Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:23:42.068Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relationships Between Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity and Physiological Responses of Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings to Herbicides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Robert E. Hoagland  and
Stephen O. Duke
Robert E. Hoagland
Affiliation:
South. Weed Sci. Lab., Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Stoneville, MS 38776
Stephen O. Duke
Affiliation:
South. Weed Sci. Lab., Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Stoneville, MS 38776
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The effects of 16 herbicides from 14 different chemical classes on levels of soluble protein, hydroxyphenolics, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll were determined in light- and dark-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. Growth-reducing concentrations of the herbicides were supplied to 3-day-old dark-grown soybean seedlings in liquid culture. Soluble protein (per axis) was reduced by fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, and propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) 24 or 48 h after treatment. In light-grown plants, soluble hydroxyphenolic compound levels were decreased on a per axis basis after 48 h by all chemical treatments except by atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate}, DSMA (disodium methanearsonate), fluridone, MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], TCA (trichloroacetic acid), and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Total chlorophyll content in hypocotyls of these seedlings was decreased by fluridone, metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one], norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone], paraquat, and 2,4-D, but others had no significant effect. Anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls of 48-h light-grown seedlings was decreased by atrazine, fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), metribuzin, norflurazon, paraquat, propanil, and propham (isopropyl carbanilate). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity (previously reported work) was positively correlated with anthocyanin levels in tissues after treatment with these 16 herbicides, but not with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. There was, however, no correlation between extractable PAL activity and chlorophyll, soluble hydroxyphenolic compounds, or soluble protein content. These results indicated that extracted PAL activities usually reflect relative in vivo activities and that PAL activity is limiting to phenylpropanoid synthesis in vivo.

Keywords

Herbicide mode of actionphenylpropanoidphotosynthetic inhibitorssecondary compoundsglyphosate
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 31 , Issue 6 , November 1983 , pp. 845 - 852
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Amrhein, N. 1979. Novel inhibitors of phenylpropanoid metabolism in higher plants. Pages 173–182 in Luckner, M. & Schreiber, K., eds. Regulation of Secondary Product and Plant Hormone Metabolism. Pergamon, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Amrhein, N. and Gerhardt, J. 1979. Superinduction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in gherkin hypocotyls caused by the inhibitor, L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 583:434–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Amrhein, N. and Gödeke, K. -H. 1976. The estimation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in intact cells of higher plant tissue. II. Correlations and discrepancies between tissue activities measured in intact cells and cell-free extracts. Planta 131:41–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Arnon, D. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris . Plant Physiol. 24:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Boudet, A. M., Ranjeva, R., and Gadal, P. 1971. Properties allosteriques specifiques des deux isoenzymes de la phenylalanine-ammoniaque lyase chez Quercus pedunculata . Phytochemistry 10:997–1005.Google Scholar
6. Camm, E. L. and Towers, G.H.N. 1977. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Pages 169–188 in Reinhold, L., Harborne, J. B. and Swain, T., eds. Progress in Phytochemistry, Vol. 4. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
7. Cole, D. J., Dodge, A. D., and Caseley, J. C. 1980. Some biochemical effects of glyphosate on plant meristems. J. Exp. Bot. 31:1665–1674.Google Scholar
8. Creasy, L. L. 1968. The increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in strawberry leaf discs and its correlation with flavonoid synthesis. Phytochemistry 7:441–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Davies, M. E. 1972. Effects of auxin on polyphenol accumulation and the development of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in dark-grown suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet Rose. Planta 104:66–77.Google Scholar
10. Dixon, R. A., Browne, T., and Ward, M. 1980. Modulation of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by pathway intermediates in cell suspension cultures of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Planta 150:279–285.Google Scholar
11. Duke, S. O., Fox, S. B., and Naylor, A. W. 1976. Photosynthetic independence of light-induced anthocyanin formation in Zea seedlings. Plant Physiol. 57:192–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Duke, S. O. and Hoagland, R. E. 1978. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. I. Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in dark-grown maize roots. Plant Sci. Lett. 11:185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Duke, S. O., Hoagland, R. E., and Elmore, C. D. 1979. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. IV. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, free amino acids, and soluble hydroxyphenolic compounds in axes of light-grown soybeans. Physiol. Plant. 46:307–317.Google Scholar
14. Duke, S. O. and Hoagland, R. E. 1981. Effects of glyphosate on the metabolism of phenolic compounds: VII. Root-fed amino acids and glyphosate toxicity in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings. Weed Sci. 29:297–302.Google Scholar
15. Duke, S. O., Hoagland, R. E., and Elmore, C. D. 1980. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. V. Interactions with L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid. Plant Physiol. 65:17–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Duke, S. O. and Naylor, A. W. 1976. Light effects on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase substrate levels and turnover rates in maize seedlings. Plant Sci. Lett. 6:361–367.Google Scholar
17. Duke, S. O. and Naylor, A. W. 1976. Light control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Zea seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 37:62–68.Google Scholar
18. Gross, G. G. 1981. Phenolic acids. Pages 301–316 in Stumpf, P. K. and Conn, E. E., eds. The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
19. Harborne, J. B. 1980. Plant phenolics. Pages 329–402 in Bell, E. A. and Charlwood, B. V., eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 8 — Secondary Plant Products. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
20. Heinstein, P., Widmaier, R., Wagner, P., and Howe, J. 1979. Biosynthesis of gossypol. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 12:313–337.Google Scholar
21. Hoagland, R. E. 1980. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds: VI. Effects of glyphosine and glyphosate metabolites on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, growth, and protein, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin levels in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings. Weed Sci. 28:393–400.Google Scholar
22. Hoagland, R. E. and Duke, S. O. 1981. Effects of herbicides on extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in light- and dark-grown Glycine max (L.) Merr. seedlings. Weed Sci. 29:433–439.Google Scholar
23. Hoagland, R. E. and Duke, S. O. 1982. Biochemical effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Pages 175–205 in Moreland, D. E., St. John, J. S., and Hess, F. D., eds., ACS Symposium Series, No. 181 — Biochemical responses induced by herbicides, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Hoagland, R. E., Duke, S. O., and Elmore, C. D. 1978. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. II. Influence on soluble hydroxyphenolic compound, free amino acid and soluble protein levels in dark-grown maize roots. Plant Sci. Lett. 13:291–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Hoagland, R. E., Duke, S. O., and Elmore, C. D. 1979. The effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. III. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, free amino acids, soluble protein and hydroxyphenolic compounds in axes of dark-grown soybeans. Physiol. Plant. 46:357–366.Google Scholar
26. Holländer, H. and Amrhein, N. 1980. The site of inhibition of the shikimate pathway by glyphosate. I. Inhibition by glyphosate of phenylpropanoid synthesis in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). Plant Physiol. 66:823–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Holländer, H. and Amrhein, N. 1981. The estimation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in intact cells of higher plant tissue. III. Specificity of 3H-release from L-[2,3-3H] phenylalanine and precautions in application of the assay to various tissues. Planta 152:374–378.Google Scholar
28. Huault, C. and Klein-Eude, D. 1978. L-acide trans-cinnamique et l'evolution de l'activité, de la phénylalanineammoac-lyase dans les cotylédons de radis exposés a la lumière rouge lointain. Plant Sci. Lett. 13:185–192.Google Scholar
29. James, D. J., Davidson, A. W., and Trueman, M. J. 1980. The effect of L-phenylalanine on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cell division in artichoke callus culture. Ann. Bot. 46:457–463.Google Scholar
30. Jangaard, N. O. 1974. The characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from several plant species. Phytochemistry 13: 1765–1768.Google Scholar
31. Jaworski, E. G. 1972. Mode of action of N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine: inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:1195–1198.Google Scholar
32. Johnson, C. B. and Smith, H. 1978. Phytochrome control of amino acid synthesis in cotyledons of Sinapis alba . Phytochemistry 17:667–670.Google Scholar
33. Laanest, L. E. 1981. Utilization of exogenous phenylalanine and tyrosine in biosynthesis of C-glycosyl-flavones in barley. Fizio. Rast. 28:103–110.Google Scholar
34. Lowry, D. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193:265–275.Google Scholar
35. Mancinelli, A. L., Yang, C.-P.H., Rabino, L., and Kuzmanoff, K. M. 1976. Photocontrol of anthocyanin synthesis. V. Further evidence against the involvement of photosynthesis in HIR anthocyanin synthesis of young seedlings. Plant Physiol. 58:214–217.Google Scholar
36. Margna, U. 1977. Control at the level of substrate supply — An alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells. Phytochemistry 16:419–426.Google Scholar
37. Margna, U., Margna, E., Täht, R., and Orav, I. 1981. Inverse flavonoid - chlorophyll and flavonoid - protein relations in chlorophyll mutants of barley. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 176:191–194.Google Scholar
38. Nishizawa, A. N., Wolosiuk, R. A., and Buchanan, B. B. 1979. Chloroplast phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from spinach leaves. Evidence for light mediated regulation via the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. Planta 145:7–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Shipilova, S. V. and Zhaprometov, M. N. 1980. Localization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in chloroplasts of corn. Fiziol. Rast. 27:67–73.Google Scholar
40. Singleton, Y. L. and Rossi, J. A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Amer. J. Enol. Vitic. 16:144–158.Google Scholar
41. Smith, H., Billett, E. E., and Giles, A. B. 1977. The photocontrol of gene expression in higher plants. Pages 93–127 in Smith, H., ed. Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Activity in Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
42. Steinrucken, H. C. and Amrhein, N. 1980. The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94:1207–1212.Google Scholar
43. Zucker, M. 1965. Induction of phenylalanine deaminase by light and its relation to chlorogenic acid synthesis in potato tuber tissues. Plant Physiol. 40:779–784.Google Scholar