Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-pfhbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T19:59:05.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Sex and Gender; Pharmacology, Efficacy, Toxicity, and Toxicology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2016

Alyson J. McGregor
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Esther K. Choo
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Bruce M. Becker
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ammon, E., Schafer, C., Hofmann, U. & Klotz, U. 1996. Disposition and first-pass metabolism of ethanol in humans: Is it gastric or hepatic and does it depend on gender? Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 59, 503513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, G.D. 2002. Sex differences in drug metabolism: Cytochrome P-450 and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase. Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, 5, 2533.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, G.D. 2008. Gender differences in pharmacological response. International Review of Neurobiology, 83, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Athreya, B.H., Pletcher, J., Zulian, F., Weiner, D.B. & Williams, W.V. 1993. Subset-specific effects of sex hormones and pituitary gonadotropins on human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 66, 201211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baggio, G., Corsini, A., Floreani, A., Giannini, S. & Zagonel, V. 2013. Gender medicine: A task for the third millennium. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 51, 713727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bano, S., Akhter, S. & Afridi, M.I. 2004. Gender based response to fluoxetine hydrochloride medication in endogenous depression. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 14, 161165.Google ScholarPubMed
Baraona, E., Abittan, C.S., Dohmen, K., Moretti, M., Pozzato, G., Chayes, Z.W., Schaefer, C. & Lieber, C.S. 2001. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 502507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beierle, I., Meibohm, B. & Derendorf, H. 1999. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 37, 529547.Google ScholarPubMed
Benet, L.Z., Izumi, T., Zhang, Y., Silverman, J.A. & Wacher, V.J. 1999. Intestinal MDR transport proteins and P-450 enzymes as barriers to oral drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 62, 2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonfanti, P., Gulisano, C., Ricci, E., Timillero, L., Valsecchi, L., Carradori, S., Pusterla, L., Fortuna, P., Miccolis, S., Magnani, C., Gabbuti, A., Parazzini, F., Martinelli, C., Faggion, I., Landonio, S., Quirino, T. & Vigevani, G. 2003. Risk factors for lipodystrophy in the CISAI cohort. Biomedicine & Pharmacology, 57, 422427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brosen, K. 1993. Isoenzyme specific drug oxidation: Genetic polymorphism and drug-drug interactions. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 2126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. 2013. Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers and other drugs among women–United States, 1999–2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 537542.Google Scholar
Chen, M.L., Lee, S.C., Ng, M.J., Schuirmann, D.J., Lesko, L.J. & Williams, R.L. 2000. Pharmacokinetic analysis of bioequivalence trials: Implications for sex-related issues in clinical pharmacology and biopharmaceutics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 68, 510521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, R. 2005. Sex differences in antiretroviral therapy-associated intolerance and adverse events. Drug Safety, 28, 10751083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clumeck, N., Pozniak, A. & Raffi, F. 2008. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines for the clinical management and treatment of HIV-infected adults. HIV Medicine, 9, 6571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R.M., Nordahl, T.E., Semple, W.E. & Pickar, D. 1999. The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine- and fluphenazine-treated female patients with schizophrenia: Evidence of a sex effect. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 632640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Compton, P., Charuvastra, V.C. & Ling, W. 2003. Effect of oral ketorolac and gender on human cold pressor pain tolerance. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 30, 759763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotter, A.M., Garcia, A.G., Duthely, M.L., Luke, B. & O’sullivan, M.J. 2006. Is antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, or stillbirth? Journal of Infectious Diseases, 193, 11951201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosby, A.E., Han, B., Ortega, L.A., Parks, S.E. & Gfroerer, J. 2011a. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged >/=18 years – United States, 2008–2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summary, 60, 122.Google ScholarPubMed
Crosby, A.E., Ortega, L. & Stevens, M.R. 2011b. Suicides – United States, 1999–2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summary, 60 Suppl, 5659.Google ScholarPubMed
Currier, J.S., Spino, C., Grimes, J., Wofsy, C.B., Katzenstein, D.A., Hughes, M.D., Hammer, S.M. & Cotton, D.J. 2000. Differences between women and men in adverse events and CD4+ responses to nucleoside analogue therapy for HIV infection. The Aids Clinical Trials Group 175 Team. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 24, 316324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dafny, N. & Yang, P.B. 2006. The role of age, genotype, sex, and route of acute and chronic administration of methylphenidate: A review of its locomotor effects. Brain Research Bulletin, 68, 393405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dai, G., He, L., Chou, N. & Wan, Y.J. 2006. Acetaminophen metabolism does not contribute to gender difference in its hepatotoxicity in mouse. Toxicological Sciences, 92, 3341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, M. 2005. Gender differences in P-glycoprotein: Drug toxicity and response. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 64396440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dluzen, D.E., Tweed, C., Anderson, L.I. & Laping, N.J. 2003. Gender differences in methamphetamine-induced mRNA associated with neurodegeneration in the mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Neuroendocrinology, 77, 232238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FDA. 2013a. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of next-morning impairment and use of insomnia drugs; FDA requires lower recommended doses for certain drugs containing zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, and Zolpmist). Available at www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm334033.htm. Accessed January 15, 2014.Google Scholar
FDA. 2013b. FDA Drug Saftery Communication: FDA approves new label changes and dosing for zolpidem products and a recommendation to avoid driving the day after using Ambien CR. Available at www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm352085.htm. Accessed January 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Floridia, M., Giuliano, M., Palmisano, L. & Vella, S. 2008. Gender differences in the treatment of HIV infection. Pharmacological Research, 58, 173–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J.M., Truman, C.A., Wilcock, G.K. & Roberts, C.J. 1993. Serum concentrations of tacrine hydrochloride predict its adverse effects in Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 53, 691695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franconi, F., Brunelleschi, S., Steardo, L. & Cuomo, V. 2007. Gender differences in drug responses. Pharmacological Research, 55, 8195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franconi, F. & Campesi, I. 2014. Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: Interaction with biological differences between men and women. British Journal of Pharmacology, 171, 580594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franconi, F., Campesi, I., Occhioni, S., Antonini, P. & Murphy, M.F. 2012. Sex and gender in adverse drug events, addiction, and placebo. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 107126.Google Scholar
Frezza, M., DI Padova, C., Pozzato, G., Terpin, M., Baraona, E. & Lieber, C.S. 1990. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 9599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, M.I., Kirsner, J.B. & Gillespie, I.E. 1963. Basal and histalog-stimulated gastric secretion in control subjects and in patients with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. Gastroenterology, 45, 1426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagg, S., Spigset, O. & Dahlqvist, R. 2001. Influence of gender and oral contraceptives on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 activity in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 169173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, J. & Yonkers, K. 1996. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medication. Part I: Physiological basis for effects. In: Jensvold, H. U. & Hamilton, J., eds. Psychopharmacology and Women: Sex, Gender and Hormones. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Harichand-Herdt, S. & Ramalingam, S.S. 2009. Gender-associated differences in lung cancer: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in women. Seminars in Oncology, 36, 572580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartter, S., Wetzel, H., Hammes, E. & Hiemke, C. 1993. Inhibition of antidepressant demethylation and hydroxylation by fluvoxamine in depressed patients. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 110, 302308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, J.P., Mellin, C. & Patel, F. 2005. Suicide – a statistical analysis by age, sex and method. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 12, 305309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hreiche, R., Morissette, P., Zakrzewski-Jakubiak, H. & Turgeon, J. 2009. Gender-related differences in drug-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization in prepubertal guinea pigs. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 14, 2837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, A.F., Choisy, S.C. & Hancox, J.C. 2007. Recent advances in understanding sex differences in cardiac repolarization. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 94, 265319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janse De Jonge, X.A., Boot, C.R., Thom, J.M., Ruell, P.A. & Thompson, M.W. 2001. The influence of menstrual cycle phase on skeletal muscle contractile characteristics in humans. Journal of Physiology, 530, 161166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jesmok, G.J., Woods, E.F., Ditzler, W.S. & Walsh, G. 1981. Fat emulsion catabolism in vitro and in vivo–sex related differences. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 5, 200203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, B.D., Zheng, W., Korach, K.S., Scheuer, T., Catterall, W.A. & Rubanyi, G.M. 1997. Increased expression of the cardiac L-type calcium channel in estrogen receptor-deficient mice. Journal of General Physiology, 110, 135140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalow, W. & Tang, B.K. 1991. Use of caffeine metabolite ratios to explore CYP1A2 and xanthine oxidase activities. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 50, 508519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalra, B.S. 2007. Cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms and their therapeutic implications: An update. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 61, 102116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashuba, A.D., Bertino, J.S. Jr., Rocci, M.L. Jr., Kulawy, R.W., Beck, D.J. & Nafziger, A.N. 1998. Quantification of 3-month intraindividual variability and the influence of sex and menstrual cycle phase on CYP3A activity as measured by phenotyping with intravenous midazolam. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 64, 269277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawalek, J. 1979. The effect of bile acids in drug metabolism. Nutrition and Cancer, 1, 1318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaye, C.M. & Nicholls, B. 2000. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ropinirole. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 39, 243254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketter, T.A., Flockhart, D.A., Post, R.M., Denicoff, K., Pazzaglia, P.J., Marangell, L.B., George, M.S. & Callahan, A.M. 1995. The emerging role of cytochrome P450 3 A in psychopharmacology. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 387398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, D.E., Herning, R.I., Gorelick, D.A. & Cadet, J.L. 2000. Gender differences in the EEG of abstinent cocaine abusers. Neuropsychobiology, 42, 9398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornstein, S.G., Schatzberg, A.F., Thase, M.E., Yonkers, K.A., Mccullough, J.P., Keitner, G.I., Gelenberg, A.J., Davis, S.M., Harrison, W.M. & Keller, M.B. 2000. Gender differences in treatment response to sertraline versus imipramine in chronic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 14451452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosten, T.R., Kosten, T.A., Mcdougle, C.J., Hameedi, F.A., Mccance, E.F., Rosen, M.I., Oliveto, A.H. & Price, L.H. 1996. Gender differences in response to intranasal cocaine administration to humans. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 147148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krecic-Shepard, M.E., Barnas, C.R., Slimko, J. & Schwartz, J.B. 2000a. Faster clearance of sustained release verapamil in men versus women: Continuing observations on sex-specific differences after oral administration of verapamil. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 68, 286292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krecic-Shepard, M.E., Park, K., Barnas, C., Slimko, J., Kerwin, D.R. & Schwartz, J.B. 2000b. Race and sex influence clearance of nifedipine: Results of a population study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 68, 130142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurokawa, J., Suzuki, T. & Furukawa, T. 2009. New aspects for the treatment of cardiac diseases based on the diversity of functional controls on cardiac muscles: Acute effects of female hormones on cardiac ion channels and cardiac repolarization. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 109, 334–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labbe, L., Sirois, C., Pilote, S., Arseneault, M., Robitaille, N.M., Turgeon, J. & Hamelin, B.A. 2000. Effect of gender, sex hormones, time variables and physiological urinary pH on apparent CYP2D6 activity as assessed by metabolic ratios of marker substrates. Pharmacogenetics, 10, 425438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemmens, H.J., Burm, A.G., Hennis, P.J., Gladines, M.P. & Bovill, J.G. 1990. Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil. Gender dependence. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 19, 416422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lown, K.S., Mayo, R.R., Leichtman, A.B., Hsiao, H.L., Turgeon, D.K., Schmiedlin-Ren, P., Brown, M.B., Guo, W., Rossi, S.J., Benet, L.Z. & Watkins, P.B. 1997. Role of intestinal P-glycoprotein (mdr1) in interpatient variation in the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 62, 248260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makkar, R.R., Fromm, B.S., Steinman, R.T., Meissner, M.D. & Lehmann, M.H. 1993. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 25902597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marazziti, D., Baroni, S., Picchetti, M., Piccinni, A., Carlini, M., Vatteroni, E., Falaschi, V., Lombardi, A. & Dell’osso, L. 2013. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs: Effect of sex. CNS Spectrums, 18, 118127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masubuchi, Y., Nakayama, J. & Watanabe, Y. 2011. Sex difference in susceptibility to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is reversed by buthionine sulfoximine. Toxicology, 287, 5460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazhude, C., Jones, S., Murad, S., Taylor, C. & Easterbrook, P. 2002. Female sex but not ethnicity is a strong predictor of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced rash. AIDS, 16, 15661568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mccune, J.S., Lindley, C., Decker, J.L., Williamson, K.M., Meadowcroft, A.M., Graff, D., Sawyer, W.T., Blough, D.K. & Pieper, J.A. 2001. Lack of gender differences and large intrasubject variability in cytochrome P450 activity measured by phenotyping with dextromethorphan. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41, 723731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcgilveray, I.J. 2011. Bioequivalence studies of drugs prescribed mainly for women. Journal of Population and Clinical Pharmacology, 18, e516e522.Google ScholarPubMed
Mchugh, R.K., Devito, E.E., Dodd, D., Carroll, K.M., Potter, J.S., Greenfield, S.F., Connery, H.S. & Weiss, R.D. 2013. Gender differences in a clinical trial for prescription opioid dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45, 3843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meibohm, B., Beierle, I. & Derendorf, H. 2002. How important are gender differences in pharmacokinetics? Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 41, 329342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milano, G., Etienne, M.C., Cassuto-Viguier, E., Thyss, A., Santini, J., Frenay, M., Renee, N., Schneider, M. & Demard, F. 1992. Influence of sex and age on fluorouracil clearance. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10, 11711175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miners, J.O., Attwood, J. & Birkett, D.J. 1983. Influence of sex and oral contraceptive steroids on paracetamol metabolism. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16, 503509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, C. & Netzer, R. 2006. Effects of estradiol on cardiac ion channel currents. European Journal of Pharmacology, 532, 4449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moyle, G.J., Datta, D., Mandalia, S., Morlese, J., Asboe, D. & Gazzard, B.G. 2002. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy: Relevance, reproducibility and possible risk factors. AIDS, 16, 13411349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munro, C.A., Mccaul, M.E., Wong, D.F., Oswald, L.M., Zhou, Y., Brasic, J., Kuwabara, H., Kumar, A., Alexander, M., Ye, W. & Wand, G.S. 2006. Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 966974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakagawa, M., Ooie, T., Takahashi, N., Taniguchi, Y., Anan, F., Yonemochi, H. & Saikawa, T. 2006. Influence of menstrual cycle on QT interval dynamics. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 29, 607613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemeroff, C.B., Devane, C.L. & Pollock, B.G. 1996. Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 311320.Google ScholarPubMed
Nicolas, J.M., Espie, P. & Molimard, M. 2009. Gender and interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 41, 408421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolson, T.J., Mellor, H.R. & Roberts, R.R. 2010. Gender differences in drug toxicity. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31, 108114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, J.S., Martin, M.Y., Richardson, L., Kim, Y. & Pisu, M. 2013. Gender differences in colon cancer treatment. Journal of Womens Health (Larchmont), 22, 344351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pacifici, G.M., Evangelisti, L., Giuliani, L., Metelli, R.M. & Giordani, R. 1996. Zidovudine glucuronidation in human liver: interindividual variability. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34, 329334.Google ScholarPubMed
Pai, M.P., Schriever, C.A., Diaz-Linares, M., Novak, R.M. & Rodvold, K.A. 2004. Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with low-dose ritonavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pharmacotherapy, 24, 592599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Parker, K., Austin, M.P., Mitchell, P. & Brotchie, H. 2003. Gender differences in response to differing antidepressant drug classes: Two negative studies. Psychological Medicine, 33, 14731477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsells Kelly, J., Cook, S.F., Kaufman, D.W., Anderson, T., Rosenberg, L. & Mitchell, A.A. 2008. Prevalence and characteristics of opioid use in the US adult population. Pain, 138, 507513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, H., Bell, D., Molokhia, M., Srishanmuganathan, J., Patel, M., Car, J. & Majeed, A. 2007. Trends in hospital admissions for adverse drug reactions in England: Analysis of national hospital episode statistics 1998–2005. BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 7, 9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pernerstorfer-Schoen, H., Jilma, B., Perschler, A., Wichlas, S., Schindler, K., Schindl, A., Rieger, A., Wagner, O.F. & Quehenberger, P. 2001. Sex differences in HAART-associated dyslipidaemia. AIDS, 15, 725734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirmohamed, M., James, S., Meakin, S., Green, C., Scott, A.K., Walley, T.J., Farrar, K., Park, B.K. & Breckenridge, A.M. 2004. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: Prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. British Medical Journal, 329, 1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, B.G. 1997. Gender differences in psychotropic drug metabolism. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 33, 235241.Google ScholarPubMed
Pollock, B.G., Perel, J.M., Altieri, L.P., Kirshner, M., Fasiczka, A.L., Houck, P.R. & Reynolds, C.F. 1992. Debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotyping in geriatric psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 28, 163168.Google ScholarPubMed
Preskorn, S.H. 1997. Clinically relevant pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. An overview with emphasis on pharmacokinetics and effects on oxidative drug metabolism. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 32 Suppl 1, 121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pud, D., Yarnitsky, D., Sprecher, E., Rogowski, Z., Adler, R. & Eisenberg, E. 2006. Can personality traits and gender predict the response to morphine? An experimental cold pain study. European Journal of Pain, 10, 103112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramchandani, V.A., Bosron, W.F. & Li, T.K. 2001. Research advances in ethanol metabolism. Patholologie Biologie (Paris), 49, 676682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, S.S., Read, N.W., Brown, C., Bruce, C. & Holdsworth, C.D. 1987. Studies on the mechanism of bowel disturbance in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 93, 934940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravizza, M., Martinelli, P., Bucceri, A., Fiore, S., Alberico, S., Tamburrini, E., Tibaldi, C., Guaraldi, G., Anzidei, G., Maccabruni, A., Crisalli, M.P. & Floridia, M. 2007. Treatment with protease inhibitors and coinfection with hepatitis C virus are independent predictors of preterm delivery in HIV-infected pregnant women. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 195, 913914; author reply 916917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K. 1965. Some comments on non-drug factors in psychiatric drug therapy. Psychosomatics, 6, 303309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanne, I., Mommeja-Marin, H., Hinkle, J., Bartlett, J.A., Lederman, M.M., Maartens, G., Wakeford, C., Shaw, A., Quinn, J., Gish, R.G. & Rousseau, F. 2005. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 825829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxon, L., Hiltunen, A.J., Hjemdahl, P. & Borg, S. 2001. Gender-related differences in response to placebo in benzodiazepine withdrawal: A single-blind pilot study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 153, 231237.Google ScholarPubMed
Schuetz, E.G., Furuya, K.N. & Schuetz, J.D. 1995. Interindividual variation in expression of P-glycoprotein in normal human liver and secondary hepatic neoplasms. Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics, 275, 10111018.Google ScholarPubMed
Schulte, J., Dominguez, K., Sukalac, T., Bohannon, B. & Fowler, M.G. 2007. Declines in low birth weight and preterm birth among infants who were born to HIV-infected women during an era of increased use of maternal antiretroviral drugs: Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease, 1989–2004. Pediatrics, 119, e900e906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, J.B. 2003. The influence of sex on pharmacokinetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42, 107121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Services, U.S.D.O.H.H. 2013. Selected prescription drug classes used in the past 30 days, by sex and age: United States, selected years 1988–1994 through 2007–2010. In PREVENTION, C.F.D.C.A. (ed.).Google Scholar
Spoletini, I., Vitale, C., Malorni, W. & Rosano, G.M. 2012. Sex differences in drug effects: Interaction with sex hormones in adult life. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 91105.Google Scholar
Tamminga, W.J., Wemer, J., Oosterhuis, B., Weiling, J., Wilffert, B., De Leij, L.F., De Zeeuw, R.A. & Jonkman, J.H. 1999. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 activity in a large population of Dutch healthy volunteers: Indications for oral contraceptive-related gender differences. European Journal of Pharmacology, 55, 177184.Google Scholar
Tanaka, E. 1999. Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics and their clinical significance. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 24, 339346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Townsend, C.L., Cortina-Borja, M., Peckham, C.S. & Tookey, P.A. 2007. Antiretroviral therapy and premature delivery in diagnosed HIV-infected women in the United Kingdom and Ireland. AIDS, 21, 10191026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Leth, F., Andrews, S., Grinsztejn, B., Wilkins, E., Lazanas, M.K., Lange, J.M. & Montaner, J. 2005. The effect of baseline CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load on the efficacy and safety of nevirapine or efavirenz-based first-line HAART. AIDS, 19, 463471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadelius, M., Darj, E., Frenne, G. & Rane, A. 1997. Induction of CYP2D6 in pregnancy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 62, 400407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, D.S., Norton, J.R., Guivarc’h, P.H., Litman, R.S. & Bailey, P.L. 2002. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of propofol in a medium-chain triglyceride emulsion. Anesthesiology, 97, 14011408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, C.S., Cohn, J.B., Linden, R.D., Heiser, J.F., Lucas, P.B., Morgan, D.L. & Defrancisco, D. 1992. Predictors of placebo response: A retrospective analysis. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 28, 157162.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, K. 1984. Sex-related differences in drug disposition in man. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 9, 189202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, H., Sekine, I., Yamada, K., Nokihara, H., Yamamoto, N., Kunitoh, H., Ohe, Y. & Tamura, T. 2008. Gender differences in treatment outcomes among patients with non–small cell lung cancer given a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Oncology, 75, 169174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, S., Yung Chan, S., Cher Goh, B., Chan, E., Duan, W., Huang, M. & Mcleod, H.L. 2005. Mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by therapeutic drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 44, 279304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zyoud, S.H., Awang, R., Sulaiman, S.A. & Al-Jabi, S.W. 2010. A cross-sectional observation of the factors associated with deliberate self-poisoning with acetaminophen: Impact of gender differences and psychiatric intervention. Human Psychopharmacology, 25, 500508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×