Nathan Tarcov, Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr., Forrest McDonald, Robert Scigliano, and Michael and Catherine Zuckert supplied much needed advice for revising this essay. The Earhart Foundation supplied generous financial assistance.

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29. Hamilton also wanted to rid the army of foreign officers whose presence tended to undermine the morale of American officers, but it was difficult to cashier them without offending American allies. Sometimes, it seems, the only way to follow Machiavelli's famous advice to get rid of mercenaries is to pension them. See Duane, , Papers, 2: 409–410Google Scholar; Hamilton, to Clinton, George, 13 02 1778, Papers, 1:149Google Scholar, Hamilton, to Duer, William, Papers, 1: 247Google Scholar; The Prince, 12: 48–49Google Scholar; and Burnett, , Continental Congress, pp. 312–313,393, 444.Google Scholar

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34. Weigley, 25; Hamilton to William Loughton Smith, 10 April 1797, p. 21: 40; Hamilton to Theodore Sedgewick, 2 February, 1799, p.22: 453; and The Art of War, 1:35Google Scholar; VII:212.

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40. Federalist, 8: 47–48.Google Scholar For an alternate view, which ignores the evidence of this essay and treats Hamilton as the leader of a militarist conspiracy, see Kohn, Richard H., The Eagle and the Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York: Free Press, 1975), pp. 252, 272–73, 284–86.Google ScholarElkins, Stanley and Mckitrick, Eric offer a slightly more balanced account in the Age of Federalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 715–19.Google Scholar

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42. See Hamilton's, “Design for a Seal for the United States,” 05, 1796, Papers, 20: 208–09.Google Scholar Hamilton spent the last years of his career as an American Churchill warning of a gathering storm in Europe which might soon cross the sea to America. His warnings are not often taken seriously, in part because the French claimed to fight for liberty, and Hamilton's party committed many excesses (which Hamilton sought to prevent) in dealing with suspected Jacobins in America. Moreover, the French invasion did not materialize, at least not during Hamilton's watch. Yet Hamilton's fears were not without foundation. Napoleon did in fact try to send two military expeditions to New Orleans via Haiti in the administration of Thomas Jefferson, who dismantled the forces Hamilton built to confront the best troops of Europe. Fortunately, the courage of rebellious slaves and the persistence of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in Haiti inflicted so many casualties on the French expeditions that Jefferson was able to avoid the necessity of relying on his own arms. See Mcdonald, Forrest, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1976), pp. 62–64.Google Scholar

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