Chapter 1 deals with Kierkegaard’s influential account of selfhood and anthropology. This account is decisive for understanding his importance for theories of personal identity, human nature, and action theory. In addition, it provides the necessary conceptual and historical background for understanding his contribution to ethics and religion on the one hand and existentialism and continental philosophy on the other. Chapter 1 particularly relates Kierkegaard’s views on selfhood and anthropology to Kantian and post-Kantian philosophical anthropology. It focuses on Kierkegaard’s contribution to anthropology and discusses the relation between philosophical and theological anthropology. The chapter gives a synopsis of these issues by focusing on The Sickness unto Death, which approaches selfhood and anthropology negatively by focusing on despair, a double-minded or incoherent form of selfhood.