. Food environments and obesity: Neighborhood or nation? International Journal of Epidemiology 35:100104.Google Scholar
Dearry, A. 2004. Impacts of our built environment on public health. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(11):A600A601.Google Scholar
Decker, S. L., Kostova, D., Kenney, G. M., and Long, S. K.. 2013. Health status, risk factors, and medical conditions among persons enrolled in Medicaid vs uninsured low income adults potentially eligible for Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 3(309):2579–86.Google Scholar
DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., and Smith, J. C.. 2012. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Diez-Roux, A. V. 2003. Residential environments and cardiovascular risk. Journal of Urban Health 80(4):569–89.Google Scholar
Doe, J. 2009. WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W. 1993. Health in the African-American community: Accounting for health inequalities. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 7:325–45.Google Scholar
Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., and Gravlee, C. C.. 2005. Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:231–52.Google Scholar
Duru, O. K., Gerzoff, R. B., Selby, J. V., Brown, A. F., Ackermann, R. T., Karter, A. J., and Mangione, C. M.. 2009. Identifying risk factors for racial disparities in diabetes outcomes: the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Medical Care 47(6):700.Google Scholar
Estruch, R., Sacanella, E., Badia, E., Antúnez, E., Nicolás, J. M., Fernández-Solá, J., Rotilio, D., de Gaetano, G, Rubin, E., and Urban-Márquez, A.. 2004. Different effects of red wine and gin consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis: A prospective randomized crossover trial effects of wine on inflammatory markers. Atherosclerosis 175:117–23.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W., and Lepore, S. J.. 1992. Conceptual and analytic issues in crowding research. Journal of Environmental Psychology 12(2):163–73.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W., Hyndman, J. S., Stewart-Brown, S., Smith, D., and Petersen, S.. 2000. An epidemiological study of the relative importance of damp housing in relation to adult health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54:677–86.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W., and Saegert, S.. 2000. Residential crowding in the context of inner city poverty. In Theoretical Perspectives in Environmental-Behavior Research, edited by Wapner, S. et al., 247–67. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.Google Scholar
Feinglass, J., Abadin, S., Thompson, J., and Pearce, W. H.. 2008. A census-based analysis of racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates in northern Illinois, 1987–2004. Journal of Vascular Surgery 47(5):1001–7.Google Scholar
Frank, L., Kerr, J., Saelens, B., Sallis, J., Glanz, K., and Chapman, J.. 2009. Food outlet visits, physical activity and body weight: Variations by gender and race–ethnicity. British Journal of Sports Medicine 43(2):124–31.Google Scholar
Frist, W. 2005. Overcoming disparities in U.S. health care. Health Affairs 24(2):445–51.Google Scholar
Frohlich, K., Ross, N., and Richmond, C.. 2006. Health disparities in Canada today: Some evidence and a theoretical framework. Health Policy 79(2):132–43.Google Scholar
Fuchs, V. R. 2013. How and why U.S. health care differs from that in other OECD countries. Journal of the American Medical Association 309(1):3334.Google Scholar
Fuchs, V. R. 2005. Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America, and What We Can Do about it. New York: Ballantine Book.Google Scholar
Gross, D. J., Alecxih, L., Gibson, M. J., Correa, J., Caplan, C., and Brangan, N.. 1999. Out-of-pocket health spending by poor and near-poor elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Health Services Research 34(1):241–54.Google Scholar
Hafner-Eaton, C. 1993. Physician utilization disparities between the uninsured and insured: Comparisons of the chronically ill, acutely ill, and well nonelderly populations. Journal of the American Medical Association 269(6):787–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Hallfors, D. D., Iritani, B. J., Miller, W. C., and Bauer, D. J.. 2007. Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions. American Journal of Public Health 97(1):125–32.Google Scholar
Harris, M. I. 2001. Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:454–59.Google Scholar
Himmelstein, D. U., Thorne, D., Warren, E., and Woolhander, S.. 2009. Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a national study. The American Journal of Medicine 122(8):741–46.Google Scholar
Himmelstein, D. U., Thorne, D., and Woolhander, S.. 2011. Medical bankruptcy in Massachusetts: Has health reform made a difference? The American Journal of Medicine 124(3):224–28.Google Scholar
Himmelstein, D. U., Warren, E., Thorne, D., and Woolhandler, S.. 2005. Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy. Health Affairs, 6373. http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff.w5.63v1.Google Scholar
House, J. S. 2001. Commentary: Relating social inequalities in health and income. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26(3):523–31.Google Scholar
House, J. S. 2002. Understanding social factors and inequalities in health: 20th century progress and 21st century prospects. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43(2):125–42.Google Scholar
House, J. S., Kessler, R. C., and Herzog, A. R.. 1990. Age, socioeconomic status, and health. The Milbank Quarterly 68(3):383411.Google Scholar
Howard, P., and Feyman, Y.. 2014. Rhetoric and Reality. The Obamacare Evaluation Project: Access to Care and the Physician Shortage. New York: The Manhattan Institute.Google Scholar
Hummer, R. A., Rogers, R. G., Nam, C. B., and LeClere, F. B.. 1999. Race/ethnicity, nativity, and U.S. adult mortality. Social Science Quarterly 80(1):136–53.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 1990. Nutrition during Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain. Part II: Nutrient Supplements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 2002. Unequal Treatment: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know about Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health-Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Kain, J. F. 1968. Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics: 175–97.Google Scholar
Karter, A. J., Ferrara, A., Liu, J. Y., Moffet, H. H., Ackerson, L. M., and Selby, J. V.. 2002. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA 287(19):2519–27.Google Scholar
Keppel, K. G., Pearcy, J. N., and Wagener, D. K.. 2002. Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators: United States, 1990–98. Healthy People Statistical Notes 23. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Klinenberg, E. 2002. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Landers, R. 2010. Tomorrow may have finally arrived – the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: A necessary first step toward health care equity in the United States. Journal of Health and Biomedical Law 5:6578.Google Scholar
Lantz, Paula M., Golberstein, Ezra, House, James S., and Morenoff, Jeffrey. 2010. Socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors for mortality in a national 19-year prospective study of U.S. adults. Social Science & Medicine 70:1558–66.Google Scholar
Lantz, P., House, J. S., Lepkowski, J., Williams, D., Mero, R., and Chen, J.. 1998. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 279(21):1703–8.Google Scholar
Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., and Nelson, M. C.. 2009. Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36(1):7481.Google Scholar
LaVeist, T., Thorpe, R.., Galarraga, J., Bower, K., and Gary-Webb, T.. 2009. Environmental and socio-economic factors as contributors to racial disparities in diabetes prevalence. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24(10):1144–48.Google Scholar
Lee, P., and Paxman, D.. 1997. Reinventing public health. Annual Review of Public Health 18:135.Google Scholar
Lehman, E. P. 2015. The health care “iron triangle” and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 82(2):7380.Google Scholar
Levine, R. S., Foster, J. E., Fullilove, R. E., Fullilove, M. T., Briggs, N. C., Hull, P. C., and Hennekens, C. H.. 2001. Black-white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933–1999: Implications for Healthy People 2010. Public Health Reports 116(5):474.Google Scholar
Levy, J. 2014. In U.S., uninsured rate lowest since 2008. Gallup Corporation. April 7.Google Scholar
Li, H., Campbell, H., and Fernandez, S.. 2013. Residential segregation, spatial mismatch and economic growth across U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban Studies 50(13):2642–60.Google Scholar
Link, C. L., and McKinlay, J. B.. 2009. Disparities in the Prevalence of Diabetes: Is it Race/Ethnicity or Socioeconomic Status? Results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. Ethnicity & Disease 19(3):288.Google Scholar
Link, B., Northridge, M., Phelan, J., and Ganz, M.. 1998. Social epidemiology and the fundamental cause concept: On the structuring of effective cancer screens by socioeconomic status. Milbank Quarterly 76(3):375402.Google Scholar
Link, B., and Phelan, J.. 1995. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 8094.Google Scholar
Link, B., and Phelan, J.. 1996. Understanding sociodemographic differences in health – the role of fundamental social causes. American Journal of Public Health 86(4):471–73.Google Scholar
Link, B., and Phelan, J.. 2002. McKeown and the idea that social conditions are fundamental causes of disease. American Journal of Public Health 92(5):730–32.Google Scholar
Link, B., and Phelan, J.. 2005. Fundamental sources of health inequalities. In Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care, edited by Mechanic, D., Rogut, L. B., Colby, D. C., and Knickman, J. R., 7184. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Long, S. K., Kenney, G. M., Zuckerman, S., Wissoker, D. A., Goin, D. E., Karpman, M., and Anderson, N.. 2014. QuickTake: Number of Uninsured Adults Falls by 5.4 Million since 2013. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Long, S. K., Stockley, K., and Dahlen, H.. 2012. Massachusetts health reforms: Uninsurance remains low, self-reported health status improves as state prepares to tackle costs. Health Affairs 31:444–51.Google Scholar
Lorenzoni, L., Belloni, A., and Sassi, F.. 2014. Health-care expenditures and health policy in the USA versus other high-spending OECD countries. The Lancet 384:8391.Google Scholar
Lovasi, G. S., Hutson, M. A., Guerra, M., and Neckerman, K. M.. 2009. Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiologic Reviews 31:720.Google Scholar
Mangan, D. 2017. Obamacare repeal costs: # million jobs gone, $1.5 trillion in lost gross state product. www.cnbc.com/2017/01/05/obamacare-repeal-costs-3-million-lost-jobs.html.Google Scholar
Marchand, S., Wikler, D., and Landesman, B.. 1998. Class, health, and justice. Milbank Quarterly 76(3):449–67.Google Scholar
Mare, R. D. 1990. Socio-economic careers and differential mortality among older men in the U.S. In Measurement and Analysis of Mortality – New Approaches, edited by Vallin, J., D'Souza, S., and Palloni, A., 362–87. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Marmot, M. G., Shipley, M. J., and Rose, G.. 1984. Inequalities in death: Specific explanations of a general pattern. Lancet 1:1003–6.Google Scholar
Massey, D. S., and Denton, N. A.. 1989. Hypersegregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Black and Hispanic segregation along five dimensions. Demography 26(3):373–91.Google Scholar
Massey, D. S., and Denton, N. A.. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McWilliams, J. M., Meara, E., Zaslavsky, A. M., and Ayanian, J. Z.. 2009. Differences in control of cardiovascular disease and diabetes by race, ethnicity, and education: U.S. trends from 1999 to 2006 and effects of Medicare coverage. Annals of Internal Medicine 150(8):505–15.Google Scholar
Miniño, A. M., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., and Tejada-Vera, B.. 2009. Death in the United States, 2007. NCHS Data Brief 26. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db26.pdf.Google Scholar
Monheit, A. C., and Vistnes, J. P.. 2000. Race/ethnicity and health insurance status: 1987 and 1996. Medical Care Research and Review 57(1):1135.Google Scholar
Moore, L. V., and Diez-Roux, A.. 2006. Associations of Neighborhood characteristics with the Location and Type of Food Stores. American Journal of Public Health 96(2):325–31.Google Scholar
Morland, K., Wing, S., and Diez-Roux, A.. 2002. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. American Journal of Public Health 92(11):1761–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morreale, M. C., and English, A.. 2003. Eligibility and enrolment of adolescents in Medicaid and SCHIP: Recent progress, current challenges. Journal of Adolescent Health 32(6):2539.Google Scholar
Moses, H., Matheson, D. H. M., Dorsey, E. R., George, B. P., Sadoff, D., and Yoshimura, S.. 2013. The anatomy of health care in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 310(19):1947–63.Google Scholar
Mulye, T. P., Park, M. J., Nelson, B. A., Adams, S. H., Irwin, C. E., and Brindis, C. D.. 2009. Trends in adolescent and young adult health in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health 45:824.Google Scholar
Murray, C. J. L., and Frenk, J.. 2010. Ranking 37th – measuring the performance of the U.S. health care system. New England Journal of Medicine 362(2):9899.Google Scholar
Orszag, P. R., and Ellis, P.. 2007. The challenge of rising health care costs – a view from the Congressional Budget Office. New England Journal of Medicine 357(18):1793–95.Google Scholar
Pamuk, E., Makuc, D., Heck, K., Reuben, C., and Lochner, K.. 1998. Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Pan, W. H., Flegal, K. M., Chang, H. Y., Yeh, W. T., Yeh, C. J., and Lee, W. C.. 2004. Body mass index and obesity-related metabolic disorders in Taiwanese and US whites and blacks: Implications for definitions of overweight and obesity for Asians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79(1):3139.Google Scholar
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C. § 18001 et seq. (2010).Google Scholar
Pear, R. 2013. A limit on consumer costs is delayed in health care law. New York Times, August 13. www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/us/a-limit-on-consumer-costs-is-delayed-in-health-care-law.html.Google Scholar
Phelan, J., and Link, B.. 2005. Controlling disease and creating disparities: A fundamental cause perspective. Journals of Gerontology Series B 60(2):S27S33.Google Scholar
Phelan, J., Link, B., Diez-Roux, A., Kawachi, I., and Levin, B.. 2004. “Fundamental causes” of social inequalities in mortality: A test of the theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45(3):265–85.Google Scholar
Phelan, J., Link, B., and Tehranifar, P.. 2010. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51(1 Suppl.):S28S40.Google Scholar
Powell, L. M., Chaloupka, F. J., and Bao, Y.. 2007. The availability of fast-food and full-service restaurants in the United States: Associations with neighborhood characteristics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33(4S):S240–45.Google Scholar
Pozarycki, M. M. 2006. Rising health care costs. Annals of Health Law 15:331–37.Google Scholar
Quadagno, J. 2006. One Nation Uninsured: Why the U.S. Has No National Health Insurance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robert, S. A., and Ruel, E.. 2006. Racial segregation and health disparities between black and white older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B 61(4):S203–11.Google Scholar
Roemer, M. I. 1991. National Health Systems of the World. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosero-Bixby, L., and Dow, W. H.. 2009. Surprising SES gradients in mortality, health, and biomarkers in a Latin American population of adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B 64(1):105–17.Google Scholar
Ruel, E., Reither, E. N., Robert, S. A., and Lantz, P. M.. 2010. Neighborhood effects on BMI trends: Examining BMI trajectories for black and white women. Health and Place 16:191–98.Google Scholar
Sallis, J. F., and Glanz, K.. (2006). The role of built environments in physical activity, eating, and obesity in childhood. The Future of Children, 16(1), 89108.Google Scholar
Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S. W., and Earls, F.. 1997. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277(5328):918–24.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. C., Zaslavsky, A. M., and Epstein, A. M.. 2002. Racial disparities in the quality of care for enrollees in Medicare managed care. Journal of the American Medical Association 287:1288–94.Google Scholar
Schoenborn, C. A., Adams, P. F., Barnes, P. M., Vickerie, J. L., and Schiller, J. S.. 2004. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 1999–2001. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10 219:179.Google Scholar
Schulz, A. J., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., and Lempert, L. B.. 2002. Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit. Milbank Quarterly 80(4):677707.Google Scholar
Selden, T. M., Banthin, J. S., and Cohen, J. W.. 1999. Waiting in the wings: Eligibility and enrollment in the state children's health insurance program. Health Affairs 18(2):126–33.Google Scholar
Sequist, T. D., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Marshall, R., Shaykevich, S., Safran, D. G., and Ayanian, J. Z.. 2008. Physician performance and racial disparities in diabetes mellitus care. Archives of Internal Medicine 168(11):1145–51.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. 2004. Housing and public health. Annual Review of Public Health 25:397418.Google Scholar
Shi, L., Starfield, B., Kennedy, B., and Kawachi, I.. 1999. Income inequality, primary care, and health indicators. Journal of Family Practice 48(4):275–85.Google Scholar
Shuey, K. M., and Willson, A. E.. 2008. Cumulative disadvantage and black-white disparities in life-course health trajectories. Research on Aging 30(2):200225.Google Scholar
Signorello, L. B., Schlundt, D. G., Cohen, S. S., Steinwandel, M. D., Buchowski, M. S., McLaughlin, J. K., and Blot, W. J.. 2007. Comparing Diabetes Prevalence between African Americans and Whites of Similar Socioeconomic Status. American Journal of Public Health 97(12):2260–67.Google Scholar
Smith, J. C., and Medalia, C.. 2015. Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2014. Current Population Reports P60–253. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Sommers, B. D., Gunja, M. Z., Finegold, K., and Musco, T.. 2015. Changes in self-reported insurance coverage, access to care, and health under the Affordable Care Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 314(4):366–74.Google Scholar
Sommers, B. D., Kenney, G. M., and Epstein, A. M.. 2014. New evidence on the Affordable Care Act: Coverage impacts of early Medicaid expansions. Health Affairs 33(1):7887.Google Scholar
Sommers, B. D., Long, S., and Baicker, K.. 2014. Changes in mortality after Massachusetts health care reform: A quasi-experimental study. Annals of Internal Medicine 160(9):585–93.Google Scholar
Sommers, B. D., Swartz, K., and Epstein, A.. 2011. Policymakers should prepare for major uncertainties in Medicaid enrollment, costs, and needs for physicians under health reform. Health Affairs 30:2186–93.Google Scholar
Sonfield, A. 2010. The new health care reform legislation: pros and cons for reproductive health. Guttmacher Policy Review 13 (2): 2527.Google Scholar
Sowers, J. R., Ferdinand, K. C., Bakris, G. L., and Douglas, J. G.. 2002. Hypertension-related disease in African Americans. Postgraduate Medicine 112:2434.Google Scholar
Weitzman, M., Gortmaker, S. L., Sobol, A. M., and Perrin, J. M.. 1992. Recent trends in the prevalence and severity of childhood asthma. Journal of the American Medical Association 268(19):2673–77.Google Scholar
White, C. 2007. Health care spending growth: How different is the United States from the rest of the OECD? Health Affairs 26:154–61.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., and Collins, C.. 2001. Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports 116(5):404.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., and Jackson, P. B.. 2005. Social sources of racial disparities in health. Health Affairs 24(2):325–34.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., and Mohammed, S. A.. 2009. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32(1):2047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D., and Sternthal, M.. 2010. Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: Sociological contributions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:S1527.Google Scholar
Willson, A. E. 2009. Fundamental causes of health disparities: A comparative analysis of Canada and the United States. International Sociology 24(1):93113.Google Scholar
Winkleby, Marilyn A., Cubbin, Catherine, Ahn, David K., and Kraemer, Helena C.. 1999. Pathways by which SES and ethnicity influence cardiovascular disease risk factors. In Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social Psychological, and Biological Pathways, edited by Adler, Nancy E. and Stewart, Judith, 191209. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
World Health Report. 2000. Health Systems: Improving Performance. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Zenk, S. N., Schulz, A. J., Hollis-Neely, T., Campbell, R. T., Holmes, N., Watkins, G., Nwankwo, G. R., and Odoms-Young, A.. 2005b. Fruit and vegetable intake in African Americans: Income and store characteristics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29(1):19.Google Scholar
Zenk, S. N., Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., James, S. A., Bao, S., and Wilson, M. L.. 2005a. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. American Journal of Public Health 95(4):660–67.Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., and Huang, E. S., 2009. Changes in racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes by obesity level among US adults. Ethnicity & Health 14(5):439–57.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. 1952. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 1968. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ash, P. 1949. The reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 44:272–76.Google Scholar
Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E. et al. 2011. Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: Data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. British Journal of Psychiatry 199:2937.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M. et al. 1962. Reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 119:351–57.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., and Erbaugh, J.. 1961. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561–71.Google Scholar
Bourdon, K. H., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z. et al. 1992. Estimating the prevalence of mental disorders in US adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey. Public Health Reports 107:663–68.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. 1952. Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., and Harris, T. O.. 1978. Social Origins of Depression. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Brown, P. 1985. The Transfer of Care: Psychiatric Deinstutionalization and Its Aftermath. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Brugha, T. S., ed. 1995. Social Support and Psychiatric Disorder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Busfield, J. 2012. Challenging claims that mental illness has been increasing and mental well-being declining. Social Science and Medicine 75:581–88.Google Scholar
Busfield, J. 2014. Transforming misery into sickness: The genealogy of depression in the DSM. In Demedicalizing Misery II, edited by Moncrieff, J., Rapley, M., and Speed, E., 154–73. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Busfield, J. 2015. Assessing the overuse of medicines. Social Science and Medicine 131:199206.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Prevalence of Individual Adverse Childhood Experiences. www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/prevalence.html.Google Scholar
Conrad, P. 1975. The discovery of hyperkinesis. Social Problems 12:1221.Google Scholar
Conrad, P. 2005. The shifting engines of medicalization. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46:314.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., and Potter, D.. 2000. From hyperactive children to ADHD adults: observations of the expansion of medical categories. Social Problems 47:559–82.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., and Schneider, J. W.. 1980. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.Google Scholar
Dear, M., and Wolch, J.. 1987. Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalisation to Homelessness. Oxford: Polity.Google Scholar
Department of Health. 2011. Talking Therapies: A Four-year Plan of Action. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. S., and Dohrenwend, B. P., eds. 1974. Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Dorwick, C., and Frances, A.. 2013. Medicalising unhappiness. BMJ 347:f7140.Google Scholar
Dumit, J. 2012. Drugs for Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, V. J., Holden, G. W., Felitti, V. J., and Anda, R. F.. 2003. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences study. American Journal of Psychiatry 120:1453–60.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D. et al. 1998. The relationship of adult health status to childhood abuse and household dysfunction. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14:245–58.Google Scholar
Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norma, R. E. et al. 2013. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age and year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study, 2010. PLOS Medicine 10(11):e1001547.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., and Smith, C.. 1990. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect 14:1928.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1965. Madness and Civilization. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Fox, J. W. 1990. Social class, mental illness, and social mobility. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 31:344–53.Google Scholar
Frances, A. 1998. Problems in defining clinical significance in epidemiological studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 55:119.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. 1972. The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D., and Huxley, P.. 1992. Common Mental Disorders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 23:5662.Google Scholar
Herzberg, D. 2009. Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C.. 1958. Social Class and Mental Illness. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Holmes, T. H., and Rahe, R. M.. 1967. The social re-adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11:213–18.Google Scholar
Horwitz, A. V., Widom, A. S., McLaughlin, J., and White, H. R.. 2001. The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42:184201.Google Scholar
Horwitz, A. V., and Wakefield, J. C.. 2007. The Loss of Sadness. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hudson, C. G. 2005. Socioeconomic status and mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75:318.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S. et al. 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:819.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O. et al. 2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62:617–27.Google Scholar
Kirsch, I. 2009. The Emperor's New Drugs. London: Bodley Head.Google Scholar
Knowles, C. 2000. Bedlam on the Streets. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., and Williams, J. B.. 2001. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16:606–13.Google Scholar
Lane, C. 2007. Shyness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lapouse, R. 1967. Problems in studying the prevalence psychiatric disorder. American Journal of Public Health 57:947–54.Google Scholar
Leighton, A. H. 1959. My Name is Legion. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brudh, T. et al. 2009. Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007. London: NHS Information Centre.Google Scholar
Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., and Regier, D. A.. 2002. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 59:115–23.Google Scholar
Pevalin, D. J. 2009. Housing repossessions, evictions and common mental illness in the UK. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 63:949–51.Google Scholar
Read, J., Agar, K., Argyle, N., and Aderhold, V.. 2003. Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy 76:122.Google Scholar
Reeves, A., McKee, M., and Stuckler, D.. 2014. Economic suicides in the great recession in Europe and North America. British Journal of Psychiatry 205:246–47.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Kaelber, C. T., Rae, D. S. et al. 1998. Limitation of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 55:109–15.Google Scholar
Riley, B., Asherson, P. J., and McGuffin, P.. 2003. Genetics and schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia. 2nd ed., edited by Hirsch, S. R. and Weinberg, D.. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, M. D., and Ratcliff, K. S.. 1981. National Institute of Mental Health diagnostic interview schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:381–89.Google Scholar
Russell, D. E. H. 1986. The Secret Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. 1972. Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.Google Scholar
Scull, A. 1993. The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. 1998. Diagnosis and treatment are not the same. Archives of General Psychiatry 55:120.Google Scholar
Srole, L., Langner, T. S., Michael, S. T. et al. 1975. Mental Health in the Metropolis. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. W., and Holzer, C. E.. 1991. Violence and ECA data. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42:954–55.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. W., Holzer, C. E., Ganju, V. K., and Jono, R. T.. 1990.Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41:761–70.Google Scholar
Szyf, M. 2009. The early life environment and the epigenome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790:878–85.Google Scholar
Thoits, P. A. 2010. Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51(S):541–53.Google Scholar
Thoits, P. A. 2011. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52:145–61.Google Scholar
Wakefield, J. C., and First, M. B.. 2012. Validity of the bereavement exclusion to major depression: Does the empirical evidence support the proposal to eliminate the exclusion in the DSM-5? World Psychiatry 11:310.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E., and Sartorius, N.. 1974. The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Babor, Y., Brugha, T. et al. 1990. SCAN: Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 47:589–93.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar

References

Alexander, M. 2010. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Belenko, S. 2001. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 2001 Update. New York: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2011. Crime in the United States. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Carson, A. 2015. Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Today's Heroin Epidemic. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Google Scholar
Drug Enforcement Agency. 2005. Drugs of Abuse. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Harkavy, W. 2005. The numbers beyond the bling. Village Voice. January 4. www.villagevoice.com/2004/12/28/the-numbers-beyond-the-bling/Google Scholar
Hornik, R., et al. 2002. Evaluation of the National Youth Anti-drug Media Campaign: Fourth Semi-annual Report of Findings. Rockville, MD: Westat.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. 2015. The Biology of Desire. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Mate, G. 2010. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.Google Scholar
Mitchell, O., et al. 2012. Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analysis of traditional and non-traditional drug courts. Journal of Criminal Justice 40:6071.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, M. 2002. Safety First: A Reality-Based Approach to Teens, Drugs, and Drug Education. San Francisco: Drug Policy Alliance.Google Scholar
Serrano, R., Savage, D., and Williams, C.. 2011. Early release proposed for crack cocaine offenders. Los Angeles Times. June 1. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/01/nation/la-na-holder-crack-20110602Google Scholar
Shaffer, D. 2011. Looking inside the black box of drug courts: A meta-analytic review. Justice Quarterly 28:493521.Google Scholar
Shear, M. 2015. U.S. budgets cash to treat heroin abuse in Northeast. New York Times. August 17. www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/us/white-house-plan-to-combat-heroin-abuse-focuses-on-treatment.htmlGoogle Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2011. Results from the 2010 NSDUH. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015. Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Google Scholar
Trice, H., and Staudenmeier, W.. 1989. A sociocultural history of Alcoholics Anonymous. In Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Volume 7: Treatment Research, edited by Galanter, M., 1135. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2015. World Drug Report. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office. 2005. Anti-Drug Media Campaign. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office.Google Scholar
US Government Accountability Office. 2006. ONDCP Media Campaign. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office.Google Scholar
Weil, A., and Rosen, W.. 1998. From Chocolate to Morphine. Boston: Houghton Miffin.Google Scholar
Wright, K. 2001. DARE rethinks drug prevention. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 15. www.Seattlepi.com.Google Scholar
Wood, E., et al. 2003. The health care and fiscal costs of the illicit drug epidemic: The impact of conventional drug control strategies, and the potential of a comprehensive approach. British Columbia Medical Journal 45: 128–34.Google Scholar

References

Abeysinghe, Sudeepa. 2013. When the spread of disease becomes a global event: The classification of pandemics. Social Studies of Science 43(6):905–26.Google Scholar
Armstrong, David. 1995. The rise of surveillance medicine. Sociology of Health & Illness 17(3):393404.Google Scholar
Babones, Salvatore, and Turner, Jonathan. 2004. Global inequality. In Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective, edited by Ritzer, George, 101–20. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Barry, John. 2004. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Becker, H. S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Best, Joel, ed. 1989. Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Best, Joel, 1993. But seriously folks: The limitations of the strict constructionist interpretation of social problems. In Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Debates in Social Problems Theory, edited by Miller, Gale and Holstein, James A., 129–47. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Best, Joel, 2004. Theoretical issues in the study of social problems and deviance. In Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective, edited by Ritzer, George, 1429. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bogen, David, and Lynch, Michael. 1993. Do we need a general theory of social problems? In Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Debates in Social Problems Theory, edited by Holstein, James A. and Miller, Gale, 213–37. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bourgois, Philippe I., and Schonberg, Jeff. 2009. Righteous Dopefiend. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Hannah, and Kelly, Ann H.. 2014. Material proximities and hotspots: Toward an anthropology of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 28(2):280303.Google Scholar
Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin, and Miller, Peter, eds. 1991. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality: With Two Lectures by and an Interview with Michel Foucault. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2000. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Adele E., Shim, Janet K., Mamo, Laura, Fosket, Jennifer Ruth, and Fishman, Jennifer R.. 2003. Biomedicalization: Technoscientific transformation of health, illness, and U.S. biomedicine. American Sociological Review 68(2):161–94.Google Scholar
Cockerham, William. 2004. Health as a social problem. In Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective, edited by Ritzer, George, 281–97. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Cohen, Ed. 2011. The paradoxical politics of viral containment; or, how scale undoes us one and all. Social Text 29(1/106):1535.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter. 1979. Types of medical social control. Sociology of Health & Illness 1(1):111.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter. 1986. The social meaning of AIDS. Social Policy 17(1):51–6.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter. 2007. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
De Maio, Fernando. 2014. Global Health Inequalities: A Sociological Perspective. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dello Buono, R. A. 2015. Reimagining social problems: Moving beyond social constructionism. Social Problems 62(3):331–42.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Rachel. 2010. Poverty, prosperity, and place: The shape of class segregation in the age of extremes. Social Problems 57(1):114137.Google Scholar
Ebbeling, Cara B., Pawlak, Dorota B., and Ludwig, David S.. 2002. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet 360(9331):473–82.Google Scholar
Elden, Stuart. 2003. Plague, panopticon, police. Surveillance and Society 1(3):240–53.Google Scholar
Farmer, Paul. 2003. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Farmer, Paul. 2004. An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology 45(3):305–25.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Sheridan, A.. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–76. Translated by Macey, David. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2009. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978. Edited by Senellart, Michel, Ewald, François, Fontana, Alessandro, and Davidson, Arnold I.. Translated by Burchell, Graham. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Freidson, Eliot. 1970. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
French, Martin. 2009. Woven of war-time fabrics: The globalization of public health surveillance. Surveillance & Society 6(2):101–15.Google Scholar
French, Martin, and Mykhalovskiy, Eric. 2013. Public health intelligence and the detection of potential pandemics. Sociology of Health & Illness 35(2):174–87.Google Scholar
Frieden, T. 2014. Ebola requires the world's united action. The White House Blog. September 26. www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/09/26/ebola-requires-world-s-united-action.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna Jeanne. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jamrozik, Adam, and Nocella, Luisa. 1998. The Sociology of Social Problems: Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lederberg, Joshua, Shope, Robert, and Oaks, Stanley, eds. 1992. Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, Bronwen. 2004. AIDS as a social problem: The creation of social pariahs in the management of an epidemic. In Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective, edited by Ritzer, George, 316–34. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
van Loon, Joost. 2005. Epidemic space. Critical Public Health 15(1):3952. doi:10.1080/09581590500048374.Google Scholar
Lothian, N. 1924. The service of epidemiological intelligence and public health Statistics. American Journal of Public Health 14(4):287–90.Google Scholar
Martin, Aryn, and Lynch, Michael. 2009. Counting things and people: The practices and politics of counting. Social Problems 56(2):243–66. doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.2.243.Google Scholar
Martin, Emily. 1994. Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture – From the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Meltzer, M., Atkins, C., Santibanez, S., Knust, B., Peterson, B., Ervin, E., Nichol, S., Damon, I., and Washington, M.. 2014. Estimating the future number of cases in the Ebola epidemic – Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63(3):114.Google Scholar
Miller, Gale. 1993. New challenges to social constructionism: Alternative perspectives on social problems theory. In Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Debates in Social Problems Theory, edited by Holstein, James A. and Miller, Gale, 253–78. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Moffat, Tina. 2010. The “childhood obesity epidemic”: Health crisis or social construction? Medical Anthropology Quarterly 24(1):121.Google Scholar
Morens, David M., Folkers, Gregory K., and Fauci, Anthony S.. 2009. What is a pandemic? Journal of Infectious Diseases 200(7):1018–21. doi:10.1086/644537.Google Scholar
Mykhalovskiy, Eric, and Weir, Lorna. 2006. The global public health intelligence network and early warning outbreak detection: A Canadian contribution to global public health. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 97(1):4244.Google Scholar
National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health (NAC). 2003. Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.Google Scholar
Nossiter, Adam. 2014. Sierra Leone to impose 3-day Ebola quarantine. New York Times. September 6. www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/world/africa/sierra-leone-to-impose-widespread-ebola-quarantine.html.Google Scholar
O'Malley, Pat. 1996. Risk and responsibility. In Foucault and Political Reason, edited by Barry, Andrew, Osborne, Thomas, and Rose, Nikolas, 189209. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, Gerald. M. 1988. In the eye of the storm: The epidemiological construction of AIDS. In AIDS: The Burdens of History, edited by Fee, Elizabeth and Fox, Daniel M., 267300. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Patton, Cindy. 1986. Sex & Germs: The Politics of AIDS. Montréal: Black Rose Books.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Judy, and Hanks, Patrick, ed. 1998. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Persson, Asha, and Newman, Christy. 2006. Potency and vulnerability: Troubled “selves” in the context of antiretroviral therapy. Social Science & Medicine 63(6):1586–96.Google Scholar
Raphael, Dennis, ed. 2004. Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas, and Miller, Peter. 1992. Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government. The British Journal of Sociology 43(2):173205. doi:10.2307/591464.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas, O'Malley, Pat, and Valverde, Mariana. 2006. Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2:83104.Google Scholar
Sanford, Sarah, Polzer, Jessica, and McDonough, Peggy. 2015. Preparedness as a technology of (in)security: Pandemic influenza planning and the global biopolitics of emerging infectious disease. Social Theory & Health 14:1843. doi:10.1057/sth.2015.8.Google Scholar
Santiago, Anna Maria. 2015. Fifty years later: From a war on poverty to a war on the poor. Social Problems 62(1):214.Google Scholar
Shildrick, Margrit. 2000. Becoming vulnerable: Contagious encounters and the ethics of risk. Journal of Medical Humanities 21(4):215–27. doi:10.1023/A:1009025125203.Google Scholar
Spector, Malcolm, and Kitsuse, John. 1987. Constructing Social Problems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Star, Susan Leigh. 1988. Introduction: The sociology of science and technology. Social Problems 35(3):197205.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2016a. Upholding women's human rights essential to Zika response – UN Rights Chief. www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17014.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2016b. Upholding women's human rights essential to Zika response. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (UNOHCR). Geneva: UNOHCR. www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17014.Google Scholar
Valverde, Mariana. 1998. Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wald, Priscilla. 2008. Contagious: Cultures, Carriers, and the Outbreak Narrative. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Waldby, Catherine. 1996. AIDS and the Body Politic: Biomedicine and Sexual Difference. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weir, Lorna, and Mykhalovskiy, Eric. 2010. Global Public Health Vigilance: Creating a World on Alert. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Woolgar, Steve, and Pawluch, Dorothy. 1985. Ontological gerrymandering: The anatomy of social problems explanations. Social Problems 32(3):214–27. doi:10.2307/800680.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Status of the outbreak and lessons for the immediate future. Last modified April 25, 2005. www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. Ebola virus disease: Fact sheet No 103. January 5, 2016. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/.Google Scholar
Zola, Irving Kenneth. 1972. Medicine as an institution of social control. The Sociological Review 20(4):487504. doi:10.1111/j.1467–954X.1972.tb00220.x.Google Scholar

References

Adams, Vincanne. 2012. The other road to serfdom: Recovery by the market and the affect economy. Public Culture 24:185216.Google Scholar
Adams, Vincanne. 2013. Markets of Sorrow, Labors of Faith: New Orleans in the Wake of Katrina. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Aguirre, Benigno, and Quarantelli, Enrico L.. 2008. Phenomenology of death counts in disasters: The invisible dead in the 9/11 WTC attack. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 26:1939.Google Scholar
Ahern, Jennifer, Galea, Sandro, Resnick, Heidi, and Vlahov, David. 2004. Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192:217–26.Google Scholar
American Society of Civil Engineers. 2007. The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System: What Went Wrong and Why. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.Google Scholar
Auyero, Javier, and Swistun, Debora. 2008. The social production of toxic uncertainty. American Sociological Review 73:357–79.Google Scholar
Beamish, Thomas D. 2002. Waiting for crisis: Regulatory inaction and ineptitude and the Guadalupe dunes oil spill. Social Problems 49:150–77.Google Scholar
Birkland, Thomas A. 1997. After Disaster: Agenda Setting, Public Policy, and Focusing Events. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Birkland, Thomas A. 2006. Lessons of Disaster: Policy Change After Catastrophic Events. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Bourque, Linda B., Siegel, Judith M., Kano, Megumi, and Wood, Michele M.. 2007. Morbidity and mortality associated with disasters. In Handbook of Disaster Research, edited by Rodriguez, Havidan, Quarantelli, Enrico L., and Dynes, Russell R., 97112. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Burby, Raymond J. 2006. Hurricane Katrina and the paradoxes of government disaster policy: Bringing about wise governmental decisions for hazardous areas. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604:171–91.Google Scholar
Cable, Sherry, Shriver, Thomas E., and Mix, Tamara L.. 2008. Risk society and contested illness: The case of nuclear weapons workers. American Sociological Review 73:380401.Google Scholar
Cartlidge, Edwin. 2014. Updated: Appeals court overturns manslaughter convictions of six earthquake scientists. Science. November 10. www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/11/updated-appeals-court-overturns-manslaughter-convictions-six-earthquake-scientists.Google Scholar
Cerulo, Karen. 2008. Never Saw It Coming: Cultural Challenges to Envisioning the Worst. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Lee. 1988. Politics and bias in risk assessment. The Social Science Journal 25:155–65.Google Scholar
Clarke, Lee. 1993. The disqualification heuristic: When do organizations misperceive risk? In Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, vol. 5, edited by Freudenburg, William R. and Youn, Ted I. K., 289310. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Lee. 1999. Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Lee. 2002. Panic: Myth or reality. Contexts, Fall, 2126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Lee. 2006. Worst Cases: Terror and Catastrophe in the Popular Imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter. 2007. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, Peter, and Schneider, Joseph W.. 1992. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Couch, Stephen R., and Kroll-Smith, Steve. 1994. Environmental controversies, interactional resources, and rural communities: Siting versus exposure disputes. Rural Sociology 59:2544.Google Scholar
Dauber, Michele Landis. 2013. The Sympathetic State: Disaster Relief and the Origins of the American Welfare State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. 1998. Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1972. Up and down with ecology – The “issue-attention cycle.” Public Interest 28:3850.Google Scholar
Drabek, Thomas E. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drabek, Thomas E. 1989. Disasters as nonroutine social problems. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7:253–64.Google Scholar
Drabek, Thomas E. 2007. Social problems perspectives, disaster research, and emergency management: Intellectual contexts, theoretical extensions, and policy implications. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York.Google Scholar
Drabek, Thomas E., and McEntire, David A.. 2003. Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: Lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature. Disaster Prevention and Management 12:97112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap, Riley E., and McCright, Aaron M.. 2015. Challenging climate change: The denial countermovement. In Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives, edited by Dunlap, Riley E. and Brulle, Robert J., 300322. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dynes, Russell. 2000. The dialogue between Voltaire and Rousseau on the Lisbon earthquake: The emergence of a social science view. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 32:97115.Google Scholar
Dynes, Russell, and Quarantelli, Enrico L.. 1968. What looting in civil disturbances really means. Trans-Action 5:914.Google Scholar
Eden, Lynn. 2006. Whole World on Fire: Organizations, Knowledge, and Nuclear Weapons Devastation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fortun, Kim, and Frickel, Scott. 2013. Making a case for disaster science and technology studies. An STS Forum on the East Japan Disaster: Interdisciplinary Conversations about the 2011 Disaster including the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Accident. https://fukushimaforum.wordpress.com/online-forum-2/online-forum/making-a-case-for-disaster-science-and-technology-studies/.Google Scholar
Fradkin, Philip L. 2006. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Freudenburg, William F. 1993. Risk and recreancy: Weber, the division of labor, and the rationality of risk perceptions. Social Forces 71:900932.Google Scholar
Freudenburg, William F. 1996. Risky thinking: Irrational fears about risk and society. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 545:4453.Google Scholar
Fritz, Charles E. 1961. Disasters. In Contemporary Social Problems, edited by Merton, Robert K. and Nisbet, Robert A., 651–94. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Gotham, Kevin F. 2012. Disaster, Inc.: Privatization and post-Katrina rebuilding in New Orleans. Perspectives on Politics 10:1314–26.Google Scholar
Gunter, Valerie J., Aronoff, Marilyn, and Joel, Susan. 1999. Contamination and communities: Using an ecological-symbolic perspective to theorize response contingencies. The Sociological Quarterly 40:623–40.Google Scholar
Hilgartner, Stephen, and Bosk, Charles L.. 1988. The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model. American Journal of Sociology 94:5378.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Irvine, Leslie. 2009. Filling the Ark: Animal Welfare in Disasters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John. 2011. Agendas, Alternatives, and Pubic Policies, Update Edition, with an Epilogue on Health Care. New York: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Klinenberg, Eric. 2002. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, Scott Gabriel. 2011. The Disaster Experts: Mastering Risk in Modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Kreps, Gary A., and Drabek, Thomas E.. 1996. Disasters are nonroutine social problems. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14:129–53.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, Kiyoshi. 2012. The Official Report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Committee. Tokyo: National Diet of Japan.Google Scholar
Leonard, Andrew. 2008. China's earthquake and the mandate of heaven. Salon May 13. www.salon.com/2008/05/13/earthquake_in_china/.Google Scholar
Lindell, Michael K., and Perry, Ronald W.. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multi-Ethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Martin, Aryn, and Lynch, Michael. 2009. Counting things and people: The practices and politics of counting. Social Problems 56:243–66.Google Scholar
McCright, Aaron M., and Dunlap, Riley E.. 2000. Challenging global warming as a social problem: An analysis of the conservative movement's counter-claims. Social Problems 47:499522.Google Scholar
Mix, Tamara L., Cable, Sherry, and Shriver, Thomas E.. 2009. Social control and contested environmental illness: The repression of ill nuclear weapons workers. Human Ecology Review 16:172–83.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2006. Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Norgaard, Kari Marie. 2011. Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pappas, Stephanie. 2012. Dogs suffer PTSD-like stress after Japan disaster. NBCnews.com. October 11. www.nbcnews.com/id/49377791/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/dogs-suffer-ptsd-like-stress-after-japan-disaster/#.V8cuITW4IsI.Google Scholar
Perry, Ronald W., Lindell, Michael K., and Greene, Marjorie R.. 1981. Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management. Lexington, MA: DC Heath.Google Scholar
Picou, J. Steven, Marshall, Brent K., and Gill, Duane A.. 2004. Disaster, litigation, and the corrosive community. Social Forces 84:1493–522.Google Scholar
Proctor, Robert N., and Schiebinger, Londa, eds. 2008. Agnatology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Quarantelli, Enrico L. 1987. Disaster studies: An analysis of the social historical factors affecting the development of research in the area. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5:285310.Google Scholar
Quigley, J. T. 2014. PTSD plagues Tohoku three years after March 11 Disaster. The Diplomat. March 11. http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/ptsd-plagues-tohoku-three-years-after-march-11-disaster/.Google Scholar
Ritchie, Liesel A., and Gill, Duane A.. 2013. Recreancy revisited: Beliefs about institutional failure following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Society and Natural Resources 26:655–71.Google Scholar
Rodin, Judith. 2014. The Resilience Dividend: Being Strong in a World Where Things Go Wrong. New York: Rockefeller Foundation.Google Scholar
Rossi, Peter H., Wright, James D., and Weber-Burdin, Eleanor. 1982. Natural Hazards and Public Choice: The State and Local Politics of Hazard Mitigation. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Wilbur J. 1990. PTSD in DSM-III: A case in the politics of diagnosis and disease. Social Problems 37:294310.Google Scholar
Shoaf, Kimberly I., Nguyen, Loc H., Sareen, Harvinder R., and Bourque, Linda B.. 1998. Injuries as a result of California earthquakes in the past decade. Disasters 22:218–35.Google Scholar
Stallings, Robert A. 1995. Promoting Risk: Constructing the Earthquake Threat. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Summerfield, Derek. 2001. The invention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. BMJ 322:9598.Google Scholar
Tierney, Kathleen. 2007. From the margins to the mainstream? Disaster research at the crossroads. Annual Review of Sociology 33:503–25.Google Scholar
Tierney, Kathleen. 2010. L'analyse des risques et leurs dimensions sociales [Risk analysis and the social dimensions of risk]. Telescope 16:93114.Google Scholar
Tierney, Kathleen. 2014. The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters, Promoting Resilience. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tierney, Kathleen. 2015. Resilience and the neoliberal project: discourses, critiques, practices – and Katrina. American Behavioral Scientist 59:1327–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tierney, Kathleen, Lindell, Michael K., and Perry, Ronald W.. 2001. Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.Google Scholar
Wright, James D., and Rossi, Peter H., eds. 1981. Social Science and Natural Hazards. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.Google Scholar

References

Agre, P. E. 1994. Surveillance and capture: Two models of privacy. The Information Society 10(2):101–27.Google Scholar
Andrejevic, M. 2002. The work of being watched: Interactive media and the exploitation of self-disclosure. Critical Studies in Media Communication 19(2):230–48.Google Scholar
Arya, S., Pratap, N., and Bhatia, K.. 2015. Future of face recognition: A review. Procedia Computer Science 58:578–85.Google Scholar
Atkins, E. 2014. Spying on Americans: At what point does the NSA's collection and searching of metadata violate the Fourth Amendment. Washington Journal of Law, Technology and Arts 10:51.Google Scholar
Basuchoudhary, A., and Razzolini, L.. 2006. Hiding in plain sight – using signals to detect terrorists. Public Choice 128(1–2):245–55.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. J. 2001. Cookies, web bugs, webcams and cue cats: patterns of surveillance on the world wide web. Ethics and Information Technology 3(3):195208.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. E., and Carlson, M.. 2002. Panopticon.com: Online surveillance and the commodification of privacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(4):586606.Google Scholar
Carlin, J. P. 2015. United States Assistant Attorney General for National Security John P. Carlin delivers remarks at the American University Business Law Review 2014 symposium. American University Business Law Review 4:1.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. V. 2005. Seven misconceptions of situational crime prevention. In Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, edited by Tilley, Nick, 3970. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cockfield, A. J. 2003. Who watches the watchers – A law and technology perspective on government and private sector surveillance. Queen's Law Journal 29:364.Google Scholar
Coleman, R. 2004. Images from a neoliberal city: The state, surveillance and social control. Critical Criminology 12(1):2142.Google Scholar
Costanza, S. E., and Kilburn, J. C. Jr. 2005. Symbolic security, moral panic and public sentiment: Toward a sociology of counterterrorism. Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries 1(2):106–24.Google Scholar
Costanza-Chock, S. 2004. The whole world is watching: Online surveillance of social movement organizations. In Revisiting Media Ownership, edited by Thomas, Pradip and Nain, Zaharom, 271–92. London: WACC & Southbound.Google Scholar
Curriden, M. 1992. Selective prosecution: Are black officials investigative targets? American Bar Association Journal 78:5457.Google Scholar
Danezis, G., and Wittneben, B.. 2006. The economics of mass surveillance-and the questionable value of anonymous communications. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, 116. Cambridge: WEIS.Google Scholar
Fabian, B., Bender, B., and Weimann, L.. 2015. E-mail tracking in online marketing–methods, detection, and usage. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik, 11001014. Osnabrück, Germany.Google Scholar
Feuer, L. S. 2011. Who is poking around your Facebook profile?: The need to reform the Stored Communications Act to reflect a lack of privacy on social networking websites. Hofstra Law Review 40:473.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. 2006. Terrorism and civil liberties in the United States: How to have both freedom and security. Democracy and Security 2(2):231–61.Google Scholar
Fuchs, C. 2011. Web 2.0, prosumption, and surveillance. Surveillance & Society 8(3):288309.Google Scholar
Fuchs, C. 2013. Political economy and surveillance theory. Critical Sociology 39(5):671–87.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1987. State, Society and Modern History: The Nation-State and Violence. Vol. 2 of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gillis, A. R. 1989. Crime and state surveillance in nineteenth-century France. American Journal of Sociology 95(2):307–41.Google Scholar
Greenberg, I. 2015. From surveillance to torture: The evolution of US interrogation practices during the War on Terror. Security Journal 28(2):165–83.Google Scholar
Haggerty, K. D., and Ericson, R. V.. 2000. The surveillant assemblage. The British Journal of Sociology 51(4):605–22.Google Scholar
Helms, R., Costanza, S. E., and Johnson, N.. 2012. Crouching tiger or phantom dragon?: Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror. Security Journal 25(1):5775.Google Scholar
Hier, Sean 2003. Probing the surveillant assemblage: On the dialectics of surveillance practices as processes of social control. Surveillance & Society 1(3):399411Google Scholar
Hier, S., and Greenberg, J.. 2007. The Surveillance Studies Reader. Berkshire, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.Google Scholar
Hosein, G., and Palow, C. W.. 2013. Modern safeguards for modern surveillance: An analysis of innovations in communications surveillance techniques. Ohio State Law Journal 74:1071.Google Scholar
Kelly, E. P., and Erickson, G. S.. 2005. RFID tags: commercial applications v. privacy rights. Industrial Management & Data Systems 105(6):703–13.Google Scholar
Kilburn, J. C., Costanza, S. E., Metchik, E., and Borgeson, K.. 2011. Policing terror threats and false positives: Employing a signal detection model to examine changes in national and local policing strategy between 2001 and 2007. Security Journal 24(1):1936.Google Scholar
Koskela, H. 2000. “The gaze without eyes”: Video-surveillance and the changing nature of urban space. Progress in Human Geography 24(2):243–65.Google Scholar
Lee, N. 2014. Facebook Nation: Total Information Awareness. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lyon, D. 1991. Bentham's panopticon: From moral architecture to electronic surveillance. Queen's Quarterly 98(3):596.Google Scholar
Lyon, D. 1998. The world wide web of surveillance: The internet and off-world power-flows. Information, Communication & Society 1(1):91105.Google Scholar
Lyon, D. 2013. The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lyon, D., and Zureik, E., eds. 1996. Computers, Surveillance, and Privacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Martin-Márquez, S. 2008. Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard, S. 1994. Through a hole in the lavatory wall: Homosexual subcultures, police surveillance, and the dialectics of discovery, Toronto, 1890–1930. Journal of the History of Sexuality 5(2):207–42.Google Scholar
McCahill, M. 2013. The Surveillance Web. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nieto, M. 1997. Public Video Surveillance: Is it an Effective Crime Prevention Tool? Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.Google Scholar
Parenti, C. 2004. The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America from Slavery to the War on Terror. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Pepper, W. 2003. An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Perlroth, N., Larson, J., and Shane, S.. 2013. NSA able to foil basic safeguards of privacy on web. New York Times. September 5. www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/us/nsa-foils-much-internet-encryption.html.Google Scholar
Richards, N. M. 2012. The dangers of surveillance. Harvard Law Review. 126:19341965.Google Scholar
Richmond, J. A. 1998. Spies in Ancient Greece. Greece & Rome 45(1):118Google Scholar
Roberts, J. 2001. Corporate governance and the ethics of Narcissus. Business Ethics Quarterly 11(1):109–27.Google Scholar
Roisman, J. 2013. Dealing with the unexpected. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 26(4):838–42.Google Scholar
Rossiter, C. L. 1953. Seedtime of the Republic: The Origin of the American Tradition of Political Liberty. New York: Harcourt-Brace.Google Scholar
Rothfuss, I. F. 2013. An economic perspective on the privacy implications of domestic drone surveillance. Journal of Law, Economy and Policy 10:441.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W., and Weisburd, D.. 1995. General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime “hot spots”: A randomized, controlled trial. Justice Quarterly 12(4):625–48.Google Scholar
Sherry, Allison. 2013 Poll: Almost half of Americans say feds infringe on civil liberties. The Denver Post. July 10. www.denverpost.com/newsheadlines/ci_23634491/poll-almost-half-americans-say-feds-infringe-civil.Google Scholar
Silverstein, L. 2004. The double edged sword: An examination of the global positioning system, enhanced 911, and the Internet and their relationships to the lives of domestic violence victims and their abusers. Buffalo Women's Law Journal 13:97.Google Scholar
Soghoian, C. 2010. An end to privacy theater: Exposing and discouraging corporate disclosure of user data to the government. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology 12(1):191237.Google Scholar
Steinbeck, J. 2015. East of Eden. Los Angeles, CA: California Books.Google Scholar
Strossen, N. 2006. Freedom and fear post-9/11: Are we again fearing witches and burning women? Nova Law Review 31:279.Google Scholar
Sykes, C. 1999. The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-line, and in Court. Toronto: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. 2002. State surveillance and the right to privacy. Surveillance & Society 1(1):6685.Google Scholar
Tene, O. 2007. What Google knows: Privacy and internet search engines. Utah Law Review 4:1434–92.Google Scholar
Timberg, C., and Miller, G.. 2014. FBI blasts Apple, Google for locking police out of phones. Washington Post. September 25. www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2014/09/25/68c4e08e-4344-11e4-9a15-137aa0153527_story.html?utm_term=.1228a4596094.Google Scholar
Tzu, S. 2012. The Illustrated Art of War. San Francisco: Courier Corporation.Google Scholar
Welsh, B. C., and Farrington, D. P.. 2004. Surveillance for crime prevention in public space: Results and policy choices in Britain and America. Criminology & Public Policy 3(3):497526.Google Scholar
Wood, D. 2003. Foucault and panopticism revisited. Surveillance & Society 1(3):234–39.Google Scholar
Woods, M. J. 2015. Data retention requirements and outsourced analysis: Should private entities become government surrogates in the collection of intelligence. American University Business Law Review 4:49.Google Scholar

References

Batvinis, Raymond J. 2007. The Origins of FBI Counterintelligence. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Berman, Emily. 2014. Regulating domestic intelligence collection. Washington & Lee Law Review 71:391.Google Scholar
Burch, James. 2007. A domestic intelligence agency for the United States? A comparative analysis of domestic intelligence agencies and their implications for homeland security. Homeland Security Affairs 3(June):Article 2. www.hsaj.org/articles/147.Google Scholar
Chalk, Peter. 2009a. Canada. In Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the Experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, edited by Jackson, B. A., 4364. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Chalk, Peter. 2009b. Conclusions: Lessons for the United States. In Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the Experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, edited by Jackson, B. A., 161–71. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Clutterbuck, Lindsay. 2009. The United Kingdom. In Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the Experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, edited by Jackson, B. A., 115–42. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Davis, James Kirkpatrick. 1992. Spying on America: The FBI's Domestic Counterintelligence Program. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu. 2002. Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu. 2006. Federal Bureau of Investigation. In Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties, edited by Stephens, Otis H.., Scheb, John M., and Stooksbury, Kara E., 360–61. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu, and Dilks, Lisa. 2008. Terrorism, domestic spying. In Encyclopedia of Social Problems, edited by Parrillo, Vincent N., 931–33. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu, and McDonough, Shannon. 2015. The fear of counterterrorism: Surveillance and civil liberties since 9/11. Society 52(1):7079.Google Scholar
Deflem, Mathieu, and Chicoine, Stephen. 2013. War on terror. In Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, Second Edition, edited by Salinger, Lawrence M., 987–90. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Dunér, Bertil. 2005. Disregard for security: The human rights movement and 9/11. Terrorism and Political Violence 17(1–2):89104.Google Scholar
Hulnick, Arthur S. 2009. Home time: A new paradigm for domestic intelligence. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 22(4):569–85.Google Scholar
Jackson, Brian A., ed., 2009. Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Keller, William W. 1989. The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover: Rise and Fall of a Domestic Intelligence State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, Ronald A. 2010. Spying in America in the Post 9/11 World: Domestic Threat and the Need for Change. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Masse, Todd. 2003. Domestic Intelligence in the United Kingdom: Applicability of the MI-5 Model to the United States. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Morgan, Richard E. 1980. Domestic Intelligence: Monitoring Dissent in America. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. 2005. Remaking Domestic Intelligence. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Agnes Gereben. 2009. The history of domestic intelligence in the United States: Lessons for assessing the creation of a new counterterrorism intelligence agency. In The Challenge of Domestic Intelligence in a Free Society: A Multidisciplinary Look at the Creation of a U.S. Domestic Counterterrorism Intelligence Agency, edited by Jackson, B. A., 1348. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Sinha, G. Alex. 2013. NSA surveillance since 9/11 and the human right to privacy. Loyola Law Review 59:861946.Google Scholar
Svendsen, Adam D.M. 2012. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and change: addressing US domestic counter-terrorism intelligence. Intelligence and National Security 27(3):371–97.Google Scholar
Theoharis, Athan G. 2004. The FBI and American Democracy: A Brief Critical History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Treverton, Gregory F. 2008. Reorganizing U.S. Domestic Intelligence: Assessing the Options. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Warnes, Richard. 2009a. France. In Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the Experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, edited by Jackson, B. A., 6592. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Warnes, Richard. 2009b. Germany. In Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States: Lessons from the Experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, edited by Jackson, B. A., 93114. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Wong, Katherine. 2006. The NSA terrorist surveillance program. Harvard Journal on Legislation 43:517–34.Google Scholar

References

Alleyne, Brian. 2011. Challenging code: A sociological reading of the KDE Free Software Project. Sociology 45(3):496511.Google Scholar
Assange, Julian, and Dreyfus, Suelette. 2011. Underground. Paris: Editions des Equateurs.Google Scholar
Barassi, Veronica. 2015. Activism on the Web: Everyday Struggles against Digital Capitalism. Routledge New Developments in Communication and Society Research. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Jamie. 2015. The Dark Net. London: Windmill Books.Google Scholar
Becker, Howard Saul. 1997. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New ed. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Marshall. 1988. All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Berry, David M. 2004. The contestation of code: A preliminary investigation into the discourse of the free/libre and open source movements. Critical Discourse Studies 1(1):6589.Google Scholar
Cavallaro, Dani. 2000. Cyberpunk and Cyberculture: Science Fiction and the Work of William Gibson. London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Coleman, Gabriella. 2015. Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous. Reprint ed. London: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Connor, Stuart. 2013. What's Your Problem? Making Sense of Social Problems and the Policy Process. Northwich, UK: Critical Publishing.Google Scholar
Curra, John. 2000. The Relativity of Deviance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
DeVoss, Dànielle Nicole, and Porter, James E.. 2006. Why Napster matters to writing: Filesharing as a new ethic of digital delivery. Computers and Composition 23(2):178210.Google Scholar
Dyer-Witheford, Nick, and de Peuter, Greig. 2009. Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Embar-Seddon, Ayn. 2002. Cyberterrorism. American Behavioral Scientist 45(6):1033–43.Google Scholar
Frediani, Carola, and Ziccardi, Giovanni. 2013. Inside Anonymous: A Journey into the World of Cyberactivism. Rome: Informant.Google Scholar
Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, William. 1984. Neuromancer. New York: Ace.Google Scholar
Harris, Shon, Harper, Allen, Eagle, Chris, and Ness, Jonathan. 2008. Gray Hat Hacking, Second Edition: The Ethical Hacker's Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Osborne.Google Scholar
Haywood, Douglas. 2013. The ethic of the code: An ethnography of a “humanitarian hacking” community. The Journal of Peer Production 3(July). http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-3-free-software-epistemics/peer-reviewed-papers/the-ethic-of-the-code-an-ethnography-of-a-humanitarian-hacking-community/.Google Scholar
Holstein, James A., and Miller, Gale, eds. 2003. Challenges and Choices: Constructionist Perspectives on Social Problems. Hawthorne, NY: AldineTransaction.Google Scholar
Hong, Renyi, and Chen, Vivian Hsueh-Hua. 2013. Becoming an ideal co-Creator: Web materiality and intensive laboring practices in game modding. New Media & Society 16(2):290305.Google Scholar
Jamrozik, Adam. 2008. The Sociology of Social Problems: Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jordan, Tim. 2015. Information Politics: Liberation and Exploitation in the Digital Society. Digital Barricades: Interventions in Digital Culture and Politics. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Jordan, Tim, and Taylor, Paul. 1998. A sociology of hackers. Sociological Review 46(4):757–80.Google Scholar
Jordan, Tim, and Taylor, Paul. 2004. Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a Cause? London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kenney, Michael. 2015. Cyber-terrorism in a post-Stuxnet world. Orbis 59(1):111–28.Google Scholar
Lessig, Lawrence. 2001. The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Levy, Steven. 2010. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution – 25th Anniversary Edition. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Larissa. 2013. Requiem for a Dream. The New Yorker. March 11. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/11/requiem-for-a-dream.Google Scholar
Macionis, John J. 2007. Social Problems. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Google Scholar
Martin, Nigel, and Rice, John. 2011. Cybercrime: Understanding and addressing the concerns of stakeholders. Computers & Security 30(8):803–14.Google Scholar
Mitnick, Kevin. 2011. Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Raymond, Eric S. 2003. The Art of Unix Programming. Harlow, UK: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Rheingold, Howard. 2000. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Julian. 2014. Cyber-War: The Anatomy of the Global Security Threat. London: Palgrave Pivot.Google Scholar
Söderberg, Johan. 2008. Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement. Routledge Research in Information Technology and Society. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Söderberg, Johan. 2010. Misuser inventions and the invention of the misuser: Hackers, crackers and filesharers. Science as Culture 19(2):151–79.Google Scholar
Spector, Malcolm, and Kitsuse, John I.. 2000. Constructing Social Problems. New ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Stephenson, Neal. 2002. Snow Crash. New ed. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul A. 1998. Hackers: Cyberpunks or microserfs? Information, Communication & Society 1(4): 401–19.Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul A. 1999. Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Turgeman-Goldschmidt, Orly. 2005. Hacker's accounts: Hacking as a social entertainment. Social Science Computer Review 23(1):823.Google Scholar
Turkle, Sherry. 1995. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. London: Phoenix.Google Scholar
Turkle, Sherry, and Papert, Seymour. 1990. Epistemological pluralism: Styles and voices within the computer culture. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16(1):128.Google Scholar
Vegh, Sandor. 2005. The media's portrayal of hacking, hackers, and hacktivism before and after September 11. First Monday 10(2). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_2/vegh/index.html.Google Scholar
Verton, Dan. 2002. The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers. Berkeley, CA: McGraw-Hill Professional.Google Scholar
Wall, David. 2007. Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Yar, Majid. 2006. Cybercrime and Society. London: Sage.Google Scholar

References

Aran, Gideon. 1974. Parachuting. The American Journal of Sociology. 80(1):124–52.Google Scholar
Austin, Jay, and Bruch, Carl, eds. 2007. The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boggs, Carl. 2011. Empire versus Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate and Military Power. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boulding, Elise. 2000. Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History. Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Chickering, Roger, and Forster, Stig, eds. 2000. Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chickering, Roger, Forster, Stig, and Greiner, Bernd, eds. 2005. A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cockerham, William. 1973. Selective socialization: Airborne training as status passage. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 1:215–29.Google Scholar
Grimsley, Mark, and Rogers, Clifford J., eds. 2002. Civilians in the Path of War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Grossman, Dave. 1995. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. New York: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Haimson, Leopold, and Tilly, Charles, eds. 1989. Strikes, Wars, and Revolutions in an International Perspective: Strike Waves in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Homans, George C. 1946. The small warship. American Sociological Review 11:294300.Google Scholar
Howard, Michael. 1978. War and the Liberal Conscience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Michael. 2000. The Invention of Peace: Reflections on War and International Order. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lary, Diana, and MacKinnon, Stephen. 2001. Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Lasswell, Harold. 1941. The garrison state. The American Journal of Sociology 46:455–68.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1986–2013. The Sources of Social Power. 4 vols. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markides, K. C., and Cohn, S. F.. 1982. External conflict/internal cohesion: A reevaluation of an old theory. American Sociological Review 47:8898.Google Scholar
Marullo, Sam, and Hlavacek, Jen. 1992. Sociologists on war as a social problem. Peace Review 4 (3):1923.Google Scholar
Marullo, Sam and Hannon, Jim. 1992. War and Militarism as a Social Problem. In Teaching the Sociology of Peace and War: A Curriculum Guide. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.Google Scholar
Mills, C. W. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, C. W. 1958. The Causes of World War Three. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Mosse, George. 1990. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Park, R. E. 1941. The social function of war: Observations and notes. American Journal of Sociology 46:551–70.Google Scholar
Regan, Patrick. 1994. Organizing Societies for War: The Process and Consequences of Social Militarism. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Schneider, Joseph. 1959. Is war a social problem? The Journal of Conflict Resolution 3(4):353–60.Google Scholar
Shephard, Ben. 2001. A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sherry, Michael. 1997. In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sivard, Ruth. 1996. World Military and Social Expenditures. 16th ed. Washington, DC: World Priorities.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vagts, Alfred. 1937. A History of Militarism: Romance and Realities of a Profession. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Worrell, M. P. 2011. Why Nations Go to War: A Sociology of Military Conflict. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

References

Aaronson, Trevor. 2013. The Terror Factory: Inside the FBI's Manufactured War on Terrorism. New York: Ig.Google Scholar
Altheide, David. 2006. Terrorism and the Politics of Fear. Lanham, MD: AltaMira.Google Scholar
Baehr, Peter. 2002. Identifying the unprecedented: Hannah Arendt, total totalitarianism and the critique of sociology. American Sociological Review 67:804–31.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt, 2010. Liquid Times. London: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. 1985. Deviance and Moral Boundaries: Witchcraft, the Occult, Deviance Sciences and Scientists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. 2006. Contextualizing deviance within social change and stability, morality, and power. Sociological Spectrum 26:559–80.Google Scholar
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. 2010. Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergesen, Albert, and Han, Yi. 2005. New directions for terrorism research. In Terrorism: A New Testament, edited by Oliverio, Annamarie and Lauderdale, Pat, 163–86. Whitby, ON: de Sitter.Google Scholar
Burke, Edmund. 1790. Reflections on the revolution in France. London: J. Dodsley.Google Scholar
Cheney, Dick, and Cheney, Liz. 2015. Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America. New York: Threshold Editions.Google Scholar
Chew, Sing, and Lauderdale, Pat. 2010. Theory and Methodology of World Development: The Writings of Andre Gunder Frank. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cummins, Eric. 1994. The Rise and Fall of California's Radical Prison Movement. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
della Porta, Donatella. 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
della Porta, Donatella. 2013. Clandestine Political Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deloria, Vine, Jr. 1992. God Is Red: A Native View of Religion. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing.Google Scholar
Erikson, Kai T. 2004. Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance, Classic Edition. New York: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Ferrell, Jeff. 2002. Tearing Down the Streets: Adventures in Urban Anarchy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger V. 2002. The origins of status hierarchies: A formal theory and empirical a test. American Journal of Sociology 107:1143–78.Google Scholar
Hamm, Mark. 2007. Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hamm, Mark. 2013. The Spectacular Few: Prisoner Radicalization and the Evolving Terrorist Threat. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, Stuart, and Milovanovic, Dragan. 1996. Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Inverarity, James, Lauderdale, Pat, and Feld, Barry. 1983. Law and Society. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Jackson, Richard, Smyth, Marie, and Gunning, Jeroen. 2011. Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jalata, Asafa. 2005. State terrorism and globalization. In Terrorism: A New Testament, edited by Oliverio, Annamarie and Lauderdale, Pat, 96125. Whitby, ON: de Sitter.Google Scholar
Kelley, Robin. 1996. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
LaFree, Gary, Dugan, Laura, and Miller, Erin. 2015. Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, Pat. 2008. Indigenous peoples in the face of globalization. American Behavioral Scientist 51:1836–43.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, Pat. 2010. Political deviance. In The Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behavior, edited by Bryant, Clifton, 119–33. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, Pat. ed. 2011. A Political Analysis of Deviance, third edition. Whitby, ON: de Sitter.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, Pat, and Amster, Randall. 2008. Power and Deviance. In Violence, Peace and Conflict. 2nd ed., edited by Kurtz, Lester, 91109. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, Pat, McLaughlin, Steve, and Oliverio, Annamarie. 1990. Levels of analysis, theoretical orientations and degrees of abstraction. The American Sociologist 21:2940.Google Scholar
Law, Randall David. 2015. The Routledge History of Terrorism. London: Abingdon.Google Scholar
Lee, Charles. 2009. Suicide bombing as acts of deathly citizenship? A critical double-layered inquiry. Critical Studies on Terrorism 2:147–63.Google Scholar
Lutz, James, and Lutz, Brenda. 2011. Terrorism: The Basics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, and Su, Yang. 2002. The political impact of the war at home: Antiwar protests and congressional voting, 1965–1973. American Sociological Review 67:696721.Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright. 2000. The Sociological Imagination. 40th Anniversary Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oliverio, Annamarie. 1998. The State of Terror. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Oliverio, Annamarie. 2007. On being “frank” about terrorism. Journal of Developing Societies 24(1):1329.Google Scholar
Oliverio, Annamarie, and Lauderdale, Pat. 2005. Terrorism: A New Testament. Whitby, ON: de Sitter.Google Scholar
Oliverio, Annamarie, and Lauderdale, Pat. 2015. The world system according to Andre Gunder Frank: Hegemony and domination. Journal of World-Systems Research 21(1):119–29.Google Scholar
Nassar, Jamal R. 2010. Globalization and Terrorism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A. 2003. The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American Political Science Review 97(3):343–61.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A., and Feldman, James K.. 2010. Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Terrorism and How to Stop It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pfohl, Stephen. 2009. Images of Deviance and Social Control: A Sociological History. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Primoratz, Igor. 2013. Terrorism: A Philosophical Investigation. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Pedro, and Lauderdale, Pat. 2014. Hegemony and Collective Memories: Japanese American Relocation and Imprisonment on American Indian “Land.” In Color behind Bars: Racism in the U.S. Prison System, edited by Bowman, Scott, 119133. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Saul, Ben. 2012. Terrorism. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1992. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Jessica, and Berger, J.M.. 2015. Isis: The State of Terror. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2005. Terror as Strategy and Relational Process. In Terrorism: A New Testament, edited by Oliverio, Annamarie and Lauderdale, Pat, 1238. Whitby, ON: de Sitter.Google Scholar
Toggia, Pietro, Lauderdale, Pat, and Zegeye, Abebe. 2000. Crisis and Terror in the Horn of Africa: Autopsy of Democracy, Human Rights and Freedom. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Treviño, Javier A. 2014. Investigating Social Problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Vertigans, Stephen. 2011. The Sociology of Terrorism: People, Places and Processes. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
von Werlhof, Claudia. 2008. The globalization of neoliberalism, its consequences and some of its basic alternatives. Capitalism Nature Socialism 3:94117.Google Scholar
Weiss, Michael, and Hassan, Hassan. 2015. Isis: Inside the Army of Terror. Los Angeles, CA: Regan Arts.Google Scholar
Zelditch, Morris. 2001. Processes of legitimating: Recent developments and new directions. Social Psychology Quarterly 64(1):417.Google Scholar
Zulaika, Joseph. 2010. Terrorism: The Self-fulfilling Prophecy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

References

Alexander, Edward. 1980. Stealing the Holocaust. Midstream 26(9):4651.Google Scholar
Alexander, Edward. 1994. The Holocaust and the War of Ideas. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Ali, Mohamed M., Blacker, John, and Jones, Gareth. 2003. Annual mortality rates and excess deaths of children under five in Iraq, 1991–98. Population Studies 57(2):217–26.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. N., and Anderson, Barbara A.. 2013. Warning Signs of Genocide: An Anthropological Perspective. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2010. Le génocide culturel des francophones au Canada: Synthèse du déclin du français au Canada. Québec: Éditions du Québécois.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 2001. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New ed. San Diego, CA: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008. Accomplices in atrocity: The Indonesian killings of 1965. September 7. www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/hindsight/accomplices-in-atrocity-the-indonesian-killings-of/3182630.Google Scholar
Barber, Malcolm. 2000. The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages, The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Longman.Google Scholar
Barta, Tony. 1987. Relations of genocide: Land and lives in the colonization of Australia. In Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, edited by Wallimann, I. and Dobkowski, M. N., 237–52. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Bauer, Yehuda. 1978. The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 1991. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Beaver, Susan. 1991. Gays and lesbians of the First Nations. In Piece of My Heart: A Lesbian of Colour Anthology, edited by Silvera, M., 197–98. Toronto: Sister Vision Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Howard S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Behringer, Wolfgang. 2004. Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, Marlyn, Blackstock, Cindy, and De La Ronde, Richard. 2005. A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada. 2nd ed. Winnipeg, MB: The First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada.Google Scholar
Beristain, Carlos Martín. 1998. Guatemala: Nunca más. Forced Migration Review 3:2326.Google Scholar
Binns, Peter. 1975. The theory of state capitalism. International Socialism 74:2025.Google Scholar
Blackstock, Cindy, Trocme, Nico, and Bennet, Marlyn. 2004. Child maltreatment investigations among aboriginal and non-aboriginal families in Canada. Violence Against Women 10(8):901–16.Google Scholar
Bloxham, Donald. 2007. The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blum, William. 1998. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Montréal: Black Rose Books.Google Scholar
Bodley, John H. 2015. Victims of Progress. 6th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R. 2003. The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes. Journal of Genocide Research 5(1):71101.Google Scholar
Bridgman, Jon, and Worley, Leslie J.. 2009. Genocide of the Hereros. In Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, edited by Totten, S. and Parsons, W. S., 1753. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Browning, Christopher. 1992. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Burl, Aubrey. 2002. God's Heretics: The Albigensian Crusade. Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2004. Beyond “gendercide”: Operationalizing gender in comparative genocide studies. In Gendercide and Genocide, edited by Jones, A., 230–56. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Central Tibetan Administration. 2001. Tibet Under Communist China: 50 Years. http://tibet.net/2001/01/tibet-under-communist-china-50-years-2001/.Google Scholar
Chalk, Frank Robert. 2010. Mobilizing the Will to Intervene: Leadership to Prevent Mass Atrocities. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Chalk, Frank Robert, and Jonassohn, Kurt. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2008. Humanitarian imperialism: The new doctrine of imperial right. Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine 60(4):2250.Google Scholar
Churchill, Ward. 1998. A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present. San Francisco: City Lights.Google Scholar
Cigar, Norman. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of “Ethnic Cleansing.” College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia. 1997. Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Conquest, Robert. 1987. Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dadrian, Vahakn N. 1997. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. 3rd ed. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Dadrian, Vahakn N. 1999. The Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide: A Case Study of Distortion and Falsification. Toronto: Zoryan Institute.Google Scholar
Dallaire, Roméo A., and Beardsley, Brent. 2003. Shake Hands with the Devil. Toronto: Vintage Canada.Google Scholar
Daschuk, James. 2013. Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. Regina, SK: University of Regina Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, Basil. 1992. The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Davidson, Joanna. 2012. Humanitarian intervention as liberal imperialism: A force for good? POLIS 12:128–64.Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. 2001. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Davis, Robert, and Zannis, Mark. 1973. The Genocide Machine in Canada: The Pacification of the North. Montréal: Black Rose Books.Google Scholar
Davis, Wade, Harrison, K. David, and Howell, Catherine Herbert, eds. 2008. Book of Peoples of the World. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.Google Scholar
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. 1975. The War Against the Jews. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. 1981. The Holocaust and the Historians. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
de Las Casas, Bartolomé. 1992. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indiesq. Translated by Griffin, N.. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
de Zavala, Agnieska Golec, Cichocka, Aleksandra, Eidelson, Roy, and Jayawickreme, Nuwan. 2009. Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(6):1074–96.Google Scholar
Doubt, Keith. 2006. Understanding Evil: Lessons from Bosnia. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Drescher, Seymour. 2009. The Atlantic slave trade and the Holocaust: A comparative analysis. In Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, 3rd ed., edited by Rosenbaum, A. S., 103–24. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. 1982. The rules of sociological method. In Durkheim: The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method, edited by Lukes, S., 31166. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. 2002. Moral Education. Translated by Wilson, E. K. and Schnurer, H.. Mineola, NY: Dover.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Leslie, and Santikarma, Degung. 2003. “When the world turned to chaos”: 1965 and its aftermath in Bali, Indonesia. In The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, edited by Gellately, R. and Kiernan, B., 289305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, David. 2000. An interview with Denis Halliday – former assistant secretary-general of the United Nations. www.medialens.org/index.php/alerts/interviews/77-an-interview-with-denis-halliday.html.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 1996. The Germans. Translated by Dunning, E. and Mennell, S.. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fackenheim, Emil L. 1977. The Holocaust and the state of Israel: Their relation. In Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? Reflections on the Holocaust, edited by Fleischner, E., 205–16. New York: Ktav.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Philcox, R.. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Feierstein, Daniel. 2014. Genocide as Social Practice: Reorganizing Society under the Nazis and Argentina's Military Juntas. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1984. Scenarios of genocide: Models of genocide and critical responses. In Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide, edited by Charny, I. W., 331. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1993. Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, Norman. 2000. The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2000. Confronting governments: Human rights. In Power: Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, Volume 3, edited by Faubion, J. D., 474–75. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–1976. Edited by Davidson, A. I.. Translated by Macey, D.. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 2002. Civilization and Its Discontents. Translated by McLintock, D.. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Frey, Robert S., ed. 2004. The Genocidal Temptation: Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda, and Beyond. Dallas, TX: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Funkeson, Ulrika, Schröder, Emelie, Nazabonimpa, Jacques, and Holmqvist, Rolf. 2011. Witnesses to genocide: Experiences of witnessing in the Rwandan gacaca courts. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 17(4):367–88.Google Scholar
Galeano, Eduardo. 1997. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. 25th Anniversary ed. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research 6(3):167–91.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 2012. Sociocide, Palestine and Israel. TRANSCEND Media Service. October 8. www.transcend.org/tms/2012/10/sociocide-palestine-and-israel/.Google Scholar
Gibbon, Piers, and Houston, Jane. 2010. Tribe: Endangered Peoples Around the World. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books.Google Scholar
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. 1997. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Grandin, Greg. 2009. Politics by other means: Guatemala's quiet genocide. In Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983, edited by Higonnet, E., 116. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Green, Joyce, ed. 2007. Making Space for Indigenous Feminism. Black Point, NS: Fernwood.Google Scholar
Grossman, Dave. 2009. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Black Bay Books.Google Scholar
Guenther, L. 2012. The most dangerous place: Pro-life politics and the rhetoric of slavery. Postmodern Culture 22(2).Google Scholar
Harff, Barbara, and Gurr, Ted R.. 1988. Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides: Identification and measurement of cases since 1945. International Studies Quarterly 37(3):359–71.Google Scholar
Harper, Stephen. 2008. Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools. www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015644/1100100015649.Google Scholar
Hatzfeld, Jean. 2005. Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak. Translated by Coverdale, L.. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Hebert, Valerie. 2010. Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Hinton, Alexander Laban. 2005. Why Did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hinton, Alexander Laban, and O'Neill, Kevin Lewis, eds. 2009. Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hitchens, Christopher. 1992. Minority Report. The Nation. October 19.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1987. The Age of Empire: 1875–1914. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Adam. 1999. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Mariner Books.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Irving Louis. 2002. Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. 5th ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Hryn, Halyna, ed. 2008. Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine and Its Soviet Context. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, Lynn. 2007. Inventing Human Rights: A History. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 2015. The ICTR in Brief. October 27. www.unictr.org/en/tribunal.Google Scholar
Jahan, Rounaq. 2012. Genocide in Bangladesh. In Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, edited by Totten, S. and Parsons, W. S., 249–78. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
James, Joy A. 2009. The dead zone: Stumbling at the crossroads of party politics, genocide and postracial racism. South Atlantic Quarterly 108(3):459–81.Google Scholar
Jaulin, Robert. 1970. La paix blanche: introduction à l'ethnocide. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Jeffremovas, Villia. 2002. Brickyards to Graveyards: From Production to Genocide in Rwanda. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Patrick. 1983. Native Children and the Child Welfare System. Toronto: Canadian Council on Social Development with James Lorimer & Company.Google Scholar
Jones, Adam. 2004a. Gendercide and genocide. In Gendercide and Genocide, edited by Jones, A., 138. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Adam. ed. 2004b. Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Jones, Adam. 2009. On the genocidal effect of certain subaltern uprisings: A research note. In Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice, edited by Robins, N. A. and Jones, A., 4757. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Adam. 2011. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kakel, Carroll P. 2013. The American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Katz, Steven T. 2001. The uniqueness of the Holocaust: The historical dimension. In Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, edited by Rosenbaum, A. S., 4968. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 2007. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kinealy, Christine. 2002. The Great Irish Famine: Impact, Ideology and Rebellion. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Krog, Antjie. 1998. Country of My Skull: Guilt, Sorrow, and the Limits of Forgiveness in the New South Africa. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Kuper, Leo. 1981. Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
LaFeber, Walter. 1993. Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Lauer, Caleb. 2015. For Turkey, denying an Armenian genocide is a question of identity. Aljazeera America. April 24. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/24/for-turks-acknowledging-an-armenian-genocide-undermines-national-identity.html.Google Scholar
Leech, Gary. 2012. Capitalism: A Structural Genocide. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1994. Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Cambridge, UK: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 2009. The 1994 Rwandan genocide. In Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, edited by Totten, S. and Parsons, W. S., 483504. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lemkin, Raphael. 1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Division of International Law.Google Scholar
Lemkin, Raphael. 1947. Genocide as a crime under international law. American Journal of International Law 41:145–51.Google Scholar
Lemkin, Raphael, and Frieze, Donna-Lee. 2013. Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin. New Haven, CT: Yale University press.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. 1988. Imperialism. In Marxism: Essential Writings, edited by McLellan, D., 153163. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levene, Mark. 2005a. Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, Volume I: The Meaning of Genocide. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Levene, Mark. 2005b. Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, Volume II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Levene, Mark. 2008. Empires, native peoples, and genocide. In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, edited by Moses, A. D., 183204. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, Sven. 1996. “Exterminate All the Brutes”: One Man's Odyssey Into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Lipstadt, Deborah E. 1993. Denying the Holocaust: the growing assault on truth and memory. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. 1989. The impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa: A review of the literature. The Journal of African History 30(3):365–94.Google Scholar
Lutz, John Sutton. 2008. Makúk: A New History of Aboriginal-White Relations. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Madley, Benjamin. 2004. Patterns of frontier genocide 1803–1910: the aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California, and the Herero of Namibia. Journal of Genocide Research 6(2):167–92.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marchak, Patricia. 2003. Reigns of Terror. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Marchak, Patricia. 2008. No Easy Fix: Global Responses to Internal Wars and Crimes against Humanity. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Marrus, Michael Robert. 1987. The Holocaust in History. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Frederick. 1976. The German ideology. In Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Theses on Feuerbach, The German Ideology and Related Manuscripts, vol. 5, 19539. Moscow: Progress.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Robbie, and Rolston, Bill. 2009. Civilising the Irish. Race & Class 51(2):228.Google Scholar
Melson, Robert. 1992. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Milgram, Stanley. 2009. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought.Google Scholar
Milloy, John S. 1999. A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Robert, Miller, Kahn-Tineta, and Lerchs, George. 1978. The Historical Development of the Indian Act. Treaties and Historical Research Centre, P. R. E. Group, Indian and Northern Affairs. 2nd ed. Ottowa, ON: The Centre.Google Scholar
Moses, A. Dirk. 2000. An antipodean genocide? The origins of the genocidal moment in the colonization of Australia. Journal of Genocide Research 2(1):89106.Google Scholar
Moses, A. Dirk. 2008. Empire, colony, genocide: Keywords and the philosophy of history. In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, edited by Moses, A. D., 354. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Moses, A. Dirk, and Stone, Dan, eds. 2008. Colonialism and Genocide. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Nkrumah, Kwame. 1965. Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons.Google Scholar
Paino, Troy D. 2009. Social History of the United States: The 1960s. Social History of the United States 7. Edited by Walkowitz, D. J. and Bender, D. E.. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Plurinational State of Bolivia. 2009. The Political Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Sucre: Plurinational State of Bolivia.Google Scholar
Portis, Larry. 2011. Against the crime of sociocide. CounterPunch 18(3):115.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher. 2007. What do genocides kill? A relational conception of genocide. Journal of Genocide Research 9(4):527–47.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher. 2011a. Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher. 2011b. Genocidal Moralities: A Critique. In New Directions in Genocide Research, edited by Jones, A., 3754. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher. 2015. Transcendence or Struggle: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Narratives of Human Rights. In The Idea of a Human Rights Museum, edited by Muller, A., Busby, K., and Woolford, A., 128–44. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher, and Peristerakis, Julia. 2014. Genocide in Canada: A relational view. In Colonial Genocide and Indigenous North America, edited by Woolford, A., Benvenuto, J. and Hinton, A. L., 7094. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Power, Samantha. 2002. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gérard. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gérard. 2009. Africa's World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gérard. 2011. Darfur: A 21st Century Genocide. 3rd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rettig, Max. 2008. Gacaca: Truth, justice, and reconciliation in postconflict Rwanda? African Studies Review 51(3):2550.Google Scholar
Robins, Nicholas A., and Jones, Adam. 2009. Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Geoffrey. 2010. If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter. 1981. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.Google Scholar
Rohde, David. 2012. Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica, Europe's Worst Massacre Since World War II. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, Alan S., ed. 2001. Is The Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. 1996. Report of the Royal Commission on Abori-ginal Peoples. www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307458586498/1307458751962.Google Scholar
Rummel, R. J. 1994. Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Ryan, Lyndall. 1996. The Aboriginal Tasmanians. 2nd ed. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1968. On Genocide. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Sartre, Jean-Paul. 2006. Colonialism and Neocolonialism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schabas, William A. 2009. Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scharf, Michael P., and Schabas, William A.. 2002. Slobodan Milosevic on Trial: A Companion. New York: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Anja, and West-Pavlov, Russel, eds. 2007. Polyculturalism and Discourse. Amsterdam: Rodopi Bv Editions.Google Scholar
Semelin, Jacques. 2009. Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide. London: C. Hurst.Google Scholar
Shaw, Jon. 1998. Narcissism, identity formation and genocide. Adolescent Psychiatry: Developmental and Clinical Studies 22:211–26.Google Scholar
Shaw, Martin. 2007. What is Genocide? Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Smith, Andrea. 2005. Conquest: Sexual Violence and the American Indian Genocide. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, Herbert. 1971. A society is an organism. In Herbert Spencer: Structure, Function, and Evolution, edited by Andreski, S., 108–20. London: Michael Joseph.Google Scholar
Stannard, David E. 1992. American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanton, Gregory. 2013. The ten stages of genocide. www.genocidewatch.org/genocide/tenstagesofgenocide.html.Google Scholar
Staub, Ervin. 2004. Justice, healing, and reconciliation: How the people's courts in Rwanda can promote them. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 10(1):2532.Google Scholar
Storey, Andy. 2012. Structural violence and the struggle for power in Rwanda: What Arusha got wrong. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 12(3):732.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Suzack, Cheryl, Huhndorf, Shari M, Perreault, Jeanne, and Barman, Jean, eds. 2011. Indigenous Women and Feminism: Politics, Activism, Culture. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles, Appiah, K. Anthony, Habermas, Jürgen, Rockefeller, Steven C., Walzer, Michael, and Wolf, Susan. 1994. Multiculturalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, Russell. 1987. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Totten, Samuel. 2011. The state and future of genocide studies and prevention: An overview and analysis of some key issues. Genocide Studies and Prevention 6(3):211–30.Google Scholar
Totten, Samuel. ed. 2013. Impediments to the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide. Vol. 9, Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Trocme, Nico, Knocke, Della, and Blackstock, Cindy. 2004. Pathways to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Canada's child welfare system. Social Services Review 78:577600.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2012. They Came for the Children: Canada, Aboriginal Peoples, and Residential Schools. Winnipeg, MB: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015a. Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015b. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. Ottawa: Government of Canada.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1997. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. www.hrweb.org/legal/genocide.html.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2007. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
van Krieken, Robert. 2004. Rethinking cultural genocide: Aboriginal child removal and settler-colonial state formation. Oceania 72(2):125–51.Google Scholar
Vansinia, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
von Sponeck, Hans. 2006. Failure in Iraq and the urgency of UN reforms. Paper presented at Global Violence, Global Justice, University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg, February 24.Google Scholar
Waller, James. 2007. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1983. Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Warren, Mary Anne. 1985. Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection. Totowa, NH: Rowman & Allanheld.Google Scholar
Werth, Nicolas. 1999. A state against its people: Violence, repression, and terror in the Soviet Union. In The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, edited by Courtois, S. and Werth, N., 33268. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Woolford, Andrew. 2009. Ontological destruction: Genocide and Canadian aboriginal peoples. Genocide Studies and Prevention 4(1):8197.Google Scholar
Woolford, Andrew, Benvenuto, Jeff, and Hinton, Alexander Laban, eds. 2014. Colonial Genocide and Indigenous North America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Ronald. 1992. Stolen Continents: The Americas through Indian Eyes Since 1492. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Zimbardo, Philip. 2007. The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×