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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Seed Safeners as Insecticide Synergists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Mary L. Ketchersid ,
Frederick W. Plapp  and
Morris G. Merkle
Mary L. Ketchersid
Affiliation:
Dep. Soil and Crop Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843
Frederick W. Plapp
Affiliation:
Dep. Entomol., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843
Morris G. Merkle
Affiliation:
Dep. Soil and Crop Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843
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Abstract

Certain oximes, including cyometrinil [(Z)-α-(cyanomethoxy)iminobenzeneacetonitrile], CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-iminobenzeneacetonitrile], 2-pyridinealdoxime-O-benzyl ether (PA-B), and 2-pyridinealdoxime-O-phenethyl ether (PA-PE), which are known to protect sorghum from chloroacetanilide herbicides, increased the toxicity of the insecticide propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl-methyl carbamate) to a resistant strain of housefly (Musca domestica L.). Flurazole [5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, benzyl ester, 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)], a nonoxime protectant for grain sorghum, had less effect on the toxicity of propoxur than did the oximes. Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], which can be used as a herbicide in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] only if the seed have been treated with a protectant, also increased the toxicity of propoxur to houseflies. Commercially available insecticide synergists increase insecticide activity by inhibiting NADPH-dependent microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity. Sorghum coleoptiles possessed the enzyme system necessary to oxidize aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene) to dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), which is a standard test for oxidative metabolism in insects. Under the conditions of these tests, the aldrin epoxidase activity in sorghum coleoptiles was not affected by pretreatment with cyometrinil or flurazole.

Keywords

Mixed-function oxidase systeminsecticide cotoxicity indexCGA-43089CGA-92194MON-4606piperonyl butoxidepropoxuraldrin epoxidase
Type
Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 33 , Issue 6 , November 1985 , pp. 774 - 778
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 by the Weed Science Society of America 

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References

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