Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-q6k6v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T11:10:01.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Recognizing That a Problem Exists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2023

Ethan O. Bryson
Affiliation:
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
Christine E. Boxhorn
Affiliation:
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Opioid Epidemic
Origins, Current State and Potential Solutions
, pp. 47 - 104
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Further Reading

Degenhardt, L, Grebely, J, Stone, J, et al. (2019). Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: Harms to populations, interventions, and future action. Lancet 394: 15601579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Family Health International (2002). National Assessment of Situation and Responses to Opioid/Opiate Use in Bangladesh. What Will Happen to Us? Country Highlights and Recommendations. Dhaka: CARE.Google Scholar
Harm Reduction International (2018). Regional overview of the Middle East and North Africa. www.hri.global/files/2018/12/10/MiddleEastNorthAfrica-harm-reduction.pdfGoogle Scholar
Häuser, W, Buchser, E, Finn, DP, Dom, G, et al. (2021). Is Europe also facing an opioid crisis? A survey of European Pain Federation chapters. European Journal of Pain 25(8): 17601769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HispanTV (2018). EEUU apunta a América Latina con la epidemia de opioides [The US points to Latin America with the opiate epidemic]. www.hispantv.com/noticias/opinion/365152/eeuu-america-latina-epidemia-de-opioidesGoogle Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, and the Organization of American States (2015). Report on drug use in the Americas. www.cicad.oas.org/oid/pubs/druguseamericas_eng_web.pdfGoogle Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (2019). Report on drug use in the Americas 2019. http://www.cicad.oas.org/main/pubs/Report%20on%20Drug%20Use%20in%20the%20Americas%202019.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kurth, AE, Cherutich, P, Conover, R, Chhun, N, Bruce, RD, Lambdin, BH (2018). The opioid epidemic in Africa and its impact. Current Addiction Reports 5(4): 428453.Google Scholar
Lewer, D, Brothers, TD, Van Hest, N, et al. (2022). Causes of death among people who used illicit opioids in England, 2001–18: A matched cohort study. Lancet Public Health 7: e126e135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Partnership for a Drug-Free New Jersey (2021). The perfect storm: COVID-19’s impact on addiction over the past year. https://knockoutday.drugfreenj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/KOOAD_3_18_webinar.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M (2021). Opioids: Do you think there’s a problem? Presentation on Alternatives to Opioids (ALTO). https://knockoutday.drugfreenj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/kooad_5_20_rosenberg.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNDOC (2004). The extent, pattern and trends of drug abuse in India. www.unodc.org/pdf/india/presentations/india_national_survey_2004.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNODC (2016). Compendium of United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/compendium/English_book.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNDOC (2021). World Drug Report 2021. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
WHO (2010). ATLAS on substance use (2010): Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44455/9789241500616_eng.pdf?sequence=1Google Scholar
WHO (2020). Report on people who inject drugs in the South-East Asia region. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/206320?locale-attribute=pt#Google Scholar
WHO (2021). Opioid overdose fact sheet. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose (accessed December 5, 2022)Google Scholar

References and Further Reading

Bauer-Babef, C (2021). Opioid use: ‘more controlled’ in Europe than in the US. Euractiv, 20 October. www.euractiv.com/section/health-consumers/news/opioid-use-more-controlled-in-europe-than-in-the-us/Google Scholar
BBC (2018). Nigeria’s deadly codeine cough syrup epidemic. 30 April 2018. BBC [Online Video]. www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-43944309Google Scholar
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (2022). Canadian drug summary: Opioids. www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2022-11/CCSA-Canadian-Drug-Summary--Opioids-2022-en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Annual surveillance report of drug‐related risks and outcomes: United States. www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2019-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ciccarone, D (2021). The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 34(4): 344–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edinoff, AN, Kaufman, SE, Chauncy, TM, et al. (2022). Addiction and COVID: Issues, challenges, and new telehealth approaches. Psychiatry International 3: 169180.Google Scholar
EMCDDA (2022). European Drug Report 2022: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Friedman, J, Godvin, M, Shover, CL, et al. (2022). Trends in drug overdose deaths among US adolescents, January 2010 to June 2021. JAMA 327(14): 13981400.Google Scholar
Galeotti, M (2016). Narcotics and nationalism: Russian drug policies and futures. In Improving Global Drug Policy: Comparative Perspectives and UNGASS 2016. New York: New York University Center for Global Affairs.Google Scholar
Ghose, R, Forati, AM, Mantsch, JR (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on opioid overdose deaths: A spatiotemporal analysis. Journal of Urban Health 99: 316327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman-Meza, D, Medina-Mora, ME, Magis-Rodriguez, C, et al. (2019). Where is the opioid use epidemic in Mexico? A cautionary tale for policymakers south of the US–Mexico border. American Journal of Public Health 109(1): 7382.Google Scholar
International Drug Policy Consortium (2022). Middle East/North Africa. https://idpc.net/regions/middle-east-north-africaGoogle Scholar
Kaganskikh, A (2022). “If only we had the political will.” Why Russia’s rise in drug overdose deaths is unlikely to end soon. Meduza 21 July. https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/07/21/if-only-we-had-the-political-willGoogle Scholar
Kiang, M, Basu, S, Chen, J, Alexander, MJ (2019). Assessment of changes in the geographical distribution of opioid-related mortality across the United States by opioid type, 1999–2016. JAMA Network Open 2(2): e190040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krausz, RM, Westenberg, JN, Ziafat, K (2021). The opioid overdose crisis as a global health challenge. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 34: 405412.Google Scholar
Lim, TY, Stringfellow, EJ, Stafford, CA, et al. (2022). Modeling the evolution of the US opioid crisis for national policy development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119(23): e2115714119.Google Scholar
MENAHRA (2021). Assessment of Situation and Response of Drug Use and Its Harms in the Middle East and North Africa. Sin El Fil, Lebanon: Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association.Google Scholar
Miech, RA, Johnston, LD, O’Malley, PM, et al. (2023). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2022, Volume I. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Pacurucu-Castillo, SF, Ordonez-Mancheno, JM, Hernandez-Cruz, A, Alarcon, RD (2019). World opioid and substance use epidemic: A Latin American perspective. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice 1(1): 3238.Google Scholar
Pan, Z, Zhang, J, Cheng, H, et al. (2020). Trends of the incidence of drug use disorders from 1990 to 2017: An analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 data. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 29: e148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peacock, A, Leung, J, Larney, S, et al. (2018). Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction 113: 19051926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, M, van Amsterdam, J, Kalkman, GA, Schellekens, A, van den Brink, W (2021). Is Europe facing an opioid crisis like the United States? An analysis of opioid use and related adverse effects in 19 European countries between 2010 and 2018. European Psychiatry 64(1): e47.Google Scholar
Reid, G, Sharma, M, Higgs, P (2014). The long-winding road of opioid substitution therapy implemented in South-East Asia: Challenges to scale up. Journal of Public Health Research 3(1): 204.Google Scholar
Sumetsky, N, Mair, C, Wheeler-Martin, K, et al. (2021). Predicting the future course of opioid overdose mortality: An example from two US states. Epidemiology 32(1): 6169.Google Scholar
Taylor, J, Pardo, B, Hulme, S, et al. (2021). Illicit synthetic opioid consumption in Asia and the Pacific: Assessing the risks of a potential outbreak. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 220: 108500.Google Scholar
United Hospital Fund (2019). The ripple effect: National and state estimates of the US opioid epidemic’s impact on children. https://uhfnyc.org/media/filer_public/6e/80/6e80760f-d579-46a3-998d-1aa816ab06f6/uhf_ripple_effect_national_and_state_estimates_chartbook.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations (2022). Afghanistan: Opium cultivation up nearly a third, warns UNODC. United Nations News, November 2022. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/11/1130057Google Scholar
UNODC (2008). Illicit Drug Trends in Central Asia. Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan: UNODC ROCA.Google Scholar
UNODC (2012). Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Intervention Toolkit. Bangkok: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia.Google Scholar
UNODC (2015). Afghan Opiate Trafficking through the Southern Route. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
UNODC (2019). Global Smart Update: Understanding the Global Opioid Crisis. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
UNODC (2020). COVID-19 and the Drug Supply Chain: From Production and Trafficking to Use. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
UNODC (2021a). Opium production drops again in Myanmar as the synthetic drug market expands. www.unodc.org/roseap/2021/02/myanmar-opium-survey-report-launch/story.htmlGoogle Scholar
UNODC (2021b). Synthetic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances in Latin America and the Caribbean 2021. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
UNODC (2022). World Drug Report 2022. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wegman, MP, Altice, FL, Kaur, S, et al. (2017). Relapse to opioid use in opioid-dependent individuals released from compulsory drug detention centres compared with those from voluntary methadone treatment centres in Malaysia: A two-arm, prospective observational study. Lancet Global Health 5: e198e207.Google Scholar

References and Further Reading

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2014). Medical expenditure panel survey: Methodology report. https://meps.ahrq.gov/data_files/publications/mr30/mr30.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Aliprantis, D, Fee, K, Schweitzer, ME (2019). Opioids and the labor market. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Working Paper no. 18-07 R. www.clevelandfed.org/publications/working-paper/wp-1807r-opioids-and-labor-marketGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Justice Assistance, United States Department of Justice (n.d.). Law enforcement naloxone toolkit. https://bjatta.bja.ojp.gov/naloxone/what-are-typical-costs-law-enforcement-overdose-response-program Link to publication (accessed December 5, 2022)Google Scholar
CDC (2022a). HIV in the United States and dependent areas. www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html (accessed December 5, 2022)Google Scholar
CDC (2022b). New vital signs report: Hepatitis C is deadly, but curable. www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/t0809-vs-hepatitis-c.htmlGoogle Scholar
CEA (2019). The full cost of the opioid crisis: $2.5 trillion over four years. Press release, October 28, 2019. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/full-cost-opioid-crisis-2-5-trillion-four-years/Google Scholar
Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (2020). Office of Inspector General special fraud alert (SFA) on speaker programs, November 16. https://oig.hhs.gov/documents/special-fraud-alerts/865/SpecialFraudAlertSpeakerPrograms.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fair Health, Inc. (2016). The impact of the opioid crisis on the healthcare system: A study of privately billed services. FAIR Health White Paper. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101751547-pdfGoogle Scholar
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston New England Public Policy Center (2018). Report on the fiscal impact of the opioid epidemic in the New England states. www.bostonfed.org/publications/new-england-public-policy-center-policy-report/2018/the-fiscal-impact-of-the-opioid-epidemic-in-the-new-england-states.aspxGoogle Scholar
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (2019). Working paper on opioids and the labor market. WP 18-07R. www.clevelandfed.org/publications/working-paper/wp-1807r-opioids-and-labor-market (accessed December 5, 2022)Google Scholar
American Medical Association (2005). The opioid crisis: Impact on healthcare services and costs. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media2.fairhealth.org/infographic/asset/FH%20Infographic%20-%20The%20Opioid%20Crisis-59724533a5ac5.pdfGoogle Scholar
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2019). The economic costs of the opioid epidemic. www.stlouisfed.org/open-vault/2019/september/economic-costs-opioid-epidemicGoogle Scholar
Florence, C, Luo, F, Rice, K (2021). The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 218: 108350.Google Scholar
Katz, J (2017). Short answers to hard questions about the opioid crisis. New York Times, August 3.Google Scholar
Larochelle, MR, Wakeman, SE, Ameli, O, et al. Relative cost differences of initial treatment strategies for newly diagnosed opioid use disorder. Medical Care 58(10): 919926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Drug Helpline (2023). Report on the cost of drug and alcohol rehab in 2023. https://drughelpline.org/rehab-cost/ (accessed March 2023)Google Scholar
NIDA (2021a). Medications to treat opioid use disorder research report: Is naloxone accessible? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/medications-to-treat-opioid-addiction/naloxone-accessibleGoogle Scholar
NIDA (2021b). Medications to treat opioid use disorder research report. How much does opioid treatment cost? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/medications-to-treat-opioid-addiction/how-much-does-opioid-treatment-costGoogle Scholar
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (2021). Code on interactions with healthcare professionals, August 6. https://phrma.org/stem/code-on-interactions-with-health-care-professionalsGoogle Scholar
Premier (2019). Opioid overdoses costing U.S. hospitals an estimated $11 billion annually. January 3, 2019. Report on the cost of opioid overdoses to United States Hospitals. www.premierinc.com/newsroom/press-releases/opioid-overdoses-costing-u-s-hospitals-an-estimated-11-billion-annuallyGoogle Scholar
Rand Corporation (2022). Commission on Combating Synthetic Opioid Trafficking: Annual report. February 8, 2022. www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP68838.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ray, B, O’Donnell, D, Kahre, K (2015). Police officer attitudes towards intranasal naloxone training. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146: 107110.Google Scholar
Ropero-Miller, JD, Speaker, PJ (2019). The hidden costs of the opioid crisis and the implications for financial management in the public sector. Forensic Science International: Synergy 1: 227238.Google Scholar
Stevens, JP, Wall, MJ, Novack, L, et al. (2017). The critical care crisis of opioid overdoses in the United States. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 14(12): 18031809.Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration(2018). Clinical guidance for treating pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder and their infants. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 185054. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Clinical-Guidance-for-Treating-Pregnant-and-Parenting-Women-With-Opioid-Use-Disorder-and-Their-Infants/SMA18-5054Google Scholar
Sullivan, R (2018). The fiscal impact of the opioid epidemic in the New England States. New England Public Policy Center, Policy Report 18–1. www.bostonfed.org/publications/new-england-public-policy-center-policy-report/2018/the-fiscal-impact-of-the-opioid-epidemic-in-the-new-england-states.aspxGoogle Scholar
United Hospital Fund (2019). The ripple effect: National and state estimates of the US opioid epidemic’s impact on children. https://uhfnyc.org/media/filer_public/6e/80/6e80760f-d579-46a3-998d-1aa816ab06f6/uhf_ripple_effect_national_and_state_estimates_chartbook.pdfGoogle Scholar
United States District Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachussetts (2020). Massachusets announcing the sentencing of Founder and former chairman of the board of Insys Therapeutics sentenced to 66 months in prison. Press release, January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary (2016). TRICARE; Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Treatment. Federal Register. September 2, 2016. www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/16/2016-22363/tricare-mental-health-and-substance-use-disorder-treatmentGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018). Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Spotlight on Opioids. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
US District Court (2019). Indictment by the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York of the five physicians accused of violating the Anti-Kickback Statutes. www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/press-release/file/1044111/downloadGoogle Scholar
US Social Security Administration (n.d.) Section 1128B(b)(1)–(2) of the Social Security Act; 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)(1)–(2). www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title11/1128B.htmGoogle Scholar

References and Further Reading

Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (2021). 2021 National Healthcare Quality and Disparity Report. www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr21/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bote, S (2019). US opioid epidemic: Impact on public health and review of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). Online Journal of Public Health Information 11(2): e18.Google Scholar
Blanco, C, TRA, Wiley, JJ, Lloyd, MF, Lopez, ND, Volkow (2010). America’s opioid crisis: The need for an integrated public health approach. Translational Psychiatry 10: 167. www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-0847-1Google Scholar
California Health Care Foundation (2016). Changing course: The role of health plans in curbing the opioid epidemic. June 2016. www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PDF-ChangingHealthPlansOpioid.pdfGoogle Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information (2018). Types of Opioid Harms in Canadian Hospitals: Comparing Canada and Australia. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Institute for Health Information.Google Scholar
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Health Policy Commission (2016). Opioid use disorder in Massachusetts, an analysis of its impact on the health care system, availability of pharmacologic treatment, and recommendations for payment and care delivery reform. www.mass.gov/doc/opioid-use-disorder-report/downloadGoogle Scholar
Congressional Budget Office (2022). The opioid crisis and recent federal policy responses. www.cbo.gov/system/files/2022-09/58221-opioid-crisis.pdfGoogle Scholar
Coyle, JR, Freeland, M, Eckel, ST, Hart, AL (2020). Infectious sequelae of the opioid epidemic. Journal of Infectious Diseases 222 (Suppl 5): S451S457.Google Scholar
Crowley, DM, Connell, CM, Jones, D, Donovan, MW (2019). Considering the child welfare system burden from opioid misuse: Research priorities for estimating public costs. American Journal of Managed Care 25(13): S256S263.Google Scholar
Grover, S, McClelland, A. Furnham, A (2020). Preferences for scarce medical resource allocation: Differences between experts and the general public and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology 25: 889901.Google Scholar
Hauser, W, Buchser, E, Finn, DP, et al. (2021). Is Europe also facing an opioid crisis? A survey of European Pain Federation chapters. European Journal of Pain 25(8): 17601769.Google Scholar
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (2021). HCUP Fast Stats. September 2021. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.Google Scholar
Hedberg, K, Bui, L, Livingston, C, Shields, L, Van Otterloo, J (2019). Integrating public health and health care strategies to address the opioid epidemic: The Oregon Health Authority’s opioid initiative. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 25(3): 214–220.Google Scholar
Meisner, JA, Anesi, J, Chen, X, Grande, D (2020). Changes in infective endocarditis admissions in Pennsylvania during the opioid epidemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 71(7): 16641670.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Pain management and the opioid epidemic: Balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. In JK, Phillips, MA, Ford, RJ, Bonnie (eds.) Evidence on Strategies for Addressing the Opioid Epidemic. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458653Google Scholar
New York State Department of Health (n.d.). Addressing the opioid epidemic in New York State. www.health.ny.gov/community/opioid_epidemic/ (accessed December 10, 2022)Google Scholar
OSUPA (2021). North Carolina’s opioid and substance use action plan: Updates and Opportunities. Version 3.0. www.ncdhhs.gov/nc-osuapopioid-and-substance-use-action-plan-3010192021/download?attachmentGoogle Scholar
Patel, S, Sheikh, A, Nazir, N, Monro, S, Anwar, A (2020). The opioid crisis: How to lessen the burden on emergency departments by at-risk populations. Cureus 12(11): e11498.Google Scholar
Pacula, RL, Stein, BD (2020). State approaches to tackling the opioid crisis through the health care system: State approaches to tackling the opioid crisis through the health care system. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/4_Pacula-Stein_final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Stevens, JP, Wall, MJ, Novack, L (2017). The critical care crisis of opioid overdoses in the United States. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 14(12): 18031809.Google Scholar
Tyo, MB, McCurry, MK (2020). An integrative review of measuring caregiver burden in substance use disorder. Nursing Research 69(5): 391398.Google Scholar
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). HIV and injection drug use: CDC vital signs. www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2016-12-vitalsigns.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vine, M, Staatz, C, Blyler, C, Berk, J (2020). The role of the workforce system in addressing the opioid crisis: A review of the literature. www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/evaluation/pdf/WorkforceOpioids_LitReview_508.pdfGoogle Scholar
Weier, MA, Slater, J, Jandoc, R, et al. (2019). The risk of infective endocarditis among people who inject drugs: A retrospective, population-based time series analysis.Canadian Medical Association Journal 191: E93E99.Google Scholar
Zibell, JE, Asher, AK, Patel, RC, et al. (2018). Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014. American Journal of Public Health 108(2): 175181.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×