International Court of Justice — Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955 — Alleged violations of customary rules of international law on sovereign immunity — Preliminary objections — Jurisdiction of the Court — Admissibility of claims

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction under Article XXI(2) of Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955 — Jurisdiction ratione materiae — Article XX(1)(c) and (d) of 1955 Treaty — Whether 1955 Treaty including restrictions on scope of International Court of Justice jurisdiction — Issue already decided in Court’s earlier jurisprudence — Confirmation of earlier findings — Whether certain provisions of 1955 Treaty incorporating rules of customary international law on sovereign immunity — Article IV(2) — Article XI(4) — Article III(2) — Article IV(1) — Article X(1) — Definition of “company” under Article III(1) of 1955 Treaty — Whether Central Bank of Iran a “company” under 1955 Treaty — Relevance of an entity’s functions for it to be a “company” under 1955 Treaty — Determination of functions a matter for merits — Whether objection possessing an exclusively preliminary character

Claims — Admissibility of claims — Abuse of process — Distinction from abuse of rights — Abuse of process not a new objection — Re-characterisation of objection — Exceptional circumstances not present — Unclean hands — Allegations of sponsoring terrorism — No decision on status of unclean hands doctrine under international law — Whether conditions for unclean hands doctrine satisfied in the circumstances

States — Sovereignty — States’ withdrawal of declaration under Article 34(6) of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court, 1998 — Right of a State with respect to treaties — Right to enter and right to withdraw

International tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Direct connection of case’s merits to provisional measures request — Whether an application to institute proceedings before the Court void if unsigned

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Whether the African court having jurisdiction to decide on/revoke State’s decision to withdraw its declaration under Article 34(6) of the Protocol — Whether State declarations accepting the jurisdiction of the African Court optional

Treaties — Interpretation — Withdrawal — Whether State’s withdrawal an act of sovereignty and a unilateral act — Whether State’s withdrawal matter of treaty law — Consent — Rights of States

Human rights — Whether State’s withdrawal of its declaration under Article 34(6) of the Protocol constituting a regression of rights — Whether depriving State’s citizens of a regional judicial redress mechanism through its withdrawal a human rights violation — Whether State declarations under Article 34(6) of the Protocol conferring subjective rights on individuals and non-governmental organizations

Aliens — Asylum claim — Refusal of asylum — Refusal of asylum overturned — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 12(2)(c) of European Council Directive 2004/83 — Whether asylum seeker guilty of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations — Whether conviction as member of leadership of terrorist organization sufficient — Whether commission or instigation of terrorist act required — Terrorism

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Refugee Convention, 1951 — European Union law — European Council Directive 2004/83/EC — Framework Decision 2002/475 — United Nations — Relevant Security Council resolutions — Meaning of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations

Treaties — Interpretation — Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Principles and purposes of United Nations — Whether participation in terrorist group contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations — Meaning and scope — Relevant Security Council resolutions — Resolution 1624 — Resolution 1377 — Resolution 2178

Terrorism — United Nations — Meaning of acts contrary to purposes and principles of United Nations — Whether participation in terrorist group constituting acts contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations — Exclusion clause — Article 1F(c) of Refugee Convention, 1951 — Article 12(2)(c) of European Council Directive 2004/83 — Whether acts contrary to principles and purposes of United Nations confined to terrorist offences defined in Article 1(1) of Framework Decision 2002/475 — The law of the European Union

Human rights — Right to property — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Article 21 — Whether Argentina providing indigenous communities effective title over their ancestral communal property — Article 2 — Obligation of States to adopt domestic legal provisions — Whether Argentinian domestic law providing adequate legislative and administrative procedures to guarantee right to communal property — Article 1(1) — Obligation of States to protect rights of persons under their jurisdiction — Article 23(1) — Right to participate — State obligation to consult indigenous peoples on projects or works on communal property

Human rights — Article 26 of American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — State obligation on progressive realization of rights implicit in the economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural standards in Charter of the Organization of American States, 1948 — Right to a healthy environment — Right to food and water — Right to cultural identity — Whether rights to a healthy environment, food and water and cultural identity encompassed under Article 26 — Whether economic, social, cultural and environmental rights under Article 26 autonomous and justiciable before the Court

Human rights — Right to judicial protection within a reasonable time — Whether provincial court exercising unreasonable delay in determination of Decree concerning allocation of land — Whether violation of Article 8(1) of American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

International organizations — Immunity from jurisdiction — International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“IBRD”) — IBRD Articles of Association — Agreement between Austria, IBRD, International Finance Corporation and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Regarding the Establishment of Liaison Offices in Vienna, 2011 — Relevance of dispute settlement provisions in treaties for questions of immunity of international organizations — Implicit waiver — Obligation to pay court fees in civil proceedings — Treaty interpretation — Treaty authenticated in several languages — Whether Article VII Section 9 of IBRD Articles of Agreement and Article 10(3) of Establishment Agreement providing for an exemption to pay court fees — Whether Austrian authorities having jurisdiction over matter

Treaties — Interpretation — Agreement between Austria, IBRD, International Finance Corporation and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Regarding the Establishment of Liaison Offices in Vienna, 2011 (“Establishment Agreement”) — Dispute settlement provisions — Relevance for questions of immunity of international organizations — Treaty authenticated in several languages — Meaning of terms — Whether Article VII Section 9 of IBRD Articles of Agreement and Article 10(3) of Establishment Agreement providing for an exemption to pay court fees — The law of Austria

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty of Guarantee between United Kingdom, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus, 1960 — Need for incorporation of international treaties — Effect of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 541 and 550 in international and domestic law

Recognition — Recognition of Northern Cyprus — Non-recognition of Northern Cyprus by United Kingdom — Acts amounting to recognition — Co-operation with law enforcement authorities of unrecognized entity

Jurisdiction — European Arrest Warrant — Jurisdiction over individuals from unrecognized States — Jurisdiction for crimes committed within England and Wales — Jurisdiction under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Human rights — Human Rights Act 1998 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 of European Convention prohibiting torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Article 6 of European Convention providing right to a fair trial — Conditions within prisons and courts of Northern Cyprus — Evidence relevant in European Convention on Human Rights claims — Extent of territorial jurisdiction — Whether claimant within jurisdiction of United Kingdom for purposes of European Convention — Whether claimant being granted permission to challenge provision of material to Northern Cyprus police on this ground — The law of England

States — Recognition — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (“TRNC”) — Whether TRNC a Member State for purposes of European Council Regulation No 2201/2003

Jurisdiction — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — Whether TRNC capable of being a country of habitual residence for determining jurisdiction in care proceedings — Whether child can retain habitual residence when parent deported from country — Effect of having no place of habitual residence

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Protocol No 10 of the 2003 Act of Accession of Cyprus to European Union — Effect of suspension of acquis communautaire to the TRNC — The law of England

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Diplomats’ children — Serious concerns about welfare of children — Immunity — Immunity from civil proceedings — Whether diplomatic immunity preventing local authority from seeking interim care orders — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether diplomatic immunity subject to prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment

Human rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 — Inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment — Human Rights Act 1998 — Diplomatic immunity — Relationship between prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment and diplomatic immunity — Whether diplomatic immunity preventing local authority from seeking interim care order — Whether failure to protect children a breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether taking action to protect children a breach of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Declaration of incompatibility

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Diplomatic immunity — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Serious concerns about welfare of diplomat’s children — Relationship between diplomatic immunity and human rights — Whether Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 and Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 incompatible with Human Rights Act 1998 and European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Treaties — Interpretation — Context and purpose — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 disturbed by provisions of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Whether conflict between Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 and European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — The law of England

State immunity — Employment — Foreign military base — Claimant employed on United States’ military base in United Kingdom — Claim for wrongful dismissal and discrimination — State Immunity Act 1978 — Service — Procedure for service — Whether Section 16(2) of State Immunity Act applicable — Meaning of “proceedings” — Whether Section 12 applicable — Whether service must be effected through diplomatic channels — The law of England

Arbitration — Arbitral Tribunal of International Chamber of Commerce — Arbitral award — Damages — Failure to pay amount awarded — Enforcement proceedings — United Kingdom — Arbitration Act 1996 — Service of proceedings commenced in accordance with Arbitration Act 1996 — Whether service of proceedings must comply with State Immunity Act 1978 — Difficulty effecting service on defendant State

Comity — Comity of nations as an interpretative principle — Subjecting State to jurisdiction of the courts of another State — Procedure for service — State Immunity Act 1978 — Obligations of States in the marketplace — Commercial legal obligations of States

Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 — Access to jurisdiction of the courts — Relationship between Article 6 and State immunity — Whether requirement for service through diplomatic channels impeding Article 6 rights

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004 — State Immunity Act 1978 — Treaty provisions as an aid to interpretation of domestic law — Whether international custom existing at the time of passage of domestic law

State immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 — Service — Procedure for service — Whether Section 12(1) applicable — Whether arbitration claim form or enforcement order a document required to be served — Whether court having discretion to dispense with service on defendant State — Exceptional circumstances preventing service through diplomatic channels — The law of England