Chapter 5 examines the conditions under which people are informed of the pocketbook consequences of a given redistributive policy and act according to their material self-interest in spite of what fairness reasoning prescribes. When stakes are transparent and high, people will disregard their fairness concerns and take the self-interested position instead. This mechanism has the most consequences for policy attitudes shaped by reciprocity beliefs. Indeed, as discussed in Chapter 2, on redistribution to issues, many people are cross-pressured, that is, inclined, against their “objective” material interest, to support or oppose a given policy out of fairness concerns. For these individuals, reasoning as an income maximizer can result in a dramatic departure from what fairness reasoning would prescribe. Chapter 5 examines how this simple argument helps explain variations in the income gradient, i.e., differences in the extent to which the rich and the poor disagree on redistributive issues.