Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-29T05:08:10.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2023

Stanley Finger
Affiliation:
Washington University, St Louis
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Mark Twain, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Head Readers
Literature, Humor, and Faddish Phrenology
, pp. 318 - 338
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anon. (1800): [“Mr. F. J. Gall”]. Medical and Physical Journal, 4, 90.Google Scholar
Anon. (1802a): Gall’s theory of skulls. The Times (London), Feb. 26, 2.Google Scholar
Anon. (1802b): Explanation of Dr. Gall’s theory of skulls, extracted from a French paper. Gentlemans Magazine, 72, 200.Google Scholar
Anon. (1802c): Account of Dr. Gall’s cranioscopical lectures. Monthly Magazine, or, British Register, 14, 212213.Google Scholar
Anon. (1808a): [Paris], Swäbische Merkur, 5 February.Google Scholar
Anon. (1808b): Craniology. In Rees A (ed.), The Cyclopaedia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Vol. X. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 268275.Google Scholar
Anon. (1810): Craniology. Philosophical Magazine, 36, 7778.Google Scholar
Anon. (1814–1815): Dr. Spurzheim’s demonstrative course of lectures on Drs. Gall and Spurzheim’s physiognomical system. Philosophical Magazine, 44, 305312, 370–383; 45, 50–63, 132–136.Google Scholar
Anon. [Gordon, J] (1815): The doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim. Edinburgh Review, 25, 227268.Google Scholar
Anon. [Jeffrey?] (1816a): The Craniad: A Serio-Comic Poem. London, Sherwood.Google Scholar
Anon. (1816b): [Review of] The Craniad: A serio-comic poem. Augustan Review, 9, 619622.Google Scholar
Anon. [Jeffrey?] (1817): The Craniad; or, Spurzheim Illustrated: A Poem, in Two Parts. Edinburgh, Printed for William Blackwood.Google Scholar
Anon. (1828): Sir William Hamilton, Bart., and Phrenology. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Anon. (1829): Renewed correspondence between Sir William Hamilton, Bart., and Mr George Combe. Phrenological Journal and Miscellany, 5, 153158.Google Scholar
Anon. (1858): Temperaments. American Phrenological Journal, 27 (Feb.), 1920.Google Scholar
Anon. (1884): Field Notes. Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, 78 (old ser.), 195.Google Scholar
Anon. (1896): Phrenology and its transducers: The press and the public. Human Nature, 17, 5.Google Scholar
Anon. (1901): Mark Twain – The world’s greatest humorist: Ten reasons why we say so. Phrenological Journal of Science and Health, 3 (n.s.), 58.Google Scholar
Anon. (1908): Death of George Sumner Weaver. Watertown Daily Times, March 7. http://nyscu.org/Archives/Universalist%20Clergy%20Obits/Weaver,%20George%20Sumner.pdfGoogle Scholar
Anon. (1910): The late Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens). Phrenological Journal of Science and Health, 123, 190.Google Scholar
Ackerknecht, EH (1956): P. M. A. Dumoutier et la collection phrénologique du Musée de l’Homme. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, Xo sér., 7, 289308.Google Scholar
Ackerknecht, EH and Vallois, HV (1956): Franz Joseph Gall, Inventor of Phrenology and His Collection. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Ackerknecht, EH (1967): Medicine at the Paris Hospital. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Akert, K and Hammond, MP (1962): Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) and his contributions to neurology. Medical History, 16, 255265.Google Scholar
Allen, GW (1955): The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman. New York, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Altenmueller, E, Finger, S, and Boller, F (eds.) (2015): Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical Connections and Perspectives. Oxford and New York, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Andral, G (1833): Lectures on medical pathology delivered in the University of Paris, by M. Andral, D. M. P., &c. &c., in the session of 1833. The Lancet, 19, 647653.Google Scholar
Andral, G (1834): Phrenological Society of Paris: Annual meeting, August 22, 1834. The Lancet, 22, 896898.Google Scholar
Andrews, JP (1796): History of Great Britain…. London, T. Cadwell and W. Davis.Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1908): The Works of Aristotle (12 vols.). Ross, WD (ed., trans.). Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle, (pseud.) (1913): Physiognomonica. In Ross, WD (ed., trans.), The Works of Aristotle, Vol. VI. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 805a114b.Google Scholar
Alschuler, AW (2000): Law without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Aspiz, H (1968): Phrenologizing the whale. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 23, 1827.Google Scholar
[Atlantic Monthly] (1880): The Holmes Breakfast. The Atlantic Monthly, 45 (Suppl.), 124.Google Scholar
Auenbrugger, L (1761): Inventum novum ex percussione thoracis humani…. Typis Joannis Thomae Trattner.Google Scholar
Arvin, N. (1938): Whitman. New York, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Baker, L (1991): The Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York, HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Beall, EC (1881): The Brain and the Bible; or, The Conflict between Mental Science and Theology. New York, Truth Seeker.Google Scholar
Beall, EC (1894): Studies from photographs: A priest and a poet, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Phrenological Journal and Science and Health, 98, 269274.Google Scholar
Beall, EC (1905): The Life Sexual: A Study of the Philosophy, Physiology, Science, Art, and Hygiene of Love. New York, Vim Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Bell, J (1822): On phrenology, or the study of the intellectual and moral nature of man. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 72113.Google Scholar
Bennett, AH and Godlee, R (1884): Excision of a tumour from the brain. Lancet, 2, 10901091.Google Scholar
Bennett, M (2001): History of the Synapse. Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Benton, A (1984): Hemispheric dominance before Broca. Neuropsychologia, 22, 807811.Google Scholar
Bichat, MFX (1800): Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort. Paris, Brosson, Gabon et Cie.Google Scholar
Bichat, MFX (1801): Anatomie Générale Appliquée à la Physiologie et à la Médecine. Paris, Brosson, Gabon et Cie.Google Scholar
Bichat, MFX (1801–1803): Traité d’Anatomie Descriptive. Paris, Brosson, Gabon et Cie.Google Scholar
Bischoff, CHE (1805): Darstellung der Gall’schen Gehirn- und Schädel-Lehre; nebst Bemerkungen über diese Lehre von Christoph Wilh. Hufeland. Berlin, Wittich.Google Scholar
Bischoff, CHE (1807): Some Account of Dr. Gall’s New Theory of Physiognomy Founded Upon the Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and the Form of the Skull With the Critical Strictures of C. W. Hufeland. Robinson HC, trans., preface. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme.Google Scholar
Bittel, C (2019): Telling the truth of phrenology: Knowledge experiments in Antebellum American cultures of science and health. Medical History, 63, 352374.Google Scholar
Blair, W (1960): Mark Twain and Huck Finn. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blair, W (1969): Mark Twain’s Hannibal, Huck & Tom. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bojanus, L (1801): Encephalo-cranioscopie. Magazin Encyclopédique, Année VIII, 1, 445472.Google Scholar
Bojanus, L (1802): A short view of the craniognomic system of Dr. Gall, of Vienna. Philosophical Magazine, 14, 7784, 131–138.Google Scholar
Booth, B (1950): Mark Twain’s comments on Holmes’s Autocrat. American Literature, 21, 456463.Google Scholar
Boshears, R and Whitaker, H (2013): Phrenology and physiognomy in Victorian literature. In: Finger, S, Stiles, A, and Boller, F (eds.), Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical and Literary Connections. Oxford/New York, Elsevier, 87112.Google Scholar
Bouillaud, J-B (1825): Recherches cliniques propres à démontrer que la perte de la parole correspond à la lésion des lobules antérieurs du cerveau…. Archives Générale de Médecine, 8, 2545.Google Scholar
Bouillaud, J-B (1825): Traité Clinique et Physiologique de l’Encéphalite ou Inflammation du Cerveau. Paris, J. B. Ballière.Google Scholar
Bouillaud, J-B (1830): Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions du cerveau (lobes cérébraux) en général, et sur celles de sa portion antérieure en particulier. Journal Hebdomadaire de Médecine, 6, 527570.Google Scholar
Bouillaud, J-B (1839): Exposition de nouveaux faits à l’appui de l’opinion qui localise dans les lobules antérieurs du cerveau le principe législateur de la parole…. Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Médecine, 4, 282328.Google Scholar
Bouillaud, J.-B (1848): Recherches Cliniques Propres à Démontrer que le Sens du Langage Articulé et le Principe Coordinateur des Mouvements de la Parole Résident dans les Lobules Antérieurs du Cerveau. Paris, J. B. Ballière.Google Scholar
Bowditch, VY (1902): Life and Correspondence of Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (2 vols.) Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company.Google Scholar
Branson, S (2017): Phrenology and the science of race in Antebellum America. Early American Studies, 15, 164193.Google Scholar
Broca, P (1861): Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé; suivies d’une observation d’aphémie (perte de la parole): Bulletins de la Société Anatomique, 6, 330357, 398–407.Google Scholar
Broca, P (1863): Localisation des fonctions cérébrales. Siège du langage articulé. Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 4, 200204.Google Scholar
Broca, P (1865): Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 6, 337393.Google Scholar
Broussais, F (1836): Cours de Phrénologie. Paris, J.-B Baillière.Google Scholar
Broussais, F (1839): Leçons de Phrénologie. Brussels, Société Encyclographique des Sciences Médicales.Google Scholar
Brown, EE (1884): Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Akron, Saalfield Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Bruce, RV (1987): The Launching of Modern American Science. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Buranelli, V (1975): The Wizard From Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer. New York, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan.Google Scholar
Bynum, WF (1968): An old maid’s skull phrenologized. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 23, 386.Google Scholar
Cable, GW (1881): Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings. New York, D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar
Caldwell, C (1855): Autobiography of Charles Caldwell, M.D. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo and Co.Google Scholar
Capen, N (1833): Death of Dr. Spurzheim. Phrenological Journal and Miscellany, 8, 126128.Google Scholar
Capen, N (1835): Biography. In Gall, FJ, On the Functions of the Brain and Each of Its Parts…. Vol. 1. Boston, Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 256.Google Scholar
Capen, N (1881): Reminiscences of Dr. Spurzheim and George Combe. New York, Fowler and Wells, Publishers.Google Scholar
Carmichael, A (1833): A Memoir of the Life and Philosophy of Spurzheim. Boston, Marsh, Capen & Lyon.Google Scholar
Chenevix, R (1828): Gall and Spurzheim __ Phrenology. Foreign Quarterly Review, 2, 159.Google Scholar
Clemens, WM (1892): Mark Twain: His Life and Work, A Biographical Sketch. San Francisco, Clemens Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Coates, BH (1823): Comments on some of the illustrations derived by phrenology from comparative anatomy __ with reference to a late review of Dr. Warren’s work on the nervous system. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 7, 5880.Google Scholar
Cohen, AE (1958): Charles Caldwell, a belated tribute. Journal of the Kentucky State Medical Association, 56, 761767, 791.Google Scholar
Collins, P (2018): Blood and Ivy: The 1849 Murder That Scandalized Harvard. New York, W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Combe, A (1838): Strictures on Anti-Phrenology in Two Letters to Macvey Napier, Esq., and P. M. Roget, M.D. …. London, Printed for private distribution.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1817): [Review of] The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim. Scots’ Magazine & Edinburgh Literary Miscellany, 79, 242250.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1827): Controversy with Sir William Hamilton. Phrenological Journal and Miscellany, 4, 377407.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1828): The Constitution of Man and Its Relation to External Objects. Edinburgh, John Anderson.Google Scholar
Combe, G. (1834): Elements of Phrenology [2nd American ed.]. Boston, Marsh, Capen & Lyon.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1835): A System of Phrenology. Boston, Marsh, Capen and Lyon.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1836): Elements of Phrenology (4th ed.). Edinburgh, Maclachlan & Stewart.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1838–1840): Notes on the United States of North America during a Phrenological Visit in 1838-39-40 (3 vols.). Philadelphia, Carey & Hart.Google Scholar
Combe, G and Combe, A (1838): On the Functions of the Cerebellum by Gall, Vimont, and Broussais…. Edinburgh, Maclachlan & Stewart.Google Scholar
Conroy, S. S. (1964): Emerson and phrenology. American Quarterly, 16, 215217.Google Scholar
Combe, G (1881): Elements of Phrenology (10th ed.). Edinburgh, MacLachlan and Stewart.Google Scholar
Coombs, F (1841): Coomb’s Popular Phrenology…. Boston, F. Coombs.Google Scholar
Cooter, R (1976): Phrenology and the British alienists. Journal of Medical History, 20, 121, 135–151.Google Scholar
Cooter, R (1984): The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooter, R (1989): Phrenology in the British Isles: An Annotated, Historical Biobliography and Index. Metuchen and London, The Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Corvisart, JN (1808): Nouvelle Méthode pour Reconnaître les Maladies Internes de la Poitrine par la Percussion de cette Cavité. Paris, Impr. de Migneret.Google Scholar
Cowan, RE, Bancroft, A and Ballou, AL (1964): The Forgotten Characters of Old San Francisco. San Francisco, Ward Richie Press.Google Scholar
Cox, J (1966): Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cubelli, R and Montagna, CG (1994): A reappraisal of the controversy of Dax and Broca. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 3, 112.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G (1809): Report on a memoir of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, relative to the anatomy of the brain. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 5, 3666.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G (1824): Rapport fait à l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut sur le mémoire lu à cette Académie dans les séances des 4, 11, 25, 31 mars et du 19 avril 1822…. In Flourens, P, Recherches Expérimentales sur les Propriétés et les Fonctions du Système Nerveux dans les Animaux Vertébrés. Paris, Crevot, 5984.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G (1857): Mémoires pour servir à qui fera mon éloge, écrits en 1822–1823. In Jéhan, L-F, Dictionnaire Historique des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Paris, Chez J.-P. Migne.Google Scholar
Daston, L, Galison, P (2007): Objectivity. New York, Zone Books.Google Scholar
Davies, JD (1955): Phrenology Fad and Science: A 19th-Century American Crusade. New Haven, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dax, G (1865): Sur le même sujet. Gazette Hebdomadaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie, 2, 260262.Google Scholar
Dax, G (1866): Correspondance médicale. Montpellier Médecine, 39, 172176.Google Scholar
De Giustino, D (1975): Conquest of Mind: Phrenology and Victorian Social Thought. London, Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Donovan, C (1870): A Handbook of Phrenology. London, Longman, Green, Reader, and Dyer.Google Scholar
Dowling, WC (2006): Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. Hanover, University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Dunglison, R (1838): Human Physiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, Blanchard and Lea.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2015): Franz Joseph Gall on greatness in the fine arts: A collaboration of multiple cortical faculties of mind. Cortex, 71, 102115.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2019): Franz Joseph Gall on the cerebellum as the organ for the reproductive drive. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 13, 113.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2020a): Franz Joseph Gall on hemispheric symmetry. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 325338.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2020b): Franz Joseph Gall’s non-cortical faculties and their organs. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 56, 719.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2020c): Gall’s German enemies. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 7089.Google Scholar
Eling, P and Finger, S (2021): Franz Joseph Gall on God and religion: “Dieu et cerveau, rien que Dieu et cerveau!” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 121. DOI:10.1002/jhbs.22151.Google Scholar
Eling, P, Finger, S, and Whitaker, H (2015): Franz Joseph Gall and music: The faculty and the bump. In Altenmuller, E, Finger, S, and Boller, F (eds.), Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical Connections and Perspectives. Oxford/New York, Elsevier, 332.Google Scholar
Eling, P, Finger, S, and Whitaker, H (2017): On the origins of organology: Franz Joseph Gall and a girl named Bianchi. Cortex, 86, 123131.Google Scholar
Emblen, DL (1970): Peter Mark Roget: The Word and the Man. New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Company.Google Scholar
Emerson, EW (1918): The Early Years of the Saturday Club. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.Google Scholar
Emerson, RW (1903–1904): The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Fanning, PA (2003): Mark Twain and Orion Clemens: Brothers, Partners, Strangers. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Fatout, P (1960a): Mark Twain in Virginia City. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Fatout, P (1960b): Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Fatout, P (1962a): Mark Twain’s nom de plume. American Literature, 34, 17.Google Scholar
Fatout, P (1976): Mark Twain Speaking. Iowa City, University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar
Feinsod, M, Aharon-Peretz, J (1994): Baron Larrey’s description of traumatic aphasia. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 3, 4552.Google Scholar
Ferguson, D (1943): Mark Twain: Man and Legend. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Company.Google Scholar
Ferrier, D (1873): Experimental research in cerebral physiology and pathology. West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, 3, 3096.Google Scholar
Ferrier, D (1874a): The localisation of function in the brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 22, 229232.Google Scholar
Ferrier, D (1874b): Pathological illustrations of brain function. West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, 4, 3062.Google Scholar
Ferrier, D (1875): Experiments on the brains of monkeys – No. 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 23, 409430.Google Scholar
Ferrier, D (1876): The Functions of the Brain. London, Smith, Elder and Company.Google Scholar
Figuier, L (1870): Primitive Man. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Finger, S (1994): Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Functions. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2000): Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2006): Doctor Franklin’s Medicine. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2019): Mark Twain’s fascination with phrenology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 55, 99121.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2020a): Mark Twain’s phrenological experiment: Three renditions of his “small test.” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 101118.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2020b): Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes on phrenology: Debunking a fad. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 385398.Google Scholar
Finger, S (2022): The quest for objectivity and measurements in phrenology’s “bumpy” history. History of Psychology, 25, 211–244.Google Scholar
Finger, S, Boller, F, and Stiles, A. (eds.) (2013): Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Oxford/New York, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Finger, S, Eling, P (2019): Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finger, S and Eling, P (2022): Phrenology’s frontal sinus problem: an insurmountable obstruction? Journal of the History of the Neurosciences (DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2046440).Google Scholar
Finger, S and Piccolino, M (2011): The Shocking History of Electric Fishes: From Ancient Epochs to the Birth of Modern Neurophysiology. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finger, S and Roe, D (1996): Gustave Dax and the early history of cerebral dominance. Archives of Neurology, 53, 806813.Google Scholar
Finger, S, Zaidel, D, Boller, F, and Bogousslavski, J. (eds.) (2013): The Fine Arts, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Neurohistorical Dimensions. Oxford/New York, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Finger, S and Zeitler, W (2015): Benjamin Franklin and his glass armonica: From music as therapeutic to pathological. In Altenmuller, E, Finger, S, and Boller, F (eds.), Music, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical Connections and Perspectives. Oxford/New York, Elsevier, 93125.Google Scholar
Flourens, M-J-P (1824): Recherches Expérimentales sur les Propriétés et les Fonctions du Système Nerveux, dans les Animaux Vertébrés. Paris, Crevot.Google Scholar
Flourens, M-J-P (1842): Examen de la Phrénologie. Paris, Paulin.Google Scholar
Flourens, M-J-P (1846): Phrenology Examined. Philadelphia, Hogan & Thompson.Google Scholar
Flourens, M-J-P (1863): De la Phrénologie et des Études Vraies sur le Cerveau. Paris: Garnier Fréres.Google Scholar
Flourens, M-J-P (1864): Psychologie Comparée (2nd ed.). Paris, Garnier Frères.Google Scholar
Follen, C (1832): Funeral Oration Delivered … at the Burial of Gaspard Spurzheim, M.D. Boston, Marsh, Capen & Lyon.Google Scholar
Forbes, J (1824): Original Cases With Dissections and Observations Illustrating the use of Stethoscope and Percussion in the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest; Also Commentaries on the Same Subject Selected and Translated From Auenbrugger, Corvisart, Laennec and Others. London, Printed for T. and G. Underwood.Google Scholar
Forbes, J and Sigerist, HE (1936): On percussion of the chest. Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 4, 373403.Google Scholar
Forster, TIM (1815a): Observations on a new system of phrenology, or the anatomy and physiology of the brain, of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim. Philosophical Magazine, 45, 4450.Google Scholar
Forster, TIM (1815b): Sketch of a new anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim considered as comprehending a complete system of phrenology. Pamphleteer, 5, 219244.Google Scholar
Fowler, JA (1904): How a man’s career shows itself in his face. Phrenological Journal of Science and Health, 117, 205212.Google Scholar
Fowler, LN (1875): Objections to phrenology: considered and answered. The Phrenological and Physiological Register, 116.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1840): Fowler’s Practical Phrenology. New York, O. S. & L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1842): Fowler on Matrimony …. New York, O. S. & L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1843a): Hereditary Descent …. New York, O. S. & L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1843b): Self-Culture and the Perfection of Character, Including the Management of Youth. New York, O. S. & L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1847): Physiology, Animal and Mental Applied to the Preservation and Restoration of Health of the Body…. New York, Fowler and Wells.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS. (1856): Fowler’s Practical Phrenology. New York, Fowler & Wells.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS (1869): The Practical Phrenologist; and Recorder and Delineator of the Character and Talents. New York, O. S. & L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS and Fowler, LN (1836): Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied…. New York, L. N. Fowler.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS, Fowler, LN (1859): Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology…. New York, Fowler and Wells.Google Scholar
Fowler, OS and Fowler, LN (1969): Phrenology: A Practical Guide to Your Head. Broomall, Chelsea House.Google Scholar
Franklin, Majault, Le Roy, Sallin, Bailly, D’Arcet, De Borie, Guillotin, Lavoisier, (1784): Rapport des Commissaires. Paris, Marchands de Nouveautés.Google Scholar
Franklin, Majault, Le Roy, Sallin, Bailly, D’Arcet, De Borie, Guillotin, Lavoisier, . (1785): Report of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and other Commissioners…. London, Printed for J. Johnston.Google Scholar
Freemon, FR (1992): Phrenology as clinical neuroscience: How American academic physicians of the 1820s and 1830s used phrenological theory to understand neurological symptoms. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 1, 131143.Google Scholar
Fritsch, G, Hitzig, E (1870): Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, 300332.Google Scholar
Froriep LF vons. (1802): Über Dr. Gall’s Vorlesung in Wien und das kaiserliche Verbot derselben. Der neue Teutsche Merkur, 248264.Google Scholar
Fulton, JF (1927): The early phrenological societies and their journals. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 196, 398400.Google Scholar
Gall, FJ (1791): Philosophisch-medicinische Untersuchungen über Natur und Kunst im kranken und gesunden Zustande des Menschen. Vienna, Rudolph Graffer.Google Scholar
Gall, FJ (1825): Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Partes…. (6 vols.). Paris, J.-B. Baillière.Google Scholar
Gall, FJ (1835): On the Functions of the Brain and Each of Its Parts…. (6 vols.). Boston, Marsh, Capen and Lyon.Google Scholar
Gall, F J and Spurzheim, JG (1809): Recherches sur le Système Nerveux en Général, et sur celui du Cerveau en Particulier. Paris, Schoell & Nicolle.Google Scholar
Gall, FJ, Spurzheim, JG (1810–19): Anatomie et Physiologie du Système Nerveux en Général, et du Cerveau en Particulier (4 vols. and Atlas): Paris, F. Schoell. [Gall was the sole author of the last two volumes in this series.]Google Scholar
Galton, F (1892): Finger Prints. London, Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Galvani, L (1791): De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii, 7, 363418.Google Scholar
Gibbon, C (1878): The Life of George Combe: Author of “The Constitution of Man” (2 vols.). London, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gibian, P (2001): Oliver Wendell Holmes and the Culture of Conversation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gibian, P (2009): Doctor Holmes: The life in conversation. In: Podolsky, S and Bryan, CS (eds.), Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters. Sagamore Beach, Science History Publications, pp. 7191.Google Scholar
Gibson, WM and Smith, HN (1960): Mark Twain-Howells Letters. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, G (1998): Mary Baker Eddy. Reading, Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Gordon, A (1795): A Treatise on the Epidemic Puerperal Fever of Aberdeen. London, G. G. & J Robinson.Google Scholar
Gordon, J (1815): A System of Human Anatomy. Edinburgh, Blackwood.Google Scholar
Gordon, J (1817): Observations on the Structures of the Brain, Comprising an Estimate of the Claims of Drs Gall and Spurzheim to Discovery in the Anatomy of That Organ. Edinburgh, W. Blackwood.Google Scholar
Gordon, RW (ed.) (1991): The Legacy of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Palo Alto, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gräffer, F (1918): Gall, Zu F.J.. In Kleine Wiener Memoiren und Wiener Dosenstücke. Munich, Anton Schlosser u. Mitw. v. Gustav Gugitz, Bd. 1, 194ff.Google Scholar
Green, PH (1834): Phrenological Society of Paris. The Lancet, 22, 896898.Google Scholar
Gribben, A (1972): Mark Twain, phrenology and the “temperaments”: A study of pseudoscientific influence. American Quarterly, 24, 4568.Google Scholar
Gribben, A (1980): Mark Twain’s Library: A Reconstruction (2 vols.). Boston, G. K. Hall.Google Scholar
Gribben, A (1983): When other amusements fail. In Crowley, JW and Crow, CL (eds.), The Haunted Dusk: American Supernatural Fiction, 1820–1920. Athens, University of Georgia Press, 171189.Google Scholar
Gribben, A (2019): Mark Twain’s Literary Resources: A Reconstruction of His Library and Reading, Vol. 1. Montgomery, New South Books.Google Scholar
Hagner, M (2003): Skulls, brains, and memorial culture: On cerebral biographies of scientists in the nineteenth century. Science in Context, 16, 195218.Google Scholar
Hagood, JH and Hagood, R (1976): The Story of Hannibal: A Bicentennial History, 1976. Hannibal, The Hannibal Free Public Library/Standard Printing Co.Google Scholar
Hahnemann, S (1810): Organon der rationellen Heilkunde. Dresden, Arnold.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W (1831): An account of experiments on the weight and relative proportions of the brain, cerebellum, and tuber annulare, in man and animals, under the various circumstances of age, sex, country, etc. In Monro, A, The Anatomy of the Brain, with Some Observations on Its Functions. Edinburgh, J. Carfrae, 48.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W (1845): Researches on the frontal sciences, with observations on their bearings on the dogmas of phrenology. Medical Times, 12, 159–160, 177–179, 371, 379.Google Scholar
Harris, LJ (1997): A young man’s critique of an “outré science”: Charles Tennyson’s “Phrenology” (1827) with commentary and annotations. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 52, 485497.Google Scholar
Harrison, JP (1825): Observations on Gall and Spurzheim’s theory. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 11, 233249.Google Scholar
Haynes, R (1982): The Society for Psychical Research: A History, 1882–1982. London, Macdonald & Co.Google Scholar
Heintel, H (1986): Leben und Werk von Franz Joseph Gall. Eine Chronik. Würzburg, NN.Google Scholar
Hill, H (1964): Mark Twain and Elisha Bliss. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Hill, H (1973): God’s Fool. New York, Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Hillway, T (1949): Melville’s use of two pseudo-sciences. Modern Language Notes, 64, 145150.Google Scholar
Hinsdale, G (1945): The American medical argonauts: Pupils of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Transactions of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, 13 (4th ser.), 3942.Google Scholar
Hollander, B (1901): The Mental Functions of the Brain. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1843): The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever. New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine, i, 128.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1855): Puerperal Fever As a Private Pestilence. Boston, Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1858): The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. Cambridge, Riverside Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1859): The Professor at the Breakfast-Table. Cambridge, Riverside Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1861): Elsie Venner. Boston, Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1867): The Guardian Angel. Boston, Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1872): The Poet at the Breakfast-Table. Boston, James R. Osgood & Co.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1875): Crime and Automatism. The Atlantic Monthly, 35, 466481.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1880): [Remarks] In the Holmes breakfast. The Atlantic Monthly, 45 (Suppl.), 5.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1883): The new century and the new building of the Harvard Medical School, 1783–1883. In: Addresses and Exercises at the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Foundation of the Medical School of Harvard University. Cambridge, John Wilson and Son, 135.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1885): To Mark Twain (On His Fiftieth Birthday): The Critic: A Literary Weekly, Critical and Eclectic, 100, 253.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1892): The Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes (15 vols.). Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1902): The Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston/New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company.Google Scholar
Holmes, OW (1975): The Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company.Google Scholar
Hood, T (1862): The Works of Thomas Hood, Vol. IV. London, Moxon.Google Scholar
Horine, EF (1960): Biographical Sketch and Guide to the Writings of Charles Caldwell, M.D. Brooks, High Acres Press.Google Scholar
Howe, MAD (1939): Holmes of the Breakfast-Table. London, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Howells, WD (1880): [Remarks under “The Holmes Breakfast”]. The Atlantic Monthly, 45 (Suppl.), 68.Google Scholar
Howells, WD (1910): My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms. New York, Harper & Bros.Google Scholar
Hoyt, EP (1979): The Improper Bostonian: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York, William Morrow & Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Hughes, W (2022): The Dome of Thought: Phrenology and the Nineteenth-Century Popular Imagination. Manchester, Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Humboldt, A von, Bonpland, A (1811): Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie Comparée faites dans l’Océan Atlantique, dans l’Intérieur du Nouveau Continent et dans la Mer du Sud…. Paris, F Schoell, G Dufour, J Smith and Gide.Google Scholar
Hungerford, E (1930): Poe and phrenology. American Literature, 2, 209231.Google Scholar
Hungerford, E (1931): Walt Whitman and his chart of bumps. American Literature, 2, 350384.Google Scholar
Hunter, LC (1949): Steamboats on the Western Rivers. Boston, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, J (1832): [Spurzheim’s final illness]. Boston Daily Advertiser and Patriot, Nov. 15.Google Scholar
Jackson, S (1832): Principles of Medicine. Philadelphia, Carey & Lea.Google Scholar
James, W (1890): Principles of Psychology (2 vols.) New York, H. Holt and Co.Google Scholar
James, W (1892): Psychology. New York, H. Holt and Co.Google Scholar
Jones, RM (1973): American doctors and the Parisian medical world, 1830–1840. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 47, 4065, 177–204.Google Scholar
Jones, RM (1978): The Parisian Education of an American Surgeon. Letters of John Mason Warren (1832–1835). Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Jonsson, I (1971): Emanuel Swedenborg. New York, Twayne Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Kaplan, J (1966): Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain. New York, Touchstone.Google Scholar
Kaptchuk, TJ (1998): Intentional ignorance: A history of blind assessment and placebo controls in medicine. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72, 389433.Google Scholar
Kass, AM (2009): A private pestilence: Holmes and puerperal fever. In Podolsky, S and Bryan, CS (eds.), Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters. Sagamore Beach, Science History Publications, 3958.Google Scholar
Kennedy, WS (1883): Oliver Wendell Holmes: Poet, Littérateur, Scientist. Boston, SE Cassino.Google Scholar
Knoper, R (2002): American literary realism and nervous “reflexion.” American Literature, 74, 715745.Google Scholar
Knox, TW (1887): The Life and Work of Henry Ward Beecher. Chicago, Haines Brothers.Google Scholar
Kotzebue, A von (1806): Die Organe des Gehirns. Leipzig, Kummer.Google Scholar
Kotzebue, A von (1838): The Organs of the Brain: A Comedy in Three Acts. North London, Edward Bull.Google Scholar
Kruger, L, Finger, S. (2013): Peter Mark Roget: Physician, scientist, systematist; his Thesaurus and his impact on nineteenth-century neuroscience. In: Finger, S, Stiles, A, and Boller, F (eds.), Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical and Literary Connections, Oxford/New York, Elsevier, 173195.Google Scholar
Kruse, H (1981): Mark Twain and Life on the Mississippi. Boston, University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Laennec, RTH (1819): De l’Auscultation Médiate ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur. Paris, Brosson & Chaudé.Google Scholar
Laennec, RTH (1821): A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest…. Translated from the French with a preface and notes by John Forbes. London, T. and G. Underwood.Google Scholar
Lanska, DJ (2021): On old Olympus? Oliver Wendell Holmes and the origin and evolution of the mnemonic couplet for the cranial nerves. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. https://dol.org/10.1080/0964704X.2021.190433.Google Scholar
Lanska, DL and Lanska, JT (2007): Franz Anton Mesmer and the rise and fall of animal magnetism: Dramatic cures, controversy, and ultimately a triumph for the scientific method. In: Whitaker, H, Smith, CUM, and Finger, S (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Boston, Springer, 301320.Google Scholar
Lanteri-Laura, G (1970): Histoire de Ia Phrénologie. L’Homme et son Cerveau Selon F. J. Gall. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Larrey, DJ (1814): Memoirs of Military Surgery and Campaigns of the French Armies, Vol. 2. Baltimore, Joseph Cushing Publishing.Google Scholar
Lavater, JC (1775–1778): Physiognomische Fragmente, sur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe (4 vols.). Leipzig/Winterthur, Weidmann und Reich, Steiner.Google Scholar
Lauber, J (1985): The Marking of Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Laugée, T (2014): A morbid Pantheon: The birth of the Museum of the Phrenological Society of Paris. Études Française, 49, 4761.Google Scholar
Leblanc, R (2017): Fearful Asymmetry. Bouillaud, Dax, Broca, and the Localization of Language. Paris, 1825–1879. Montreal & Kingston, McGill University Press.Google Scholar
Lesky, E (1979): Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828): Naturforscher und Anthropologe. Stuttgart/Vienna, Huber.Google Scholar
Lesky, E (1981): Der angeklagte Gall. Gesnerus, 38, 301311.Google Scholar
Lockwood, J (2017): Mark Twain sleuth. Mark Twain Journal, 55, 240242.Google Scholar
Lokensgard, HO (1940): Oliver Wendell Holmes’s “phrenological character.” New England Quarterly, 13, 711718.Google Scholar
Lorch, FW (1968): The Trouble Begins at Eight: Mark Twain’s Lecture Tours. Ames, Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Loudon, I (2000): The Tragedy of Childbed Fever. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, AO (1966): The Great Chain of Being: A Study in the History of an Idea. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Louis, PCA (1828): Recherches sur les Effets de la Saignée dans Plusieurs Maladies Inflammatoires. Paris, Migneret.Google Scholar
Luzzatti, C and Whitaker, H (2001): Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, Claude-François Lallemand, and the role of the frontal lobe: location and mislocation of language in the early nineteenth century. Archives of Neurology, 58, 11571162.Google Scholar
MacDonnell, K (2015): Mark Twain’s lost sweetheart. Mark Twain Journal, 53, 2251.Google Scholar
Macewen, W (1879): Tumour of the dura mater removed during life in a person affected with epilepsy. Glasgow Medical Journal, 12, 210213.Google Scholar
Macewen, W (1881): Intra-cranial lesions, illustrating some points in connexion with localisation of cerebral affections and the advantages of antiseptic trephining. Lancet, 2, 541543.Google Scholar
Mackey, N (1997): Phrenological Whitman. Conjunctions, 29, 231251.Google Scholar
Macmillan, M (2004a): Localization and William Macewen’s early brain surgery. Part I.: The controversy. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 13, 297305.Google Scholar
Macmillan, M (2004b): Localization and William Macewen’s early brain surgery. Part II: The cases. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 14, 2456.Google Scholar
Macnaughton, WR (1979): Mark Twain’s Last Years as a Writer. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Magendie, F (1821): Formulaire pour la Préparation et l’Emploi de Plusieurs Nouveaux Médicamens, Letsque la Noix Vomique, la Morphine, l’Acide Prussique, la Strychnine, la Vératrine, …. Paris, Méquignon-Marvis.Google Scholar
Magendie, F (1834): Précis Élémentaire de Physiologie (4th ed.). Brussels, H. Dumont.Google Scholar
Manzoni, I (1998): The Cerebral ventricles, the animal spirits and the dawn of brain localization of function. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 136, 103152.Google Scholar
Mesmer, FA (1799): Mémoire de F. A. Mesmer, Docteur en Médecine, sur ses Découvertes. Paris, Chez Fuchs.Google Scholar
Miller, R (2008): The Adventure of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London, Harvill Secker.Google Scholar
Miller, WS (1935): Elisha Perkins and his metallic tractors. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 8, 4147.Google Scholar
Möbius, PJ (1905): Franz Joseph Gall. Leipzig, JA Barth.Google Scholar
Monck, WHS (1881): Sir William Hamilton. London, Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.Google Scholar
Morse, JT Jr. (1896): Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes (2 vols.): Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.Google Scholar
Morse, JT, Jr. (1939): Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes (2 vols.). Boston, Houghton Mifflin and Co.Google Scholar
Motley, JL (1889): The Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley (2 vols.). New York, Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Mur, MC (2017): Franz Joseph Gall’s Schädellehre in August von Kotzebue’s comedy Die Organe des Gehirns. Revue des Littératures Européenes, 11, 7594.Google Scholar
Neider, C (1959): The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Including Chapters Now Published for the First Time. New York, Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Neuberger, M (1901): Swedenborg’s Beziehungen zur Gehirnphysiologie. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 51, 20772081.Google Scholar
Neuburger, M (1917): Briefe Galls an Andreas und Nannette Streicher. Herausgegeben und mit Anmerkungen versehen. Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, 10, 370.Google Scholar
Noel, PS and Carlson, ET (1970): Origins of the word “phrenology.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 154157.Google Scholar
Nolte, SH, Hansen, W, Eling, P, and Finger, S (2020): An early description of Crouzon syndrome in a manuscript written in 1828 by Franz Joseph Gall. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 339350.Google Scholar
Norrsell, U (2007): Swedenborg and localization theory. In Whitaker, H, Smith, CUM, and Finger, S (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Boston, Springer, 201208.Google Scholar
Novick, SM (2013): Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston, Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Ober, KP (2003): Mark Twain and Medicine: “Any Mummery Will Cure.” Columbia, University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Oberndorf, C P (1944): The Psychiatric Novels of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York, Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Oehler-Klein, S (1990): Die Schädellehre Franz Joseph Galls in Literatur und Kritik des 19. Jahrhunderts: zur Rezeptionsgeschichte einer biologisch-medizinischen Theorie der Physiognomik und Psychologie. Stuttgart, Fischer.Google Scholar
O’Neal, JC (1998): Auenbrugger, Corvisart, and the perception of disease. Eighteenth Century Studies, 31, 473489.Google Scholar
Osler, W (1908): An Alabama Student and Other Biographical Essays. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paine, AB (1912): Mark Twain, A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (4 vols.). New York and London, Harper & Brothers Publishers.Google Scholar
Paine, AB (1917): Mark Twain’s Letters. New York, Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Pandora, K (2009); Popular science in national and transnational perspective: Suggestions from the American context. Isis, 100, 346358.Google Scholar
Pattie, FA (1994): Mesmer and Animal Magnetism. New York, Edmonston Publishing.Google Scholar
Peacock, TL (1816): Headlong Hall. London, Hookham, Jun. and Company.Google Scholar
Phoenix, J (1856): In Phoenixiana; or Sketches and Burlesques. New York, D. Appleton and Co.Google Scholar
Phrenological Society of Philadelphia (1822): [Formation of the Central Phrenological Society]. Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, 4, 204.Google Scholar
Piesse, JLH (1831): Sketches of the Character and Writings of Eminent Living Surgeons and Physicians of Paris. Translated by Elisha Bartlett. Boston, Carter, Hendee and Babcock.Google Scholar
Podolsky, S and Bryan, CS (eds.): 2009): Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters. Sagamore Beach, Science History Publications.Google Scholar
Podolsky, SH, Jones, DS, and Kaptchuk, T (2016): From trials to trials: Blinding, medicine, and honest adjudication. In: Robertson, CT and Kesselheim, A (eds.), Blinding as a Solution to Bias. London, Elsevier, 4558.Google Scholar
Poe, EA (1902): The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe. New York, Fred de Fau & Company.Google Scholar
Pond, OW (1885): Diary of Ozias W. Pond, 1885. The New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/846de520-57cb-0132-4af9-58d385a7bbd0.Google Scholar
Porter, TM (1995): Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, TM (2003): Measurement, objectivity and trust. Measurement, 1, 241255.Google Scholar
Poskett, J (2019): Materials of Mind: Phrenology, Race, and the Global History of Science, 1815–1920. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Powers, R (2001): Dangerous Water: A Biography of the Boy Who Became Mark Twain. Boston, Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Powers, R (2006): Mark Twain: A Life. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, JJ (1905): A Memoir of Dr, James Jackson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin and Co.Google Scholar
Quirk, T (2007): Mark Twain and Human Nature. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Ray, I (1838): Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. Boston, Charles C. Little and James Brown.Google Scholar
Raz, C and Finger, S (2018): Musical glasses, metal reeds, and broken hearts: Two cases of melancholia treated by new musical instruments. In Gouk, P, Kennaway, J, Prins, J, and Thormählen, W (eds), The Routledge Companion to Music, Mind and Wellbeing. Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 7791.Google Scholar
Renneville, M (1998): Un musée oublié: le cabinet phrénologique de Dumoutier. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 10 (new ser.), 477484.Google Scholar
Renneville, M (2000): Le Langage des Crânes. Histoire de la Phrénologie. Paris, Institut d’Édition Sanofi-Synthélabo.Google Scholar
Rieber, RW (ed.) (2001): William Wundt and the Making of a Scientific Psychology. New York, Plenum.Google Scholar
R la, Roche. (1831–1832): Account of the origin, progress, and present state of the medical school of Paris. American Journal of Medical Science, 8, 109124, 401–418; 9, 351–388.Google Scholar
Roget, PM (1824): Cranioscopy. In Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 3. Edinburgh, Printed for A. Constable and Co. [originally published 1818].Google Scholar
Roget, PM (1837): Phrenology. In Encyclopaedia Britannica (7th ed.), vol. 17. Edinburgh, Adam and Charles Black, 454473.Google Scholar
Roget, PM (1838): Treatises on Physiology and Phrenology (2 vols.). Edinburgh, Adam and Charles Black.Google Scholar
Roget, PM (1839): Outlines of Physiology, with an Appendix on Phrenology. Philadelphia, Lea and Blanchard.Google Scholar
Roget, PM (1852): Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, Classified and Arranged So As to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and Assist in Literary Composition. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.Google Scholar
Rosen, G (1951): An American doctor in Paris in 1828: Selections from the diary of Peter Solomon Townsend, M.D. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 6, 209252.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, CE (1974): The bitter fruit: Heredity, disease, and social thought in nineteenth century America. Perspectives in American History, 8, 189235.Google Scholar
Roux, F-E and Reddy, M (2013): Neurosurgical work during the Napoleonic Wars: Baron Larrey’s Experience. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 115, 24382444.Google Scholar
Rush, B (1811): Sixteen Introductory Lectures to Courses of Lectures Upon the Institutes and Practice of Medicine…. Philadelphia, Bradford and Innskeep.Google Scholar
Russell, G (2020): The phrenological illustrations of George Cruickshank (1792–1878): A satire on phrenology or human nature? Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 119149.Google Scholar
S (1832): Boston notions. New England Magazine, 3, 397398.Google Scholar
Sakalauskaitė-, Juodeikiene, E, Eling, P, and Finger, S (2017): The reception of Gall’s organology in early-nineteenth-century Vilnius. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 26, 385405.Google Scholar
Sakalauskaitė-, Juodeikiene, E, Eling, P., and Finger, S (2020): Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776–1827) on Gall’s Craniognomic System, Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 2947.Google Scholar
Scharnhorst, G (2008): The “Lorio” Letters to the “St. Louis Daily Reveille”: On Mark Twain, Minstrelsy, Mesmerism, and McDowell’s Cave. Resources for American Literary Study, 33, 277284.Google Scholar
Scharnhorst, G (2018–2019): The Life of Mark Twain (2 vols.). Columbia, University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Schiller, F (1979): Paul Broca: Founder of French Anthropology, Explorer of the Brain. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, F (1973): Die Schädellehre Dr. Gall’s und seine Restschädelsammlung im Städtischen Rollett Museum zu Baden bei Wien. Vienna, Eigenverlag.Google Scholar
Scudder, H (1901): James Russell Lowell. New York, AMS Press.Google Scholar
Shapin, S (1975): Phrenological knowledge and social structure of early nineteenth-century Edinburgh. Annals of Science, 32, 219243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapin, S (1979): Homo phrenologicus: Anthropological perspectives on an historical problem. In Barnes, B. and Shapin, S. (eds.), Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 4171.Google Scholar
Shapiro, AK (1968): Semantics of the placebo. Psychiatric Quarterly, 42, 653695.Google Scholar
Shapiro, AK and Shapiro, E (1997): The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, GM (1991): Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shyrock, RH (1936): The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Shyrock, RH (1947): American Medical Research Past and Present. New York, Commonwealth Fund.Google Scholar
Shyrock, RH (1960): Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860. New York, New York University Press.Google Scholar
Sigstedt, CO (1952): The Swedenborg Epic: The Life and Works of Emanuel Swedenborg. New York, Bookman Associates.Google Scholar
Sizer, N (1882): Forty Years in Phrenology; Embracing Recollections of History, Anecdote, and Experience. New York, Fowler & Wells, Publishers.Google Scholar
Smith, CUM, Frixione, E, Finger, S, and Clower, W (2012): The Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sniadecki, J (1805): Krótki Wykład Systematu Galla z przyłączeniem niektórych uwag nad iego Nauką. Dziennik Wileński, 1, 1642.Google Scholar
Sokol, MM (2001): Practical phrenology as psychological counseling in the nineteenth-century United States. In Green, CD, Shore, M, and Teo, T (eds.): The Transformation of Psychology: Influences of nineteenth-Century Philosophy, Technology, and Natural Science. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 2144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1814): [Notice of Lectures]. The Times [London], October 10.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1815): The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim…. London, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1817): Observations on the Deranged Manifestations of the Mind or Insanity. London, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1818a): Observations sur la Folie ou sur les Derangemens des Fonctions Morales et Intellectuelles de l’Homme. Paris, Treuttel et Würtz.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1818b): Observations sur la Phraenologie, ou la Connaissance de l’Homme Moral et Intellectuel, Foundée sue les Fonctions du Système Nerveux. Paris, Treittel at Wurtz.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1825): Lectures on phrenology. The Lancet, April 16-Sept. 24.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1826): Phrenology, in Connexion With the Study of Physiognomy. London, Treuttel, Wurtz, and Richter.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1829): Outlines of Phrenology. London, Treuttel, Wurtz & Richter.Google Scholar
Spurzheim, JG (1838): Phrenology, of the Doctrine of the Mental Phenomena (2 vols.). Boston, Marsh, Capen & Lyon.Google Scholar
Squires, LA (2017): Healing the Nation: Literature, Progress, and Christian Science. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Stanton, W (1960): The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America 1815–1859. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Steinbrink, J (1991): Getting To Be Mark Twain. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Steiner, WR (1940): Dr. Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis, a distinguished Parisian teacher of American medical students. Annuals of Medical History, 2, 451460.Google Scholar
Stern, MB (1968): Poe: “The mental temperament” for phrenologists. American Literature, 40, 155163.Google Scholar
Stern, MB (1969): Mark Twain had his head examined. American Literature, 41, 207218.Google Scholar
Stern, MB (1971): Heads and Headlines: The Phrenological Fowlers. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Stern, MB (1984): Emerson and phrenology. Studies in the American Renaissance, 213228.Google Scholar
Stiles, A, Finger, S, and Boller, F (eds.) (2013): Literature, Neurology, and Neuroscience: Historical and Literary Connections. Oxford/New York, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Stirling, JH (1990): Sir William Hamilton: Being the Philosophy of Perception, an Analysis. Bristol, Thoemmes.Google Scholar
Sullivan, W (1972): New England Men of Letters. New York, The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Sysling, F (2018): Science and self-assessment: Phrenological charts 1840–1940. British Journal of the History of Science, 51, 261280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sysling, F (2021): Phrenology and the average person, 1840–1940. History of the Human Sciences, 34, 2745.Google Scholar
Taylor, CB (1935): Mark Twain’s Margins on Thackeray’s “Swift.” New York, Gotham House.Google Scholar
Temkin, O (1947): Gall and the phrenological movement. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 21, 275321.Google Scholar
Tennyson, C (1827): Poems by Two Brothers. London, W. Simpkin and R. Marshall.Google Scholar
Thompson, C (2019): A propensity to murder: Phrenology in Antebellum medico-legal theory and practice. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 74, 416439.Google Scholar
Thompson, C (2021): An Organ of Murder: Crime, Violence, and Phrenology in Nineteenth-Century America. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Tilton, EM (1947): Amiable Autocrat: A Biography of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York, Henry Schumann.Google Scholar
Toksvig, S (1948): Emanuel Swedenborg: Scientist and Mystic. New Haven, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Trobridge, G (1962): Swedenborg, Life and Teaching (4th ed.). New York, Swedenborg Foundation.Google Scholar
Tuckey, JS (1972): Introduction. In: Mark Twain’s Fables of Man, Tuckey, JS (ed.). Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 129.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1869/2003): The Innocents Abroad or, The New Pilgrims’ Progress…. New York, Modern Library.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1872/1913): Roughing It. Hartford, American Publishing Co. [Reprinted, New York, Harper & Brothers].Google Scholar
Twain, M (1876/1911): The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Montgomery, NewSouth Books.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1880a): A Tramp Abroad. Hartford, American Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1880b): [Remarks in “The Holmes breakfast”]. The Atlantic Monthly, 45 (Suppl.), 1112.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1881): The Prince and the Pauper. London, Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1883/2012): Life on the Mississippi. Ware, Wordsworth Editions.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1884/2003): Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York, Bantam Dell.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1888): Mark Twain’s Library of Humor. New York, Charles L. Webster & Co.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1889): A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. New York, Harper & Bros.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1892/1996): The American Claimant. New York, Charles L. Webster & Co. [facsimile edition: New York, Oxford University Press].Google Scholar
Twain, M (1894/1899): Pudd’nhead Wilson. London, Chatto & Windus. [Reprinted Mineola, Dover Publications, Inc.].Google Scholar
Twain, M (1894): A True Story, Repeated Word for Word as I Heard It. The Atlantic Monthly, 33, 591594.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1897/1989): Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World. Hartford, American Publishing Company. [Reprinted: New York, Dover Publications, Inc.].Google Scholar
Twain, M (1902a): A defence of General Funston. North American Review, 174, 613624.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1902b): A Double-Barrelled Detective Story. New York, Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1899–1910): A Double-Barrelled Detective Story. In The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Essays and Stories by Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens). The Writings of Mark Twain, Vol. 23. New York, Harper & Brothers, 285357.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1904): Extracts From Adam’s Diary. New York, Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Twain, M [published anonymously] (1906): What Is Man? New York, De Vinne Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1907): Mark Twain’s “small test.” Why he is prejudiced against phrenology. Daily Graphic [London]: Saturday, January 12, 1907 [pages unnumbered].Google Scholar
Twain, M (1907): Christian Science. New York, Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1910): The turning point of my life. Harpers Bazar, 44, 118119.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1916): The Mysterious Stranger. New York, Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1923): What Is Man? and Other Essays. New York, Gabriel Wells.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1949): The Love Letters of Mark Twain, Wecter, D (ed.). New York, Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1962): Letters From the Earth. New York, Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1969): The Mysterious Stranger. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1972): The Secret History of Eddypus, the World-Empire. In Tuckey JS (ed.), Mark Twain’s Fables of Man. Berkeley, University of California Press, 315385.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1975–1979): Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals (3 vols.). Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1979): Mark Twain’s Early Tales & Sketches, Volume 1 (1851–1864), Branch, CM, Hirst, RH, and Smith, HE (eds.). Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1988–2002): Mark Twain’s Letters (6 vols), Branch, EM, Frank, MB, and Sanderson, KM (eds.). Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (1992): Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays, 1891–1910. New York, Library of America.Google Scholar
Twain, M (2006): Mark Twain: The Complete Interviews, Scharnhorst, G (ed.). Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M (2010–2015): Autobiography of Mark Twain: The Complete and Authoritative Edition (3 vols.), Griffin, B and Smith, HE (eds.). Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Twain, M and Warner, CD (1873/2017): The Gilded Age. A Tale of Today. Chicago, Sun-Times Media Group.Google Scholar
Van, Wyhe J (2002b): The authority of human nature: The Schädellehre of Franz Joseph Gall. British Journal of the History of Science, 35, 1742.Google Scholar
Van, Wyhe J (2004a): Phrenology and the Origins of Victorian Scientific Naturalism. Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Van, Wyhe J (2004b): Was phrenology reform science? Towards a new generalization for phrenology. History of Science, 42, 313331.Google Scholar
Van, Wyhe J (2020): Johann Gaspar Spurzheim: The St. Paul of phrenology.Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29, 516.Google Scholar
Villers, C (1802): Lettre de Charles Villers à Georges Cuvier…. Metz, Collignon.Google Scholar
Vimont, J (1832–1835): Traité de Phrénologie Humaine et Comparée. Paris, J.-B. Baillière.Google Scholar
Vincent, HP (1949): The Trying-Out of Moby Dick. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar
Wahrman, D (1995): Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain c. 1780–1840. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, AR (1898): The Wonderful Century: Its Successes and Its Failures. London, Swan, Sonnenschien, & Co.Google Scholar
Walsh, AA (1972): The American tour of Dr. Spurzheim. Journal of the History of Medicine, 27, 261273.Google Scholar
Walsh, AA (1976a): The new “science of the mind” and the Philadelphia Physicians of the early 1800s. Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 43 (4th ser.), 397415.Google Scholar
Walsh, AA (1976b): Phrenology and the Boston medical community in the 1830s. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 50, 261273.Google Scholar
Walther, PF [using WR]. (1802): Critische Darstellung der Gallschon anatomisch-physiologischen Untersuchungen des Gehirn- und Schädel-baues. Zürich, Ziegler.Google Scholar
Walther, PF (1804) Neue Darstellungen aus der Gall’schen Gehirn- und Schedellehre…. Munich, Scherer (Fleischmann).Google Scholar
Warner, JH (1998): Against the Spirit of Sysltem: The French Impulse in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Warren, E (1860): The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D. (2 vols.). Boston, Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Warren, JC (1822): A Comparative View of the Sensorial and Nervous Systems in Men and Animals. Boston, Joseph W. Ingraham.Google Scholar
Warren, JC (1921): The collection of the Boston Phrenological Society – a retrospect. Annals of Medical History, 3, 111.Google Scholar
Weaver, GS (1852): Lectures on Mental Science According to the Philosophy of Phrenology. New York, Fowler and Wells.Google Scholar
Weaver, GS (1876): Lectures on Mental Science According to the Philosophy of Phrenology. London, James Burns.Google Scholar
Weaver, GS (1914/1965): Autobiography of George Sumner Weaver, D. D.: A Sketch of a Busy Life. Albany, Argus-Greenwood.Google Scholar
Weinstein, MA (2009): Oliver Holmes’s depth psychology. In: Podolsky, S and Bryan, CS (eds.), Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters. Sagamore Beach, Science History Publications, 93103.Google Scholar
Wells, CF (1895): The Rev. George Sumner Weaver. Phrenological Journal of Science and Health, 100, 1316.Google Scholar
Wells, SR (1868): How to Read Character. New York, Fowler & Wells, Publishers.Google Scholar
Wells, SR (1869): Wedlock…. New York, S. R. Wells & Co.Google Scholar
Wickens, AP (2014): A History of the Brain. London, Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Willius, FA, Keys, TE (eds.) (1941): Cardiac Classics; a Collection of Classic Works on the Heart and Circulation, With Comprehensive Biographic Accounts of the Authors. St. Louis, Mosby.Google Scholar
Wonham, HB (1993): Mark Twain and the Art of the Tall Tale. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, JD (1975): “The monumental sarcasm of the ages”: Science and pseudoscience in the thought of Mark Twain. South Atlantic Bulletin, 40, 7282.Google Scholar
Wood, JG (1870): The Uncivilized Races; or Natural History of Man. Hartford, J. B. Burr.Google Scholar
Worth, W (1939): The Autocrat in profile. Colophon, 1, 4956.Google Scholar
Young, RM (1968): The functions of the brain: Gall to Ferrier (1808–1886). Isis, 59, 250268.Google Scholar
Young, RM (1970): Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and its Biological Context From Gall to Ferrier. Oxford, Clarendon.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Stanley Finger, Washington University, St Louis
  • Book: Mark Twain, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Head Readers
  • Online publication: 17 April 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Stanley Finger, Washington University, St Louis
  • Book: Mark Twain, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Head Readers
  • Online publication: 17 April 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Stanley Finger, Washington University, St Louis
  • Book: Mark Twain, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Head Readers
  • Online publication: 17 April 2023
Available formats
×