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The Correspondence of the First Stuarts with the First Romanovs
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
Extract
The early relations of England with Russia were not only of a commercial, but also of a political character. The correspondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian Czars has already been described by the author. The friendly intercourse between both courts had attained the force of a tradition at the end of the century, and even the great unrest, the ‘Smuta,’ which preceded in Russia the elevation of the new dynasty, had no fatal influence on the position of the English in the Muscovite empire. Since the accession to the Russian throne of Czar Michael, the relations of the two courts, interrupted for a time, were resumed, and an animated correspondence followed between the first Stuarts and the first Romanovs. For the period of thirty-seven years (from 1613–49) We can identify 128 letters, though it is probable that a few others have not come to our knowledge. Of these, seventy-five were written by the English court, sixteen by James I, fifty-seven by Charles I, and two by the young prince Charles; fifty-three letters were written in Russia, forty-four by Czar Michael and nine by his father, the patriarch Philaret.
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References
1 See Inna Lubimenko, The Correspondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian Czars (Amer. Hist. Rev., April 1917), and A Suggestion for the Publication of the Correspondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian Czars Roy. Hist. Soc. Trans., 3 Ser., vol. ix. 1916.
page 79 note 1 Anglijskija Gramoty.
page 79 note 2 We find here forty-six beautiful originals of the Russian correspondence, from 1581–1680. Two letters belong to Czar Ivan the Terrible, three to Czar Boris (one illuminated), twenty-four to Czar Michaël, eight to the Patriarch Philaret, one to Czar Alexis, one to the ambassador Prozorovsky, and one to the Czars John and Peter. The seals have been preserved unbroken only on three letters of Michael. The Russian copies, made at the Record Office and apposed to each letter, are very defective.
page 79 note 3 Anglijskija Dela.
page 80 note 1 Some of his earlier letters are preserved at Moscow in the series of English Affairs.For later times see Guildhall Records, Remembrancia, iii. and iv.
page 80 note 2 An old Russian translation in the work of Lygin, Stolbovsky dogovor, Append. No. 7. The original seems to have disappeared.
page 80 note 3 December 1615, State:Pap. Russia, ii. fol. 216, original with the seal of Merrick.
page 80 note 4 Engl. Lett.,23, August 18, 1615.
page 81 note 1 State Pap. Russia, ii. fol. 224, August 10, 1616.
page 81 note 2 Ibid., i. fol. 91, and Engl. Lett., No. 24.
page 81 note 3 State Pap. Russia, ii. fol. 229, and Lygin, Stolbovsky dogovor, nine letters to Gustavus Adolphus and a letter of the Czar to Merrick.
page 81 note 4 Nero, B. XI., fol. 320; Cat. St. Pap. Dom.,1611–18, pp. 494,497, and 530; State Pap. Russia, 2, Feb. 4, 1618, and ibid., fol. 236.
page 81 note 5 Cal. State Pap. Dom.,1611–18, pp. 532, 533.
page 82 note 1 Engl. Affairs, 1618, July 2.
page 82 note 2 Ibid., 1619, No 1, January and July.
page 82 note 3 Royal Lett49, original, and State Pap. Russia, i. fol. iii., Engl. translation, August 17, 1621.
page 82 note 4 Tolstoy, The First Forty Years of Intercourse between England and Russia, Nos. 21 and 44.
page 82 note 5 State Pap. Russia, ii. fol. 253, March 28, 1618.
page 82 note 6 Ibid., fols. 249–52, May 1618, and Bantysh-Kamensky, Obzor vneshnik snoskeny, May 31, 1618.
page 83 note 1 Royal Lett., 49.
page 83 note 2 An evasive answer in State Pap. Russia, i., also Alexandrenko, The Role of the Privy Council in, the Diplomatic Relations, (Board of Education, 1889, November, p. 269).
page 83 note 3 Engl. Lett., Nos. 30 and 31, June 1, 1622.
page 83 note 4 Engl. Affairs, 1623, No. 1, November.
page 83 note 5 An undated paper in State Pap. Russia, ii.
page 83 note 6 Royal Lett., 49, and State Pap. Russia, ii., June, 1624.
page 83 note 7 Foedera, t. vii. pp. 71–3, “Articles of a Perpetual League and Alliance,” etc.
page 84 note 1 State Pap. Russia, ii., Aug. 14, 1624; see another of his letters, ibid. April,17,. 1624.
page 84 note 2 Engl. Lett., No. 38.
page 84 note 3 Ibid., No. 37, Feb. 1, 1627.
page 85 note 1 Royal Lett., 49. An answer to this letter from May 20, 1631, in Engl. Lett., No. 58; see also ibid., No. 59, a letter from Charles to Philaret.
page 85 note 2 Royal Lett., 49.
page 85 note 3 Cal. St. Pap. Dom., t., 1631–3, 1631, Aug. 18.
page 85 note 4 Royal Lett., 49, March 4, 1631.
page 85 note 5 Ibid., 49.
page 85 note 6 Engl. Lett., No. 61, June 18, 1632.
page 85 note 7 See letter of Cartwright, May, 1632, in State Pap. Russia, ii.; also 1632, No. 3, November 1, and State Pap. Russia, iii.; also a letter of Michael to Charles, dated May 31, 1638, in Royal Lett., 49.
page 85 note 8 Royal Lett., 49.
page 85 note 9 Engl. Lett., No. 69, original, and State Pap. Russia, iii. fol. 245, copy.
page 86 note 1 For example, Royal Lett. 49, June 1613, Engl. Lett., No. 27, May 31, 1618, and No. 62, June 18, 1632.
page 86 note 2 State Pap. Russia, ii., June 1613.
page 86 note 3 Engl. Lett., No. 29, June 11, 1621.
page 86 note 4 Ibid., Nos. 54 and 55, Jan. 20, 1631, and No. 67, Dec. 24, 1633.
page 86 note 5 Royal Lett., 49, October 20, 1632.
page 86 note 6 Ibid, 49, March 7, 1638.
page 87 note 1 Slate Pap. Russia, ii. fols. 103 and 116, two translations of this Russian letter, the original seems to have disappeared.
page 87 note 2 Ibid., ii.fol. 171.
page 87 note 3 In Royal Lett., 49, Feb. 13, 1628, and Dec. 7, 1630; also English Affairs1630, No. 5, Dec. 7.
page 87 note 4 Letter of Charles, dated May 20, 1631.
page 87 note 5 Engl. Lett., No. 40, April 12, 1628, No. 44, October 31, 1626, Nos. 48 and 49 and 51, August 10, and September 10, 1630; Nos. 52 and 53, September 17, 1630, and No. 54, September 30, 1630.
page 88 note 1 Royal Lett., 49.
page 88 note 2 State Pap. Russia, ii., letter of the agent Fabian Smith, original, with a seal.
page 88 note 3 Royal Lett., 49.
page 88 note 4 Engl. Lett., No., 79.
page 88 note 5 Ibid., No. 81.
page 88 note 6 Ibid., No. 82.
page 88 note 7 See, for example, evidence as to a certain William Bladwell, State Pap. Russia, iii., and Engl. Lett., No. 74, December 17, 1639, and State Pap. Russia, iii. fols. 280–91, June 20, 1640.
page 89 note 1 Engl. Lett., No. 71. See also for earlier years English Affairs, 1622, No. 2; 1625, No. 4; 1627, No. 1; 1628, No. 1
page 89 note 2 Engl. Lett., No. 73.
page 89 note 3 Ibid., No. 73, and State Pap. Russia, iii. fols. 289–91, June 20, 1640.
page 89 note 4 Engl. Lett., No. 34, original, and State Pap. Russia, ii., copy.
page 89 note 5 RoyalLett., 49.
page 90 note 1 State Pap. Russia, iii. “The openione and advice of Sir John Merricke and some other Brethren of the Muscovia Company, concerning the trade of Russia.
page 90 note 2 Engl. Lett., No. 42.
page 90 note 3 Ibid., No. 45, Oct. 31, 1629, and No. 46, Jan. 5, 1630.
page 90 note 4 State Pap. Russia, ii. fols. 279–83.
page 90 note 5 Ibid., fols. 138–40, June 8, 1632, and fols. 142–4, June 22, 1634.
page 90 note 6 Royal Lett., 49, original, and State Pap. Russia, iii. fols. 271–3, English, translation, May 31, 1637.
page 91 note 1 Cal. St. Pap. Dom., t. an. 1655, p. 316.
page 91 note 2 Engl. Lett., No. 85, July 30, 1655.