The quantitative and comparative analysis of Spanish and Portuguese cork exportations during the 20th century shows that Spain lost its leading position in the world trade of transformed cork while Portugal rose to claim first place. This article takes a step towards identifying the institutional aspects behind the different paths taken by the cork business in the two countries between 1930 and 1975. Starting with a comparative analysis of the legal framework and economic policies which had an impact on the various branches of business during the two Iberian dictatorships, it is argued that Salazar and Franco attributed different degrees of importance to the cork sector. It concludes that these institutional aspects explain a part of the loss of competitiveness of Spanish exports in comparison with Portuguese exports, insofar as they influenced the extent to which the two economies participated in international trade flows as well as production costs in the industry.

The economic history of Uruguay throughout the 20th century, and more especially its second half, is characterized by a long-term economic decline. From the end of the Second World War, economic institutions and the policies adopted were unable to create a favorable climate for growth and development. This article presents evidence to support the idea that institutional factors played a part in the weak GDP growth and the high level of cyclical volatility between 1920 and 2001. Some factors stand out as particularly relevant: the weakening of governments' political power, increasing fragmentation of the political system, an excessively discretional monetary policy and the existence of opportunistic political cycles in macroeconomic policies.

This paper adopts an unbiased approach to the evolution of Spanish foreign trade (1869–1999). It aims to characterize the long-run performance of the Spanish external sector by applying a statistical analysis to the new series presented by Prados (2003). We identify two well-defined, clearly distinguished stages separated by a period of transition. The first stage, until 1935, was one of unpredictable trade and little connection with national income. The transition, a volatile period, lasted until 1960. This year marks the beginning of a second stage, characterized by a mature, predictable trade strongly linked with income.

The possible existence of Internal Labour Markets (ILMs) in the Spanish railway company MZA at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution is explored by means of non-linear Optimal Scaling techniques. The results show the presence of two characteristics of ILMs predicted by the theory: the existence of «ports of entry» for the employees of the company at low levels of qualification, and the presence of long-term labour relations. Thus, in common with recent studies on UK railway companies, we conclude that the company MZA operated some kind of ILM before the start of the 20th Century.