Banarasidas. Ardhakathanaka. Translated by Mukund Lath. Jaipur: Rajasthan Prakrit Bharati Sansthan, 1981.Google Scholar

Keśavadāsa. Jahāṁgīra Jasa Candrikā or Moonlight of the Emperor Jahangir’s Glory. Translated and edited by Cavaliere, Stefania. Napoli: Università degli Studi di Napoli, 2010.Google Scholar

Vidyavijayaji Suri, Muniraj Shri. Surishwar aur Samrat Akbar. Translated by Krishnalal Varma. Agra: Vijayadharma Lakshmi Gyana Mandir, 1923.Google Scholar

Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Anna 1641–1642. Edited by Colenbrander, H. T.. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1900.Google Scholar

Desai, G. H., and Clarke, A. B.. Gazetteer of the Baroda State. Bombay: Times Press, 1923.Google Scholar

Elliot, F. A. H. The Rulers of Baroda. Baroda: State Press, 1879.Google Scholar

Forrest, George W. Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat, Maratha Series. Vol. 1. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885.Google Scholar

Foster, William. Early Travels in India, 1583–1619. London: Oxford University Press, 1921.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India, 1615–19, Revised and Updated. London: Oxford University Press, 1926.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul: As Narrated in his Journal and Correspondence, 1615–1619. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1899.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The English Factories in India, 1618–1669. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906–27.Google Scholar

Foster, William. “Sivaji’s Raid upon Surat in 1664 (in 2 parts).” The Indian Antiquary 50 (1921): 312–21 and 51 (1922): 1–6.Google Scholar

Fraser, James. The History of Nadir Shah, formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present Emperor of Persia: To which is Prefix’d a Short History of the Moghol Emperors. At the End is Inserted, a Catalogue of about Two Hundred Manuscripts in the Persic and Other Oriental Languages, Collected in the East. London: A. Millar, 1742.Google Scholar

Gense, J. H., and Banaji, D. R., eds. The Gaikwads of Baroda: English Documents. 10 vols. Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co, 1936–45.Google Scholar

Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons. Reports from Committees of the House of Commons, East Indies: Carnatic War and 1781 and 1872. Vol. 8. London: House of Commons, 1806.Google Scholar

Malcolm, John. A Memoir of Central India, Including Malwa, and Adjoining Provinces. 2 vols. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1823.Google Scholar

Wallace, R. The Guicowar and His Relations with the British Government. Bombay: Education Society’s Press, 1863.Google Scholar

Wilson, H. H. A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms. London: W. H. Allen and Company, 1855.Google Scholar

Bernier, François. Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668. Translated by Archibald Constable. London: Oxford University Press, repr. 1916.Google Scholar

Martin, François. India in the 17th Century: Memoirs of François Martin, 1670–1694. Translated by Lotika Varadarajan. 2 vols. Delhi: Manohar, 1983.Google Scholar

Roques, Georges. La manière de négocier aux Indes: La compagnie de Indes et l’art du commerce. Edited by Bérinstain, Valérie. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996.Google Scholar

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. Travels in India. Translated by V. Ball. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co., 1889.Google Scholar

de Thévenot, Jean. The Travels of Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant in Three Parts: Turkey, Persia, and the East-Indies. Translated by A. Lovell. London: H. Clark, 1687.Google Scholar

de Mandelslo, Johan Albrecht. The Travels of John Albert de Mandelslo from Persia into the East Indies. Translated by John Davies. London: J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Haribhakti Gharanani Hakikatnu Pustak. Baroda: State Record Department, 1940.Google Scholar

Bhatt, Shamal. Rustam no Saloko. Edited by Bhayani, Harivallabh. Bombay: Gujarati Forbes Sabha, 1946.Google Scholar

Haribhakti Collection (HBC), c. 1762−1908. S. C. Misra Archives. Department of History, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.Google Scholar

Haribhakti Private Papers (HPP), c. 1762–1908. Private Collection of Swati and Gopal I. Haribhakti, Baroda.Google Scholar

Jani, Vishwanath. Ganim no Pavado. Edited by Bhayani, Harivallabh. Bombay: Gujarati Forbes Sabha, 1946.Google Scholar

Suri, Tilaksagar. “Rajasagar Suri Nirwan Ras.” In Jaina Aitihasik Gurjar Kavya Sanchaya. Edited by Jinavijayaji, Muni. Bhavnagar: Jain Atmanand Sabha, 1926.Google Scholar

Manucci, Niccolao. Storia do Mogor. Translated by William Irvine. 4 vols. London: John Murray, 1907–8.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Historical Selections from the Baroda State Records, 1724–1847. 7 vols. Baroda: State Record Department, 1934–43.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Vadodaratil Sardar, Siladar, Jamadar, Pagadar, Darakdar va Parak Yachi Gharanachya Vagara Hakitati. Baroda: State Record Department, 1908.Google Scholar

Sardesai, G. S. Selections from the Peshwa Daftar. 46 vols. Bombay: Government Press, 1931–4.Google Scholar

Fazl, Abu’l. The A’in-i Akbari. Translated by H. Blochmann, D. C. Phillott, H. S. Jarrett, and Jadunath Sarkar. 3 vols. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, repr. 1949.Google Scholar

Fazl, Abu’l. The History of Akbar. Vols. 1–6. Translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015–20.Google Scholar

Afif, Shams Siraj. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. Translated by R. C. Jauhri. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 2001.Google Scholar

Aftabchi, Jauhar. “Tadhkiratu’l-waqiat.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun. Vol. 1. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 69–175. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Arzu, Sirajuddin Ali Khan. “Chirāgh-i Hidāyat.” In Ghīyās al-Lughāt. Edited by Sarwat, Mansur, 995–1259. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1984.Google Scholar

Babur, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad. The Babur-nama in English. Translated by A. S. Beveridge. 2 vols. London: Luzac & Co., 1922.Google Scholar

Babur, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Translated by W. M. Thackston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Badauni, , ‘Abd al-Qadir. Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh. Vol. 2. Translated by W. H. Lowe. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, repr. 1924.Google Scholar

Balmukund, Mehta. Letters of a King-Maker of the Eighteenth Century (Balmukund Nama). Edited by Chandra, Satish. Aligarh: Asia Publishing House, 1972.Google Scholar

Barani, Zia-ud-Din. Tarikh-Firoz Shahi. Translated by Ishtiaq Ahmad Zilli. New Delhi: Primus Books, 2015.Google Scholar

Bayat, Bayazid. “Tarikh-i Humayun.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun, Vol. 2. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 1–178. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Felix, Father S. J. “Mughal Farmans, Parwanahs and Sanads Issued in Favour of the Jesuit Missionaries.” Journal of the Punjab Historical Society 5 (1918): 1–53.Google Scholar

Begum, Gulbadan. “Humayunnama.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun, Vol. 1. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 1–68. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Jahangir, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad. The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by W. M. Thackston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jahangir, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers. 2 vols. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1909–14.Google Scholar

Jhaveri, Shantidas. Waṣīyat-nāma [The last will of Shantidas Jhaveri, 1657]. Persian text reproduced and translated by Chaghatai. “A Rare Historical Scroll of Shah Jahan’s Reign.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan 16, no. 1 (1971): 63–77.Google Scholar

Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj. Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia. Translated by H. G. Raverty. London: Gilbert & Rivington, 1881.Google Scholar

Khafi Khan, Muhammad Hashim. Muntakhab-ul Lubab. Edited by Ahmad, Maulvi Kabiruddin. 2 vols. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1874.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirāt-i Aḥmadī. 2 vols. Bombay: Fatḥ al-Karīm, 1889.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi. Edited by Ali, Syed Nawab. 2 vols. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1927–8.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi. Translated by M. F. Lokhandwala. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1965.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi Supplement. Translated by Syed Nawab Ali and Charles Norman Seddon. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1928.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi Supplement. Edited by Syed Nawab Ali. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1930.Google Scholar

Khan, Gholam Hussein. Siyar-ul Mutakherin. Translated by Haji Mustefa and John Briggs, 2 vols. London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1831.Google Scholar

Khan, I‘timad ‘Ali. Mirāt-ul Ḥaqā’iq. Fraser Collection, MS 124. Bodleian Library, Oxford University.Google Scholar

Khan, Motamad. Iqbalnamah-i Jahangiri. Edited by Hai, Abdul and Ali, Ahmad. Calcutta: College Press, 1865.Google Scholar

Lahori, , ‘Abd al-Hameed. Padshahnamah. Translated by Hamid Afaq Siddiqi. 2 vols. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 2010.Google Scholar

Nagar, Ishwardas. Futuhat-i-Alamgiri. Translated by Tasneem Ahmad. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1978.Google Scholar

National Archives of India (NAI). Descriptive List of Acquired Documents. New Delhi, India. A collection of several dozen contemporary documents concerning ijāra as practiced in various Mughal localities from 1626 to 1743.Google Scholar

Qandhari, Muhammad Arif. Tarikh-i-Akbari. Translated by Tasneem Ahmad. Delhi: Pragati Publications, 1993.Google Scholar

Richards, John F., ed. Document Forms for Official Orders of Appointment in the Mughal Empire. Cambridge: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust, 1986.Google Scholar

Saksena, Bhimsen. Tārīkh-i Dilkashā (Memoirs of Bhimsen Relating to Aurangzeb’s Deccan Campaigns). Translated by Jadunath Sarkar and V. G. Khobrekar. Bombay: Government of Maharashtra, 1972.Google Scholar

Shah Nawaz Khan, Samsam-ud-Daula. The Maathir-ul-Umara. Translated by H. Beveridge and Baini Prashad. 2 vols. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1941, 1952.Google Scholar

Tirmizi, S. A. I., ed. Mughal Documents (A.D. 1526–1627). Vol. 1. Delhi: Manohar, 1989.Google Scholar

Tirmizi, S. A. I., ed. Mughal Documents (A.D. 1628–1659). Vol. 2. Delhi: Manohar, 1995.Google Scholar

Yasin, Khwaja. Dastūr-i Mālguẕārī (An Eighteenth-Century Agrarian Manual). Edited and translated by Mahmud, S. Hasan. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 2000.Google Scholar

Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa. Translated by M. Longworth Dames. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918–21.Google Scholar

Pires, Tomé. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues. Translated by Armando Cortesao. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944.Google Scholar

Saubhagya, Vidya. “Śrī Bībīpuramaṇḍana Śrī Cintāmaṇi Pārśvanātha Caitanya Praśastiḥ.” Anusandhan 45 (2008): 6–29.Google Scholar

Banarasidas. Ardhakathanaka. Translated by Mukund Lath. Jaipur: Rajasthan Prakrit Bharati Sansthan, 1981.Google Scholar

Keśavadāsa. Jahāṁgīra Jasa Candrikā or Moonlight of the Emperor Jahangir’s Glory. Translated and edited by Cavaliere, Stefania. Napoli: Università degli Studi di Napoli, 2010.Google Scholar

Vidyavijayaji Suri, Muniraj Shri. Surishwar aur Samrat Akbar. Translated by Krishnalal Varma. Agra: Vijayadharma Lakshmi Gyana Mandir, 1923.Google Scholar

Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Anna 1641–1642. Edited by Colenbrander, H. T.. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1900.Google Scholar

Desai, G. H., and Clarke, A. B.. Gazetteer of the Baroda State. Bombay: Times Press, 1923.Google Scholar

Elliot, F. A. H. The Rulers of Baroda. Baroda: State Press, 1879.Google Scholar

Forrest, George W. Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat, Maratha Series. Vol. 1. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1885.Google Scholar

Foster, William. Early Travels in India, 1583–1619. London: Oxford University Press, 1921.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India, 1615–19, Revised and Updated. London: Oxford University Press, 1926.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul: As Narrated in his Journal and Correspondence, 1615–1619. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1899.Google Scholar

Foster, William. The English Factories in India, 1618–1669. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906–27.Google Scholar

Foster, William. “Sivaji’s Raid upon Surat in 1664 (in 2 parts).” The Indian Antiquary 50 (1921): 312–21 and 51 (1922): 1–6.Google Scholar

Fraser, James. The History of Nadir Shah, formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present Emperor of Persia: To which is Prefix’d a Short History of the Moghol Emperors. At the End is Inserted, a Catalogue of about Two Hundred Manuscripts in the Persic and Other Oriental Languages, Collected in the East. London: A. Millar, 1742.Google Scholar

Gense, J. H., and Banaji, D. R., eds. The Gaikwads of Baroda: English Documents. 10 vols. Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co, 1936–45.Google Scholar

Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons. Reports from Committees of the House of Commons, East Indies: Carnatic War and 1781 and 1872. Vol. 8. London: House of Commons, 1806.Google Scholar

Malcolm, John. A Memoir of Central India, Including Malwa, and Adjoining Provinces. 2 vols. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1823.Google Scholar

Wallace, R. The Guicowar and His Relations with the British Government. Bombay: Education Society’s Press, 1863.Google Scholar

Wilson, H. H. A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms. London: W. H. Allen and Company, 1855.Google Scholar

Bernier, François. Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668. Translated by Archibald Constable. London: Oxford University Press, repr. 1916.Google Scholar

Martin, François. India in the 17th Century: Memoirs of François Martin, 1670–1694. Translated by Lotika Varadarajan. 2 vols. Delhi: Manohar, 1983.Google Scholar

Roques, Georges. La manière de négocier aux Indes: La compagnie de Indes et l’art du commerce. Edited by Bérinstain, Valérie. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 1996.Google Scholar

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. Travels in India. Translated by V. Ball. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co., 1889.Google Scholar

de Thévenot, Jean. The Travels of Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant in Three Parts: Turkey, Persia, and the East-Indies. Translated by A. Lovell. London: H. Clark, 1687.Google Scholar

de Mandelslo, Johan Albrecht. The Travels of John Albert de Mandelslo from Persia into the East Indies. Translated by John Davies. London: J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Haribhakti Gharanani Hakikatnu Pustak. Baroda: State Record Department, 1940.Google Scholar

Bhatt, Shamal. Rustam no Saloko. Edited by Bhayani, Harivallabh. Bombay: Gujarati Forbes Sabha, 1946.Google Scholar

Haribhakti Collection (HBC), c. 1762−1908. S. C. Misra Archives. Department of History, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.Google Scholar

Haribhakti Private Papers (HPP), c. 1762–1908. Private Collection of Swati and Gopal I. Haribhakti, Baroda.Google Scholar

Jani, Vishwanath. Ganim no Pavado. Edited by Bhayani, Harivallabh. Bombay: Gujarati Forbes Sabha, 1946.Google Scholar

Suri, Tilaksagar. “Rajasagar Suri Nirwan Ras.” In Jaina Aitihasik Gurjar Kavya Sanchaya. Edited by Jinavijayaji, Muni. Bhavnagar: Jain Atmanand Sabha, 1926.Google Scholar

Manucci, Niccolao. Storia do Mogor. Translated by William Irvine. 4 vols. London: John Murray, 1907–8.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Historical Selections from the Baroda State Records, 1724–1847. 7 vols. Baroda: State Record Department, 1934–43.Google Scholar

Baroda Record Office. Vadodaratil Sardar, Siladar, Jamadar, Pagadar, Darakdar va Parak Yachi Gharanachya Vagara Hakitati. Baroda: State Record Department, 1908.Google Scholar

Sardesai, G. S. Selections from the Peshwa Daftar. 46 vols. Bombay: Government Press, 1931–4.Google Scholar

Fazl, Abu’l. The A’in-i Akbari. Translated by H. Blochmann, D. C. Phillott, H. S. Jarrett, and Jadunath Sarkar. 3 vols. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, repr. 1949.Google Scholar

Fazl, Abu’l. The History of Akbar. Vols. 1–6. Translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015–20.Google Scholar

Afif, Shams Siraj. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. Translated by R. C. Jauhri. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 2001.Google Scholar

Aftabchi, Jauhar. “Tadhkiratu’l-waqiat.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun. Vol. 1. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 69–175. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Arzu, Sirajuddin Ali Khan. “Chirāgh-i Hidāyat.” In Ghīyās al-Lughāt. Edited by Sarwat, Mansur, 995–1259. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1984.Google Scholar

Babur, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad. The Babur-nama in English. Translated by A. S. Beveridge. 2 vols. London: Luzac & Co., 1922.Google Scholar

Babur, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Translated by W. M. Thackston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Badauni, , ‘Abd al-Qadir. Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh. Vol. 2. Translated by W. H. Lowe. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, repr. 1924.Google Scholar

Balmukund, Mehta. Letters of a King-Maker of the Eighteenth Century (Balmukund Nama). Edited by Chandra, Satish. Aligarh: Asia Publishing House, 1972.Google Scholar

Barani, Zia-ud-Din. Tarikh-Firoz Shahi. Translated by Ishtiaq Ahmad Zilli. New Delhi: Primus Books, 2015.Google Scholar

Bayat, Bayazid. “Tarikh-i Humayun.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun, Vol. 2. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 1–178. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Felix, Father S. J. “Mughal Farmans, Parwanahs and Sanads Issued in Favour of the Jesuit Missionaries.” Journal of the Punjab Historical Society 5 (1918): 1–53.Google Scholar

Begum, Gulbadan. “Humayunnama.” In Three Memoirs of Humayun, Vol. 1. Edited and translated by W. M. Thackston, 1–68. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2009.Google Scholar

Jahangir, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad. The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by W. M. Thackston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jahangir, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers. 2 vols. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1909–14.Google Scholar

Jhaveri, Shantidas. Waṣīyat-nāma [The last will of Shantidas Jhaveri, 1657]. Persian text reproduced and translated by Chaghatai. “A Rare Historical Scroll of Shah Jahan’s Reign.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan 16, no. 1 (1971): 63–77.Google Scholar

Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj. Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia. Translated by H. G. Raverty. London: Gilbert & Rivington, 1881.Google Scholar

Khafi Khan, Muhammad Hashim. Muntakhab-ul Lubab. Edited by Ahmad, Maulvi Kabiruddin. 2 vols. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1874.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirāt-i Aḥmadī. 2 vols. Bombay: Fatḥ al-Karīm, 1889.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi. Edited by Ali, Syed Nawab. 2 vols. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1927–8.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi. Translated by M. F. Lokhandwala. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1965.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi Supplement. Translated by Syed Nawab Ali and Charles Norman Seddon. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1928.Google Scholar

Khan, Ali Muhammad. Mirat-i-Ahmadi Supplement. Edited by Syed Nawab Ali. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1930.Google Scholar

Khan, Gholam Hussein. Siyar-ul Mutakherin. Translated by Haji Mustefa and John Briggs, 2 vols. London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1831.Google Scholar

Khan, I‘timad ‘Ali. Mirāt-ul Ḥaqā’iq. Fraser Collection, MS 124. Bodleian Library, Oxford University.Google Scholar

Khan, Motamad. Iqbalnamah-i Jahangiri. Edited by Hai, Abdul and Ali, Ahmad. Calcutta: College Press, 1865.Google Scholar

Lahori, , ‘Abd al-Hameed. Padshahnamah. Translated by Hamid Afaq Siddiqi. 2 vols. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 2010.Google Scholar

Nagar, Ishwardas. Futuhat-i-Alamgiri. Translated by Tasneem Ahmad. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1978.Google Scholar

National Archives of India (NAI). Descriptive List of Acquired Documents. New Delhi, India. A collection of several dozen contemporary documents concerning ijāra as practiced in various Mughal localities from 1626 to 1743.Google Scholar

Qandhari, Muhammad Arif. Tarikh-i-Akbari. Translated by Tasneem Ahmad. Delhi: Pragati Publications, 1993.Google Scholar

Richards, John F., ed. Document Forms for Official Orders of Appointment in the Mughal Empire. Cambridge: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust, 1986.Google Scholar

Saksena, Bhimsen. Tārīkh-i Dilkashā (Memoirs of Bhimsen Relating to Aurangzeb’s Deccan Campaigns). Translated by Jadunath Sarkar and V. G. Khobrekar. Bombay: Government of Maharashtra, 1972.Google Scholar

Shah Nawaz Khan, Samsam-ud-Daula. The Maathir-ul-Umara. Translated by H. Beveridge and Baini Prashad. 2 vols. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1941, 1952.Google Scholar

Tirmizi, S. A. I., ed. Mughal Documents (A.D. 1526–1627). Vol. 1. Delhi: Manohar, 1989.Google Scholar

Tirmizi, S. A. I., ed. Mughal Documents (A.D. 1628–1659). Vol. 2. Delhi: Manohar, 1995.Google Scholar

Yasin, Khwaja. Dastūr-i Mālguẕārī (An Eighteenth-Century Agrarian Manual). Edited and translated by Mahmud, S. Hasan. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 2000.Google Scholar

Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa. Translated by M. Longworth Dames. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918–21.Google Scholar

Pires, Tomé. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues. Translated by Armando Cortesao. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944.Google Scholar

Saubhagya, Vidya. “Śrī Bībīpuramaṇḍana Śrī Cintāmaṇi Pārśvanātha Caitanya Praśastiḥ.” Anusandhan 45 (2008): 6–29.Google Scholar

Alam, Muzaffar. The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707–48. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Alam, Muzaffar. “Eastern India in the Early Eighteenth Century ‘Crisis’: Some Evidence from Bihar.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 28, no. 1 (1991): 43–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alam, Muzaffar. “The Zamindars and Mughal Power in the Deccan, 1685–1712.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 11, no. 1 (1974): 74–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “The Deccan Frontier and Mughal Expansion, ca. 1600: Contemporary Perspectives.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, no. 3 (2004): 357–89.Google Scholar

Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Introduction” to The Mughal State, 1526–1750, 1–71. Edited by Alam, Muzaffar and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Ali, M. Athar. The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility, 1574–1658. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Ali, M. Athar. Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society, and Culture. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Ali, M. Athar. The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, repr. 1997.Google Scholar

Ali, M. Athar. “Provincial Governors under Aurangzeb: An Analysis.” In Ali, M. Athar, Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society, and Culture. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006, 262–304.Google Scholar

Allsen, Thomas. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2011.Google Scholar

Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. Merchants, Companies, and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650–1740. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Archambault, Hannah L. “Geographies of Influence: Two Afghan Military Households in 17th and 18th Century South India.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2018.Google Scholar

Limited, Arvind. 90th Annual Report. Ahmedabad, 2021.Google Scholar

Asher, Catherine. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aslanian, Sebouh. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aziz, Abdul. The Imperial Treasury of the Indian Mughals. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf, 1942.Google Scholar

Babb, Lawrence. Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004.Google Scholar

Bajekal, Madhavi. “The State and the Rural Grain Market in Eighteenth Century Eastern Rajasthan.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 25, no. 4 (1988): 443–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balachandran, Jyoti. Narrative Pasts: The Making of a Muslim Community in Gujarat, c. 1400–1650. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, E. C. The Local Muhammadan Dynasties: Gujarat. London: W. H. Allen, 1886.Google Scholar

Bayly, C. A. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Bayly, C. A. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Bhat, B. W. “A Deed of Conveyance 375 Years Old.” Proceedings of the Indian Historical Records Commission 25 (1948): 54–7.Google Scholar

Bhutoriya, Mangilal. Osval (Osval Jati ka Itihas), A History of the Osval Caste. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Priyadarshni Prakashan, 1995.Google Scholar

Bilgrami, Rafat. Religious and Quasi-Religious Departments of the Mughal Period, 1556–1707. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1984.Google Scholar

Birla, Ritu. Stages of Capital: Law, Culture, and Market Governance in Late Colonial India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Blake, Stephen P. Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braudel, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th century, Volume 2: The Wheels of Commerce. Berkeley: University of California Press, repr. 1992.Google Scholar

Breman, Jan. Beyond Patronage and Exploitation: Changing Agrarian Relations in South Gujarat. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Briggs, H. G. The Cities of Gujarashtra: Their Topography and History Illustrated in the Journal of a Recent Tour. Bombay: Times Press, 1849.Google Scholar

Busch, Allison. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chaghatai, Abdulla. “A Rare Historical Scroll of Shah Jahan’s Reign.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan 16, no. 1 (1971): 63–77.Google Scholar

Chandra, Satish. “The Deccan Policy of the Mughals (II) – Under Aurangzeb.” In Satish Chandra, Essays on Medieval Indian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, 461–84.Google Scholar

Chandra, Satish. Essays on Medieval Indian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Chandra, Satish. Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, repr. 2002.Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Nandini. Land and Law in Mughal India: A Family of Landlords across Three Indian Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Chaudhury, Sushil. “The Banking and Mercantile House of Jagat Seths of Bengal.” Studies in People’s History 2, no. 1 (2015): 85–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clay, Christopher. Public Finance and Private Wealth: The Career of Sir Stephen Fox, 1627–1716. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

Commissariat, M. S. A History of Gujarat, Including a Survey of its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions. 3 vols. Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co., 1938–80.Google Scholar

Commissariat, M. S. “Imperial Mughal Farmans in Gujarat: Being Farmans Mainly Issued in Favour of Shantidas Jawahari of Ahmadabad by the Mughal Emperors.” Journal of the University of Bombay 9, no. 1 (1940): 1–56.Google Scholar

Commissariat, M. S. Studies in the History of Gujarat. Ahmedabad: Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, repr. 1987.Google Scholar

Cope, S. R. Walter Boyd: A Merchant Banker in the Age of Napoleon. Gloucester: A. Sutton, 1983.Google Scholar

Cort, John. Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Cort, John. “A Tale of Two Cities: On the Origins of Digambar Sectarianism in North India.” In Multiple Histories: Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan. Edited by Babb, Lawrence, Joshi, Varsha, and Meister, Michael, 39–83. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2002.Google Scholar

Dalrymple, William. The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.Google Scholar

Das Gupta, Ashin. Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat: c. 1700–1750. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1979.Google Scholar

Das Gupta, Ashin. Merchants of Maritime India, 1500–1800. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing, 1994.Google Scholar

Das Gupta, Ashin. The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant, 1500–1800. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Day, U. N. The Government of the Sultanate. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1972.Google Scholar

de Roover, Raymond. The Medici Bank: Its Organization, Management, Operations, and Decline. New York: New York University Press, 1948.Google Scholar

Desai, Ratilal Deepchand. Sheth Anandji Kalyanji ni Pedhi no Itihas. 2 vols. Ahmedabad: Sheth Anandji Kalyanji, 1983.Google Scholar

Desan, Christine. Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deyell, John. Living without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Dighe, V. G. Peshwa Baji Rao I & Maratha Expansion. Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House, 1944.Google Scholar

Dirks, Nicholas. The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Divekar, V. D. “The Emergence of an Indigenous Business Class in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century.” Modern Asian Studies 16, no. 3 (1982): 427–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eaton, Richard. India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eaton, Richard. “The Rise of Written Vernaculars: The Deccan 1450–1650.” In After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-Century North India. Edited by Orsini, Francesca and Sheikh, Samira, 112–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Eaton, Richard. A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faruki, Zahiruddin. Aurangzeb and his Times. Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons and Co., 1935.Google Scholar

Faruqui, Munis D. “At Empire’s End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India.” Modern Asian Studies 43, no.1 (2009): 5–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faruqui, Munis D. “Awrangzīb.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Edited by Fleet, Kate, Krämer, Gudrun, Matringe, Denis, Nawas, John, and Rowson, Everett. Brill Online, 2011.Google Scholar

Faruqui, Munis D. The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, Jorge. “The Sea and the World of the Mutasaddi: A Profile of Port Officials from Mughal Gujarat (c. 1600–1650).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21, no. 1 (2011): 55–71.Google Scholar

Flynn, Dennis. World Silver and Monetary History in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Aldershot: Variorum, 1996.Google Scholar

Fortes, Meyer, and Evans-Pritchard, E. E.. African Political Systems. London: Oxford University Press, 1940.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Supriya. The Emperor Who Never Was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind. Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Goldberg, Jessica. Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and their Business World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldsmith, Raymond. Premodern Financial Systems: A Historical Comparative Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstone, Jack A. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China, 1600–1850. London: Routledge, repr. 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gommans, Jos. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700. London: Routledge, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gommans, Jos, and Kolff, Dirk, eds. Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia, 1000–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Gommans, Jos, and Kuiper, Jitske. “The Surat Castle Revolutions: Myths of an Anglo-Bania Order and Dutch Neutrality, c. 1740–1760.” Journal of Early Modern History 10, no. 4 (2006): 1–30.Google Scholar

Gordon, Stewart. “Legitimacy and Loyalty in Some Successor States of the Eighteenth Century.” In Kingship and Authority in South Asia. Edited by Richards, John F., 327–47. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas, 1600–1818. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Stewart. Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-Century India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Gordon, Stewart. Robes and Honor: The Medieval World of Investiture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Stewart, ed. Robes of Honour: Khil’at in Pre-Colonial and Colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Gordon, Stewart. “The Slow Conquest: Administrative Integration of Malwa into the Maratha Empire, 1720–1760.” Modern Asian Studies 11, no. 1 (1977): 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goswami, Manu. Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grewal, J. S. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Guha, Ranajit. A Rule of Property for Bengal. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, repr. 1996.Google Scholar

Guha, Sumit. Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Guha, Sumit. “The Family Feud as a Political Resource in Eighteenth-Century India.” In Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia. Edited by Chatterjee, Indrani, 73–94. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Guha, Sumit. Health and Population in South Asia. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001.Google Scholar

Guha, Sumit. “Rethinking the Economy of Mughal India: Lateral Perspectives.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 58, no. 4 (2015): 532–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guha, Sumit. “Transitions and Translations: Regional Power and Vernacular Identity in the Dakhan, 1500–1800.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24, no. 2 (2004): 23–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Habib, Irfan. The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, repr. 1999.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. An Atlas of the Mughal Empire. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. “Banking in Mughal India.” In Contributions to Indian Economic History. Edited by Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 1–20. Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1960.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. “Dealing with Multiplicity: Mughal Administration in Braj Bhum under Aurangzeb (1659–1707).” Studies in People’s History 3, no. 2 (2016): 151–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Habib, Irfan. “The Eighteenth Century in Economic History.” In On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History. Edited by Leonard Blussé and Femme Gaastra, 217–36. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1998.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. “Iqṭāʻs: Distribution of Revenue Resources among the Ruling Class.” In Cambridge Economic History of India. Edited by Habib, Irfan and Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 68–75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization. New Delhi: National Book Trust, 2007.Google Scholar

Habib, Irfan. “Usury in Medieval India.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 6, no. 4 (1964): 393–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haider, Najaf. “A Holi Riot of 1714: Versions from Ahmedabad and Delhi.” In Living Together Separately: Cultural India in History and Politics. Edited by Hasan, Mushirul and Roy, Asim, 127–44. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Haider, Najaf. “The Moneychangers (Ṣarrāfs) in Mughal India.” Studies in People’s History 6, no. 2 (2019): 146–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haider, Najaf. “Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 298–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haider, Najaf. “The Quantity Theory and Mughal Monetary History.” Medieval History Journal 2, no. 2 (1999): 309–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haider, Najaf. “A Sturdy Regional Currency: The Continuous Use of Mahmudis in Gujarat under the Mughals.” Studies in People’s History 4, no. 2 (2017): 162–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hambly, Gavin, and Asher, Catherine. “Delhi Sultanate.” In Encyclopædia Iranica, VII/3, 242–50. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1994.Google Scholar

Handa, Devendra. Osian: History, Archaeology, Art and Architecture. Delhi: Sundeep, 1984.Google Scholar

Hardiman, David. “Baroda: The Structure of a ‘Progressive’ State.” In People, Princes, and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States. Edited by Jeffrey, Robin, 107–35. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

Hasan, Farhat. State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Hasan, S. Nurul. “The Position of the Zamindars in the Mughal Empire.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 1, no. 4 (1964): 107–19.Google Scholar

Hodivala, S. H. Historical Studies in Mughal Numismatics. Bombay: The Numismatic Society of India, 1976.Google Scholar

Hoffman, Philip T. Why did Europe Conquer the World? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Husain, S. M. Azizuddin. Structure of Politics under Aurangzeb, 1658–1707. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers Distributors, 2002.Google Scholar

Husein, Yusef. The First Nizam: Life and Times of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1963.Google Scholar

Irvine, William. Later Mughals. 2 vols. Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar & Sons, 1921.Google Scholar

Jackson, Peter. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Jain, Shalin. “Jain Elites and the Mughal State under Shahjahan.” Indian Historical Review 42, no. 2 (2015): 210–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jain, Shalin. “Piety, Laity and Royalty: Jains under the Mughals in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century.” Indian Historical Review 40, no. 1 (2013): 67–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jain, V. K. Trade and Traders in Western India, 1000–1300. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1990.Google Scholar

Jayantvijay, Muni. Śaṃkheśvara Mahātīrtha. Ujjain: Vijaydharmsuri Jain Granthmala, 1942.Google Scholar

Jeffrey, Robin, ed. People, Princes, and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

Jhaveri, Krishnalal. Milestones in Gujarati Literature. Bombay: Gujarati Printing Press, 1914.Google Scholar

Johansen, Baber. The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The Peasants’ Loss of Property Rights as Interpreted in the Hanafite Legal Literature of the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods. London: Croom Helm, 1988.Google Scholar

Kaicker, Abhishek. The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kalia, Asha. Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries. Ajmer: Abhinav Publications, 1982.Google Scholar

Kapadia, Aparna. In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karim, Abdul. Murshid Quli Khan and his Times. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1963.Google Scholar

Khan, Iqtidar Alam. Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Kim, Hawon Ku. “Re-Formation of Identity: The Nineteenth-Century Jain Pilgrimage Site of Shatrunjaya, Gujarat.” PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 2007.Google Scholar

Koch, Ebba, and Anooshahr, Ali, eds. The Mughal Empire from Jahangir to Shah Jahan: Art, Architecture, Politics, Law and Literature. Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2019.Google Scholar

Kolff, D. H. A. Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Kumar, Sunil, ed. Demolishing Myths or Mosques and Temples? Readings on History and Temple Desecration in Medieval India. Gurgaon: Three Essays Collective, 2008.Google Scholar

Kumar, Sunil. The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007.Google Scholar

Laine, James. Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lambton, A. K. S. Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Albany: State University of New York, 1988.Google Scholar

Lambton, A. K. S. “Eqṭāʻ.” In Encyclopædia Iranica, VIII/5, 520–33. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1998.Google Scholar

Lambton, A. K. S. “The Iqṭāʻ: State Land and Crown Land.” In Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th–14th Century, 97–129. Albany: State University of New York, 1988.Google Scholar

Lehman, F. “Akbar I.” In Encyclopædia Iranica, I/7, 707–11. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1984.Google Scholar

Lehman, F. “Bābor, Ẓahīr-al-dīn Moḥammad.” In Encyclopædia Iranica, III/3, 320–3. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1988.Google Scholar

Leonard, Karen. “Family Firms in Hyderabad: Gujarati, Goswami, and Marwari Patterns of Adoption, Marriage, and Inheritance.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 4 (2011): 827–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leonard, Karen. “The ‘Great Firm’ Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 21, no. 2 (1979): 151–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leonard, Karen. “Indigenous Banking Firms in Mughal India: A Reply.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23, no. 2 (1981): 309–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lieberman, Victor. Strange Parallels, Volume 2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands. Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Little, J. H. House of Jagatseth. Calcutta: Calcutta Historical Society, 1920.Google Scholar

Macdonell, A. A., and Marshall, P. J.. “Fraser, James (1712/13–1754), East India Company Servant and Collector of Oriental Manuscripts.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 23, 2004. Accessed June 21, 2022, from www.oxforddnb.com.Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, repr. 2012.Google Scholar

Mantena, Karuna. Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mehta, Makrand. Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective. Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1991.Google Scholar

Mehta, N. C. Studies in Indian Painting. Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala, 1926.Google Scholar

Mintzker, Yair. The Many Deaths of Jew Süss. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Modi, Jivanji Jamsedji. “A Farman of Emperor Jehangir in Favour of Two Parsees of the Dordi Family of Naosari.” Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 25 (1922): 419–90.Google Scholar

Modi, Jivanji Jamsedji. “The Parsees at the Court of Akbar and Dastur Meherji.” Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 21 (1904): 69–245.Google Scholar

Molesworth, J. T. A Dictionary, Marathi and English. Bombay: Bombay Education Society, 1857.Google Scholar

Moosvi, Shireen. The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, repr. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moosvi, Shireen. “Expenditure on Buildings under Shah Jahan – A Chapter of Imperial Financial History.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 46 (1985): 285–99.Google Scholar

Moosvi, Shireen. “The Mughal Empire and the Deccan – Economic Factors and Consequences.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 43 (1982): 365–82.Google Scholar

Moreland, W. H. From Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Indian Economic History. London: Macmillan & Co., 1923.Google Scholar

Nadri, Ghulam. Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of its Political Economy, 1750–1800. Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar

Olivelle, Patrick. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orsini, Francesca. “How to do Multilingual Literary History? Lessons from Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century North India.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 49, no. 2 (2012): 225–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Padgett, John F., and Ansell, Christopher K.. “Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434.” American Journal of Sociology 98, no. 6 (1993): 1259–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parikh, Dhiru. Shamal. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1990.Google Scholar

Parsons, Talcott. The Social System. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951.Google Scholar

Pauwels, Heidi, and Bachrach, Emilia. “Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna Images’ Exodus from Braj.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 3 (2018): 485–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pauwels, Heidi, and Murphy, Anne, eds. “From Outside the Persianate Centre: Vernacular Views on ‘Ālamgīr.’” Special issue, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 3 (2018): 407–581.Google Scholar

Paymaster, R. B. Early History of the Parsees in India from their Landing at Sanjan to 1700 A.D. Bombay: Zartoshti Mandli, 1954.Google Scholar

Pearson, M. N. Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pearson, M. N. “Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire.” The Journal of Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (1976): 221–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perlin, Frank. The Invisible City: Monetary, Administrative and Popular Infrastructures in Asia and Europe, 1500–1900. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing, 1993.Google Scholar

Perlin, Frank. “State Formation Reconsidered.” Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (1985): 415–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perlin, Frank. “Of White Whale and Countrymen in the Eighteenth‐Century Maratha Deccan: Extended Class Relations, Rights, and the Problem of Rural Autonomy under the Old Regime.” Journal of Peasant Studies 5, no. 2 (1978): 172–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pollock, Sheldon. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prakash, Om. European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prakash, Om. “Sarrafs, Financial Intermediation and Credit Network in Mughal India.” In Money, Coins, and Commerce: Essays in the Monetary History of Asia and Europe. Edited by Van Cauwenberghe, Eddy H. G., 473–90. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Qaisar, A. Jan. “The Role of Brokers in Medieval India.” Indian Historical Review 1, no. 2 (1974): 220–46.Google Scholar

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. Structure and Function in Primitive Society. London: Cohen and West, 1952.Google Scholar

Ramusack, Barbara N. The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Ray, Aniruddha. The Merchant and the State: The French in India, 1666–1739. 2 vols. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004.Google Scholar

Ray, C. N. “The Traditional Neighbourhoods in a Walled City: Pols in Ahmedabad.” Sociological Bulletin 57, no. 3 (2008): 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ray, Indrani. The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essays. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999.Google Scholar

Raychaudhuri, Tapan, and Habib, Irfan, eds. The New Cambridge Economic History of India, c. 1200–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Reu, B. N. Glories of Marwar and the Glorious Rathors. Jodhpur: Mansingh Pustak Prakash, 1943.Google Scholar

Reu, B. N. “Maharaja Abhayasingh of Jodhpur and Sarbaland of Gujarat.” Indian Historical Records Commission 23 (1946): 67–9.Google Scholar

Rezavi, Syed Ali Nadeem. “Itimad Ali Khan: The Career of a Mughal Officer through His Own Diary.” Studies in People’s History 7, no. 1 (2020): 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, John F. “The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707.” Modern Asian Studies 9, no. 2 (1975): 241–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, John F. “The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan.” Journal of Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (1976): 237–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, John F. Mughal Administration in Golconda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, repr. 2008.Google Scholar

Richards, John F. “Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23, no. 2 (1981): 285–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, John F., ed. Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Richards, John F. “Warriors and the State in Early Modern India.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, no. 3 (2004): 390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent, and Bin Wong, R.. Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, Tirthankar. A Business History of India: Enterprise and the Emergence of Capitalism from 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, Tirthankar. “Rethinking the Origins of British India: State Formation and Military-Fiscal Undertakings in an Eighteenth-Century World Region.” Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 4 (2013): 1125–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, Tirthankar, and Swamy, Anand V.. Law and the Economy in Colonial India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Sachau, Ed, and Ethé, Hermann. Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, and Pushto Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.Google Scholar

Saran, P. The Provincial Government of the Mughals, 1526–1658. Allahabad: Kitabistan, 1941.Google Scholar

Sargent, Thomas J., and Velde, François R.. The Big Problem of Small Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Sarkar, Jadunath. Fall of the Mughal Empire. 4 vols. Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar & Sons, 1932–50.Google Scholar

Sarkar, Jadunath. History of Aurangzib. 5 vols. Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar & Sons, 1912–24.Google Scholar

Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. Studies in Economic Life in Mughal India. Delhi: Oriental Publishers, 1975.Google Scholar

Sarma, Sreeramula. “A Jain Assayer at the Sulṭān’s Mint: Ṭhakkura Pherū and his Dravyaparīkṣā.” In Jaina Studies: Proceedings of the DOT 2010 Panel in Marburg, Germany. Edited by Soni, Jayendra, 7–32. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2012.Google Scholar

Sastri, Nilakanta. The Cholas. Madras: University of Madras, 1955.Google Scholar

Schwartzberg, Joseph. A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1978.Google Scholar

Shah, A. M. Exploring India’s Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Shah, A. M. “Political Systems in 18th Century Gujarat.” Enquiry 1, no. 1 (1964): 83–95.Google Scholar

Shah, Malti. Nagarsheth Shantidas Jhaveri. Ahmedabad: Gurjar Prakashan, repr. 2013.Google Scholar

Sharma, G. N. Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan, 1500–1800. Agra: Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, 1968.Google Scholar

Sheikh, Samira. Forging a Region: Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Sheikh, Samira. “Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai’s Account Books.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 64, no. 5–6 (2021): 693–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sheth, Sudev. “How to become the Doyen of Denim in License Raj.” Mint, August 15, 2022.Google Scholar

Sheth, Sudev. “Revenue Farming Reconsidered: Tenurial Rights and Tenurial Duties in Early Modern India, ca. 1556–1818.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 61, no. 5–6 (2018): 878–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sheth, Sudev, and Zhang, Lawrence L. C.. “Locating Meritocracy in Early Modern Asia: Qing China and Mughal India.” In Meritocracy in India and China. Edited by Szonyi, Michael and Khanna, Tarun, 85–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Sheth, Sudev, and Dawood, Mohammad. “When Mice Eat Cats: An Allegory of Empire as Border Art in the Diary of an Eighteenth-Century Mughal Bureaucrat.” Manuscript Studies: A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies 8, no. 1 (2023): 24–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siddiqi, N. A. Land Revenue Administration under the Mughals, 1700–1750. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970.Google Scholar

Siebenhüner, Kim. “Precious Things in Motion: Luxury and the Circulation of Jewels in Mughal India.” In Luxury in Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000. Edited by Hofmeester, Karin and Grewe, Bernd-Stefan, 27–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singh, Chetan. Region & Empire: Panjab in the Seventeenth Century. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Singh, M. P. Town, Market, Mint and Port in the Mughal Empire, 1556–1707. New Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1985.Google Scholar

Skaria, Ajay. Hybrid Histories: Forests, Frontiers and Wildness in Western India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Spodek, Howard. Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Steensgaard, Niels. Carracks, Caravans and Companies: Structural Crisis in the European-Asian Trade in the Early 17th Century. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1973.Google Scholar

Stein, Burton. “State Formation and Economy Reconsidered.” Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (1985): 387–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steingass, Francis. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1892.Google Scholar

Sturman, Rachel. “Property and Attachments: Defining Autonomy and the Claims of Family in Nineteenth-Century Western India.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 3 (2005): 611–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “The Hidden Face of Surat: Reflections on a Cosmopolitan Indian Ocean Centre, 1540–1750.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 61, nos. 1–2 (2018): 205–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Of Coproduction: The Case of James Fraser, 1730–1750.” In Europe’s India: Words, People, Empires, 1500–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Warfare and State Finance in Wodeyar Mysore, 1724–25: A Missionary Perspective.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 26, no. 2 (1989): 203–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, and Bayly, C. A.. “Portfolio Capitalists and the Political Economy of Early Modern India.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 25, no. 4 (1988): 401–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tripathi, Dwijendra. The Dynamics of a Tradition: Kasturbhai Lalbhai and his Entrepreneurship. New Delhi: Manohar, 1981.Google Scholar

Tripathi, Dwijendra, and Mehta, Makrand. “The Nagarsheth of Ahmedabad: The History of an Urban Institution in Gujarat City.” In Indian Institute of Management Working Papers, 1–26. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 1978.Google Scholar

Tripathi, R. P. “The Turko-Mongol Theory of Kingship.” In The Mughal State. Edited by Alam, Muzaffar and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 115–25. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Trivellato, Francesca. The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Truschke, Audrey. Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India’s Most Controversial King. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Truschke, Audrey. “Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests.” South Asian History and Culture 3, no. 3 (2012): 373–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Leur, J. C. Indonesian Trade and Society. The Hague: W. Van Hoeve, 1955.Google Scholar

van Santen, H. W. “De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Gujarat en Hindustan, 1620–1660.” PhD diss., Leiden University, 1982.Google Scholar

Wadia, Ruttonjee Ardeshir. The Bombay Dockyard and the Wadia Master Builders. Bombay: Godrej Memorial Printing Press, 1955.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System, Volume 2: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, repr. 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Washbrook, David. “Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India.” Modern Asian Studies 15, no. 3 (1981): 649–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wink, André. Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Yashaschandra, Sitamshu. “From Hemacandra to Hind Svarāj: Region and Power in Gujarati Literary Culture.” In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Edited by Pollock, Sheldon, 567–611. Berkeley: University of California, 2003.Google Scholar

Yun-Casalilla, Bartolome, and O’Brien, Patrick, eds. The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar