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Spray behaviour of hydro-treated ester fatty acids fuel made from used cooking oil at low injection pressures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2023

Q. Azam Open the ORCID record for Q. Azam [Opens in a new window] ,
S.Z. Sulaiman ,
N. Abd Razak Open the ORCID record for N. Abd Razak [Opens in a new window]  and
N.M. Mazlan Open the ORCID record for N.M. Mazlan [Opens in a new window]
Q. Azam
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
S.Z. Sulaiman
Affiliation:
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
N. Abd Razak
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
N.M. Mazlan*
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
*
Corresponding authors: N. M. Mazlan; Email: nmusfirah@usm.my
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Abstract

The spray characteristics significantly affected the combustion performance. The injection pressure and fuel properties are factors that affect the spray cone angle, penetration, and droplet distribution. Although substantial research has been conducted on spray attributes, understanding the complex biofuel spray dynamics in real nozzles and injectors is crucial. This study examines hydro-processed esters and fatty acid (HEFA) spray characteristics of used cooking oil and palm oil biodiesel in a constant-volume chamber. The study was performed by varying the injection pressures ranging from 30 to 120psi for pure fuels and Jet A-1 blends. Experiments were conducted at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure and an ambient temperature of ±297K using an airblast fuel injector. The initial fuel temperature was set at ±302K. Jet A-1 was used as the baseline fuel for the comparative analysis. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to visualise the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of the fuel spray. The results revealed a progressive increase in the penetration length corresponding to an increase in the injection pressure. Lower pressures yielded non-uniform particle distributions across the spray area, whereas cone angle augmentation stabilised at elevated pressures. A blend of 60% Jet A-1 and 40% HEFA closely matched Jet A-1 characteristics, indicating alternative aviation fuel potential. These real-time insights into spray behaviour are critical for enhancing the fuel efficiency and mitigating the generation of particulate emissions resulting from spray combustion.

Keywords

Spray CharacteristicsUsed Cooking OilBiodieselLow Injection PressuresPenetration LengthParticle Distribution
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 128 , Issue 1323 , May 2024 , pp. 831 - 845
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society

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