Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T06:23:55.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

24 - Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorders

from Section 5 - Etiology and Phenomenology of Specific OCD Spectrum Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 December 2018

By
Dan J. Stein  and
Christine Lochner
Edited by
Bunmi O. Olatunji
Bunmi O. Olatunji
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders , pp. 669 - 682
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmari, S. E., Spellman, T., Douglass, N. L., Kheirbek, M. A., Simpson, H. B., Deisseroth, K., … Hen, R. (2013). Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior. Science, 340(6137), 1234–1239.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Wuyek, L. A., Liang, K. Y., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., … Fyer, A. J. (2012). Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? A family study perspectives. Psychological Medicine, 42(1), 1–13.Google Scholar
Boedhoe, P. S., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., … Brem, S. (2016). Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: A worldwide meta-and mega-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(1), 60–69.Google Scholar
Bouwer, C. & Stein, D. J. (1998). Trichobezoars in trichotillomania: Case report and literature overview. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(5), 658–660.Google Scholar
Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2013). Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science, 340(6137), 1243–1246.Google Scholar
Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Mallet, L., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2015). Striatal circuits, habits, and implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 59–65.Google Scholar
Christenson, G. A., Ristvedt, S. L., & Mackenzie, T. B. (1993). Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 315–320.Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1986). A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatric Developments, 3(2), 167–226.Google Scholar
d’Angelo, L. S. C., Eagle, D. M., Grant, J. E., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2014). Animal models of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. CNS Spectrums, 19(1), 28–49.Google Scholar
Davis, L. K., Yu, D., Keenan, C. L., Gamazon, E. R., Konkashbaev, A. I., Derks, E. M., … Barr, C. L. (2013). Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genetics, 9(10), e1003864.Google Scholar
Dias-Ferreira, E., Sousa, J. C., Melo, I., Morgado, P., Mesquita, A. R., Cerqueira, J. J., … Sousa, N. (2009). Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision-making. Science, 325(5940), 621–625.Google Scholar
du Toit, P. L., van Kradenburg, J., Niehaus, D. J. H., & Stein, D. J. (2001). Characteristics and phenomenology of hair-pulling: An exploration of subtypes. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(3), 247–256.Google Scholar
Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. (2016). Drug addiction: Updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 23–50.Google Scholar
Ferrão, Y. A., Miguel, E., & Stein, D. J. (2009). Tourette’s syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: How closely are they related?. Psychiatry Research, 170(1), 32–42.Google Scholar
Fineberg, N. A., Chamberlain, S. R., Goudriaan, A. E., Stein, D. J., Vanderschuren, L. J., Gillan, C. M., … Denys, D. (2014). New developments in human neurocognition: Clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectrums, 19(1), 69–89.Google Scholar
Flessner, C. A., Knopik, V. S., & McGeary, J. (2012). Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania): Genes, neurobiology, and a model for understanding impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychiatry Research, 199(3), 151–158.Google Scholar
Flessner, C. A., Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., & Keuthen, N. J. (2010). Age of onset of trichotillomania symptoms: Investigating clinical correlates. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(12), 896–900.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Menard, W., & Phillips, K. A. (2006). Pathological skin picking in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28(6), 487–493.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Keuthen, N. J., Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2012). Skin picking disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(11), 1143–1149.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Stein, D. J. (2014). Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders in ICD-11. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria, 36, 59–64.Google Scholar
Greer, J. M. & Capecchi, M. R. (2002). Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. Neuron, 33(1), 23–34.Google Scholar
Halteh, P., Scher, R. K., & Lipner, S. R. (2017). Onychophagia: A nail-biting conundrum for physicians. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(2), 166–172.Google Scholar
Hoppe, L. J., Ipser, J., Lochner, C., Thomas, K. G. F., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Should there be a category: “Grooming disorders?” In Kalueff, A. V., LaPorte, J. L., & Bergner, C. L. (eds.), Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior (pp. 226–251). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Houghton, D. C., Compton, S. N., Twohig, M. P., Saunders, S. M., Franklin, M. E., Neal-Barnett, A. M., … Woods, D. W. (2014). Measuring the role of psychological inflexibility in Trichotillomania. Psychiatry Research, 220(1), 356–361.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.Google Scholar
Jefferson, J. W. & Thompson, T. D. (1995). Rhinotillexomania: Psychiatric disorder or habit? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(2), 56–59.Google Scholar
Kariuki-Nyuthe, C., Gomez-Mancilla, B., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Obsessive compulsive disorder and the glutamatergic system. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(1), 32–37.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (2013). A history of the DSM-5 Scientific Review Committee. Psychological Medicine, 43(9), 1793–1800.Google Scholar
Keuthen, N. J., Tung, E. S., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Altenburger, E. M., Pauls, D. L., & Flessner, C. A. (2015). Replication study of the Milwaukee inventory for subtypes of trichotillomania–adult version in a clinically characterized sample. Behavior Modification, 39(4), 580–599.Google Scholar
Langen, M., Kas, M. J., Staal, W. G., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2011). The neurobiology of repetitive behavior: of mice …. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 345–355.Google Scholar
Leppink, E. W., Redden, S. A., & Grant, J. E. (2016). Impulsivity in body-focused repetitive behavior disorders: Disparate clinical associations between three distinct measures. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 20(1), 24–31.Google Scholar
Lochner, C., du Toit, P. L., Zungu‐Dirwayi, N., Marais, A., van Kradenburg, J., Seedat, S., … & Stein, D. J. (2002). Childhood trauma in obsessive‐compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, and controls. Depression and Anxiety, 15(2), 66–68.Google Scholar
Lochner, C., Roos, A., & Stein, D. J. (2017). Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: A systematic review of treatment options. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 1867.Google Scholar
Lochner, C., Seedat, S., du Toit, P. L., Nel, D. G., Niehaus, D. J., Sandler, R., & Stein, D. J. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: A phenomenological comparison. BMC Psychiatry, 5(1), 2.Google Scholar
Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Woods, D., Pauls, D. L., Franklin, M. E., Loerke, E. H., & Keuthen, N. J. (2011). The validity of DSM-IV-TR criteria B and C of hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania): Evidence from a clinical study. Psychiatry Research, 189(2), 276–280.Google Scholar
Marais, L., Daniels, W., Brand, L., Viljoen, F., Hugo, C., & Stein, D. J. (2006). Psychopharmacology of maternal separation anxiety in vervet monkeys. Metabolic Brain Disease, 21(2–3), 191–200.Google Scholar
Martin, L. J., Spicer, D. M., Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P., & Cork, L. C. (1991). Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. Journal of Neuroscience, 11(11), 3344–3358.Google Scholar
Matthews, K. & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Early experience as a determinant of adult behavioural responses to reward: The effects of repeated maternal separation in the rat. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 45–55.Google Scholar
McKay, D. & Andover, M. (2012). Should nonsuicidal self-injury be a putative obsessive-compulsive-related condition? A critical appraisal. Behavior Modification, 36(1), 3–17.Google Scholar
Mejido, D. C., Dick, E. J., Jr., Williams, P. C., Sharp, R. M., Andrade, M. C., DiCarlo, C. D., & Hubbard, G. B. (2009). Trichobezoars in baboons. Journal of Medical Primatology, 38(5), 302–309.Google Scholar
Monzani, B., Rijsdijk, F., Harris, J., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2014). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Journal of American Medicine Psychiatry, 71(2), 182–189.Google Scholar
Novak, C. E., Keuthen, N. J., Stewart, S. E., & Pauls, D. L. (2009). A twin concordance study of trichotillomania. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B(7), 944–949.Google Scholar
Odlaug, B. L., Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2016). Abnormal brain activation in excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: Evidence from an executive planning fMRI study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(2), 168–174.Google Scholar
Phillips, K. A., Stein, D. J., Rauch, S. L., Hollander, E., Fallon, B. A., Barsky, A., … Leckman, J. (2010). Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 528–555.Google Scholar
Rapp, J. T. & Vollmer, T. R. (2005). Stereotypy II: A review of neurobiological interpretations and suggestions for an integration with behavioral methods. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 548–564.Google Scholar
Ridley, R. M. (1994). The psychology of perserverative and stereotyped behaviour. Progress in Neurobiology, 44(2), 221–231.Google Scholar
Rieder, E. A. & Tosti, A. (2016). Onychotillomania: An underrecognized disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 75(6), 1245–1250.Google Scholar
Roberts, S., O’Connor, K., & Belanger, C. (2013). Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors. Clinical Psychology Review 33(6), 745–762.Google Scholar
Rothbart, R., Amos, T., Siegfried, N., Ipser, J. C., Fineberg, N., Chamberlain, S. R., & Stein, D. J. (2013). Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11 CD007662.Google Scholar
Sarkhel, S., Praharaj, S. K., & Akhtar, S. (2011). Cheek-biting disorder: Another stereotypic movement disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1085–1086.Google Scholar
Schiavone, F. L. & Links, P. S. (2013). Common elements for the psychotherapeutic management of patients with self injurious behavior. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(2–3), 133–138.Google Scholar
Slikboer, R., Reser, M. P., Nedeljkovic, M., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). Systematic review of published primary studies of neuropsychology and neuroimaging in trichotillomania. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(2), 1–18.Google Scholar
Snorrason, I., Belleau, E. L., & Woods, D. W. (2012). How related are hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania) and skin picking disorder? A review of evidence for comorbidity, similarities and shared etiology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 618–629.Google Scholar
Snorrason, I., Olafsson, R. P., Houghton, D. C., Woods, D. W., & Lee, H. J. (2015). “Wanting” and “liking” skin picking: A validation of the Skin Picking Reward Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 250–262.Google Scholar
Snorrason, I., Ricketts, E. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Stein, D. J., & Woods, D. W. (2012). Skin picking disorder is associated with other body-focused repetitive behaviors: Findings from an Internet study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(4), 292–299.Google Scholar
Snorrason, I., Smari, J., & Olafsson, R. P. (2010). Emotion regulation in pathological skin picking: Findings from a non-treatment seeking sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), 238–245.Google Scholar
Snorrason, I., Stein, D. J., & Woods, D. W. (2013). Classification of excoriation (skin picking) disorder: Current status and future directions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128(5), 406–407.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. (2000). Neurobiology of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 47(4), 296–304.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. (2014). An integrative approach to psychiatric diagnosis and research. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 51–53.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Bouwer, C., & Niehaus, D. J. (1997). Stereotypic movement disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(4), 177–178.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Chamberlain, S. R., & Fineberg, N. (2006). An A-B-C model of habit disorders: Hair-pulling, skin-picking, and other stereotypic conditions. CNS Spectrums, 11(11), 824–827.Google Scholar
Stein, D. & Christenson, G. (1998). Stereotypic movement disorder: A neglected problem. Psychiatric Annals, 28(6), 304.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Christenson, G. A., & Hollander, E. (1999). Trichotillomania. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M., Keuthen, N. J., Lochner, C., & Woods, D. W. (2008). Is trichotillomania a stereotypic movement disorder? An analysis of body-focused repetitive behaviors in people with hair-pulling. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20(4), 194–198.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Fontenelle, L. F., & Reed, G. M. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in ICD-11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(1), 1–2.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Garner, J. P., Keuthen, N. J., Franklin, M. E., Walkup, J. T., & Woods, D. W. (2007). Trichotillomania, stereotypic movement disorder, and related disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 9(4), 301–302.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Grant, J. E., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N., Lochner, C., Singer, H. S., & Woods, D. W. (2010). Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: Toward DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 611–626.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. & Hollander, E. (1992). Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 26(2), 237–242.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Grant, J. E., … Reed, G. M. (2016). The classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in the ICD-11. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 663–674.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Mullen, L., Islam, M. N., Cohen, L., DeCaria, C. M., & Hollander, E. (1995). Compulsive and impulsive symptomatology in trichotillomania. Psychopathology, 28(4), 208–213.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. & Phillips, K. A. (2013). Patient advocacy and DSM-5. BMC Medicine, 11, 133.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1759–1765.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J. & Woods, D. W. (2014). Stereotyped movement disorder in ICD-11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(1), 65–68.Google Scholar
Stewart, S. E., Yu, D., Scharf, J. M., Neale, B. M., Fagerness, J. A., Mathews, C. A., … Pauls, D. L. (2013). Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 18(7), 788–798.Google Scholar
Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Rapoport, J. L., Lenane, M. C., Goldberger, E. L., & Cheslow, D. L. (1989). A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). New England Journal of Medicine, 321(8), 497–501.Google Scholar
Thierry, A. M., Tassin, J. P., Blanc, G., & Glowinski, J. (1976). Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature, 263(5574), 242–244.Google Scholar
Tucker, B. T., Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, S. A., & Franklin, M. E. (2011). The Skin Picking Impact Project: Phenomenology, interference, and treatment utilization of pathological skin picking in a population-based sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 88–95.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M., Asnis, G. M., Kahn, R. S., Brown, S. L., Korn, M., Friedman, J. M., & Wetzler, S. (1990). Nosological tunnel vision in biological psychiatry: A plea for a functional psychopathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 600, 501–510.Google Scholar
Walther, M. R., Flessner, C. A., Conelea, C. A., & Woods, D. W. (2009). The Milwaukee Inventory for the Dimensions of Adult Skin Picking (MIDAS): Initial development and psychometric properties. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 127–135.Google Scholar
Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Goodwin, R. D., Stein, D. J., & Walther, M. R. (2006). The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): Exploring phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1877–1888.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×