Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T11:34:38.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Using a developmental perspective to examine the moderating effects of marriage on heavy episodic drinking in a young adult sample enriched for risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2020

Seung Bin Cho ,
Rebecca L. Smith Open the ORCID record for Rebecca L. Smith [Opens in a new window] ,
Kathleen Bucholz ,
Grace Chan ,
Howard J. Edenberg ,
Victor Hesselbrock ,
John Kramer ,
Vivia V. McCutcheon ,
John Nurnberger  and
Marc Schuckit
...Show all authors
Seung Bin Cho
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Rebecca L. Smith*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Kathleen Bucholz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Grace Chan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Howard J. Edenberg
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Victor Hesselbrock
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
John Kramer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Vivia V. McCutcheon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
John Nurnberger
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Marc Schuckit
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Yong Zang
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Danielle M. Dick
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Jessica E. Salvatore
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Jessica E. Salvatore, Department of Psychology, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA; E-mail: jesalvatore@vcu.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Many studies demonstrate that marriage protects against risky alcohol use and moderates genetic influences on alcohol outcomes; however, previous work has not considered these effects from a developmental perspective or in high-risk individuals. These represent important gaps, as it cannot be assumed that marriage has uniform effects across development or in high-risk samples. We took a longitudinal developmental approach to examine whether marital status was associated with heavy episodic drinking (HED), and whether marital status moderated polygenic influences on HED. Our sample included 937 individuals (53.25% female) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism who reported their HED and marital status biennially between the ages of 21 and 25. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from a genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption. Marital status was not associated with HED; however, we observed pathogenic gene-by-environment effects that changed across young adulthood. Among those who married young (age 21), individuals with higher PRS reported more HED; however, these effects decayed over time. The same pattern was found in supplementary analyses using parental history of alcohol use disorder as the index of genetic liability. Our findings indicate that early marriage may exacerbate risk for those with higher polygenic load.

Keywords

alcoholdevelopmentgeneticsmarital statusyoung adults
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , August 2021 , pp. 1097 - 1106
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Denotes shared first authorship.

References

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised (3rd, text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th, text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (1984). Drug use among young adults: The impacts of role status and social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 629–645. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.629CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, P. B., Salvatore, J. E., Maes, H. H., Korhonen, T., Latvala, A., Aliev, F., … Dick, D. M. (2017). Social relationships moderate genetic influences on heavy drinking in young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78, 817–826. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.817CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begleiter, Henri, Reich, Theodore, Hesslbrock, Victor, Porjesz, Bernice, Li, Ting-Kai, Schuckit, Marc A., … Rice, John P. (1995). The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Alcohol Health & Research World, 19(3), 228–236. Retrieved from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ahrw19-3/228%E2%80%93236.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bogdan, R., Baranger, D. A. A., & Agrawal, A. (2018). Polygenic risk scores in clinical psychology: Bridging genomic risk to individual differences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 14, 119–157. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucholz, K. K., McCutcheon, V. V., Agrawal, A., Dick, D. M., Hesselbrock, V. M., Kramer, J. R., … Porjesz, B. (2017). Comparison of parent, peer, psychiatric, and cannabis use influences across stages of offspring alcohol involvement: Evidence from the COGA Prospective Study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41, 359–368. doi:10.1111/acer.13293CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotton, N. S. (1979). The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 40, 89–116. doi:10.15288/jsa.1979.40.89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craddock, E., vanDellen, M. R., Novak, S. A., & Ranby, K. W. (2015). Influence in relationships: A meta-analysis on health-related social control. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 37, 118–130. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1011271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaneau, O., Zagury, J.-F., & Marchini, J. (2013). Improved whole-chromosome phasing for disease and population genetic studies. Nature Methods, 10, 5–6. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinescu, D., Turkheimer, E., Beam, C. R., Horn, E. E., Duncan, G., & Emery, R. E. (2016). Is marriage a buzzkill? A twin study of marital status and alcohol consumption. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 698–707. doi:10.1037/fam0000221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupre, M. E., & Meadows, S. O. (2007). Disaggregating the effects of marital trajectories on health. Journal of Family Issues, 28(5), 623–652. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06296296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eickmeyer, Kasey J., & Hemez, Paul. (2017). Family Profiles (Vol. FP-17-23). Bowling Green, OH: National Center for Family & Marriage Research. doi: 10.25035/ncfmr/fp-17-23Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 4–15. doi:10.2307/2786971Google Scholar
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foroud, T., Edenberg, H. J., Goate, A., Rice, J., Flury, L., Koller, D. L., … Reich, T. (2000). Alcoholism susceptibility loci: Confirmation studies in a replicate sample and further mapping. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 933–945. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04634.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forthofer, Melinda S., Kessler, Ronald C., Story, Amber L., & Gotlib, Ian H. (1996). The effects of psychiatric disorders on the probability and timing of first marriage. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37(2), 121. doi: 10.2307/2137268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., Zhang, H., … Hasin, D. S. (2015). Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 757–766. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Agrawal, A., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2007). Spousal concordance for alcohol dependence: Evidence for assortative mating or spousal interaction effects? Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 717–728. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00356.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heath, A. C., Jardine, R., & Martin, N. G. (1989). Interactive effects of genotype and social environment on alcohol consumption in female twins. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 38–48. doi:10.15288/jsa.1989.50.38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, S. Y., Shen, S., Lowers, L., & Locke, J. (2000). Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 265–275. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00841-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, E. E., Xu, Y., Beam, C. R., Turkheimer, E., & Emery, R. E. (2013). Accounting for the physical and mental health benefits of entry into marriage: A genetically informed study of selection and causation. Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 30–41. doi:10.1037/a0029803CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howie, B., Fuchsberger, C., Stephens, M., Marchini, J., & Abecasis, G. R. (2012). Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing. Nature Genetics, 44, 955–959. doi:10.1038/ng.2354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the future. National survey results on drug use: 1975–2014: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Retrieved from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2014.pdfGoogle Scholar
Keller, M. C. (2014). Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: The problem and the (simple) solution. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 18–24. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Ji, J., Edwards, A. C., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2015). An extended Swedish national adoption study of alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 211–218. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, K. S., Lönn, S. L., Salvatore, J., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2016). Effect of marriage on risk for onset of alcohol use disorder: A longitudinal and co-relative analysis in a Swedish national sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 911–918. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., & Forthofer, M. S. (1998). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders, III: Probability of marital stability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1092–1096. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.8.1092CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrer, Evelyn L. (2004). Religion as a determinant of economic and demographic behavior in the United States. Population and Development Review, 30(4), 707–726. doi: 10.1111/padr.2004.30.issue-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, K. E., & Eiden, R. D. (2007). Marital and family processes in the context of alcohol use and alcohol disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 285–310. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, K. E., & Rothbard, J. C. (1999). Alcohol and the marriage effect. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement(s13), 139–146. doi:10.15288/jsas.1999.s13.139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughran, David, & Zissimopoulos, Julie. (2004). Are there gains to delaying marriage? The effect of age at first marriage on career development and wages (Vol. IDEAS Working Paper Series, pp. 1–38). Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2004/RAND_WR207.pdfGoogle Scholar
Maier, R. M., Visscher, P. M., Robinson, M. R., & Wray, N. R. (2018). Embracing polygenicity: A review of methods and tools for psychiatric genetics research. Psychological Medicine, 48, 1055–1067. doi:10.1017/S0033291717002318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connell, J. R., & Weeks, D. E. (1998). PedCheck: A program for identification of genotype incompatibilities in linkage analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 259–266. doi:10.1086/301904CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2002). Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement(s14), 23–39. doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). Associations between marital status and alcohol consumption in a longitudinal study of female twins. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 589–604. doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., … Sham, P. C. (2007). PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 81, 559–575. doi:10.1086/519795CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, S. M., Wray, N. R., Stone, J. L., Visscher, P. M., O'Donovan, M. C., Sullivan, P. F., … Sklar, P. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature, 460, 748–752. doi:10.1038/nature08185.Google ScholarPubMed
Reich, T., Edenberg, H. J., Goate, A., Williams, J. T., Rice, J. P., Eerdewegh, P. V., … Begleiter, H. (1998). Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 81, 207–215. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<207::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-T3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvatore, J. E., Aliev, F., Edwards, A. C., Evans, D. M., Macleod, J., Hickman, M., … Dick, D. M. (2014). Polygenic scores predict alcohol problems in an independent sample and show moderation by the environment. Genes, 5, 330–346. doi:10.3390/genes5020330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvatore, J. E., Lönn, S. L., Long, E. C., Sundquist, J., Kendler, K. S., Sundquist, K., & Edwards, A. C. (2018). Parental alcohol use disorder and offspring marital outcomes. Addiction, 114, 81–91. doi:10.1111/add.14405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schumann, G., Liu, C., O'Reilly, P., Gao, H., Song, P., Xu, B., … Elliott, P. (2016). KLB is associated with alcohol drinking, and its gene product β-Klotho is necessary for FGF21 regulation of alcohol preference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 14372–14377. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611243113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanahan, M. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2005). Social context in gene–environment interactions: Retrospect and prospect. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 60, 65–76. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_1.65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slutske, W. S. (2005). Alcohol use disorders among US college students and their non-college-attending peers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 321–327. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uecker, Jeremy E. (2012). Marriage and mental health among young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(1), 67–83. doi: 10.1177/0022146511419206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uecker, Jeremy E. (2014). Religion and early marriage in the United States: Evidence from the Add Health study. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 392–415. doi: 10.1111/jssr.12114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uecker, Jeremy E., & Stokes, Charles E. (2008). Early marriage in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(4), 835–846. doi: 10.1111/jomf.2008.70.issue-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umberson, D. (1992). Gender, marital status and the social control of health behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 34, 907–917. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90259-SCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrieze, S. I., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2012). Confluence of genes, environment, development, and behavior in a post Genome-Wide Association Study world. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1195–1214. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000648CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldron, M., Heath, A. C., Lynskey, M. T., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Martin, N. G. (2011). Alcoholic marriage: Later start, sooner end. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 632–642. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01381.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wray, N. R., Lee, S. H., Mehta, D., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Dudbridge, F., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2014). Research review: Polygenic methods and their application to psychiatric traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 55, 1068–1087. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamaguchi, K., & Kandel, D. B. (1985). On the resolution of role incompatibility: A life event history analysis of family roles and marijuana use. American Journal of Sociology, 90(6), 1284–1325. doi: 10.1086/228211CrossRefGoogle Scholar