Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T04:48:42.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sources of Conflict Between Church and State in Poland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Frank Dinka
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

THE relations between the Church and State have been for many years the subject of interest to the political theorist, the student of contemporary totalitarian movements, and of particular concern to the student of comparative political institutions and systems. To the student of political theory it invokes the old conflict between the spiritual and the temporal authorities, between the papal authority and the claim of the emerging national states. For the student of modern totalitarianism it raises, without answering, the crucial question of the extent to which a totalitarian system can tolerate competing ideologies within the same national community. Finally, for the student of comparative institutions, in certain circumstances (for example, in Poland), it presents certain features of uniqueness that call for explanation.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Review of Politics , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , July 1966 , pp. 332 - 349
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Beer, Samuel H., Ulam, Adam B. et al. , Patterns of Government: The Major Political Systems of Europe (New York, 1958)Google Scholar, Chapter 3.

2 The area which was taken from Germany and given to Poland by a decision made by the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain at the Yalta, Teheran, and Potsdam conferences is referred to by the Poles as “Recovered Territories” because to the Poles these are ancient Polish lands which have been “recovered” after World War II.

3 Trybuna Ludu, February 6, 1960.

4 Polish Perspectives, III (11, 1960), 42Google Scholar.

5 Dziennik Urzedowy Ministerstwa Oswiaty (Official Journal of the Ministry of Education), No. 4, Reg. No. 189.

6 The text of the agreement appears in Trybuna Ludu, April 16, 1950.

7 Bilas, S. B. S., Organizacja Szkolnictwa w Polsce (Cracow, 1950), pp. 111–112Google Scholar.

8 Valkenier, Elizabeth, “The Catholic Church in Communist Poland, 1945–1955,” The Review of Politics, XVIII (07, 1956), 318Google Scholar.

9 Szuldrzynski, J., The Pattern of Life in Poland: The Situation of the Catholic Church (Paris, 1953), p. 47Google Scholar.

10 Valkenier, , op. cit., p. 318Google Scholar.

11 Gsovski, Vladimir, ed., Church and State Behind the Iron Curtain (New York, 1955), p. 188Google Scholar.

12 Zycie Warszawy, October 9, 1951.

13 Ibid.

14 Inter-Catholic Press Agency, III (May 3 and 05 26, 1948)Google Scholar.

15 “Poland's Primate Rallies Priests,” The New York Times, October 12, 1949.

16 From a statement issued by the Polish hierarchy at a special conference held on April 22, 1952. See also Catholic Mind, XLVIII (07 1950), 440–442Google Scholar.

17 Trybuna Ludu, December 8, 1956.

18 Kozakiewicz, Mikolaj, “School and Religion,” Zycie Warszawy, 08 24, 1960Google Scholar.

19 Trybuna Ludu, January 21, 1961.

20 The New York Times, January 22, 1961.

21 America, CV (07 29, 1961), 558Google Scholar.

22 Hotchkiss, Christine, “Ask Americans to Pray for Us,” The Saturday Evening Post, CGXXXVI (02 2, 1963), 60Google Scholar.

23 Trybuna Ludu, September 10, 1961.

24 Ibid., September 8, 1961.

25 The New York Times, September 18, 1961.

26 Olsen, Arthur, “The Polish Churches Resist New Curbs,” The New York Times, 11 19, 1961Google Scholar.

27 ”East Europe, XIII (05, 1964), 50Google Scholar.

28 Ibid., XIII (November, 1964), 46.

29 Ibid.

30 Pawelczynski, A., “Students and Religion,” Argumenty, 09 18, 1960Google Scholar.

31 Olsen, Arthur, “The Polish Faithful in Spite of Marx,” The New York Times, 06 18, 1961Google Scholar.

32 Dziennik Ustaw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Journal of Laws of the Polish People's Republic), No. 45, Item 334.

33 Szuldrzynski, , op. cit., p. 28Google Scholar.

34 Dziennik Ustaw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, 1953, No. 10, Item 32.

35 Szuldrzynski, , op. cit., p. 39.Google Scholar

36 National Committee For a Free Europe, Poland in the Year 1951, p. 73Google Scholar.

37 Rzeczpospolita, September 12, 1949.

38 National Committee For a Free Europe, Poland in the Year 1951, p. 74Google Scholar.

39 News From Behind The Iron Curtain, XII (08, 1953), 47Google Scholar.

40 Markert, Werner, Osteuropa-Handbuch: Polen (Koeln, 1959), p. 361Google Scholar.

41 National Committee For a Free Europe, Poland in the Year 1951, p. 74Google Scholar.

42 “Inter-Catholic Press Agency, II (05, 1956), 3Google Scholar.

43 National Committee For a Free Europe, Poland in the Year 1951, p. 73Google Scholar.

44 Olsen, Arthur, “Polish Cardinal Curbing Priests,” The New York Times, 03 5, 1961Google Scholar.

45 Ibid.

46 Myslek, Wieslaw, “Church and State,” Polish Perspectives, 08–09, 1959, p. 70Google Scholar.

447 Hotchkiss, , The Saturday Evening Post, 02 2, 1963, p. 60Google Scholar.

48 Trybuna Ludu, January 31, 1961.

49 Gsovski, Vladimir and Grzybowski, Kazimierz, ed., Government, Law and Courts in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (New York, 1959), I, 355–356Google Scholar.

50 Markert, , op. cit., p. 105Google Scholar.

51 Valkenier, , op. cit., p. 318Google Scholar.

52 Gsovski, and Grzybowski, , op. cit., p. 357Google Scholar.

53 East Europe, VI (07, 1957), 40Google Scholar.

54 Ibid.

55 Markert, , op. cit., p. 365Google Scholar.

56 Ibid.

57 Mestrovic, Mathew M., “Poland Under the Cross,” The Commonweal, LXXIII (01 13, 1961), 404Google Scholar.

58 Myslek, , Polish Perspectives, 08–09, 1959, p. 69Google Scholar.

59 Inter-Catholic Press Agency, July 17, 1961, p. 2.

60 In France, at the time, there was one priest for about 900 inhabitants, while in the United States the average was one priest for 764 Wilkanowicz, Catholics. S., “A Glance From the Sideline,” Tygodnik Powszechny, 05 31, 1959Google Scholar.

61 Edwardson, Roland M., “The Two Polands,” America, CVI (12 9, 1961), 361.Google Scholar

62 Olsen, , The New York Times, 06 18, 1961, p. 20Google Scholar.

63 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York, 1962), p. 15Google Scholar.

64 Friedrich, Carl J., ed., Totalitarianism (Cambridge, 1954)CrossRefGoogle Scholar;Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1951)Google Scholar;Friedrich, Carl J. and Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (New York, 1962)Google Scholar.

65 Inkeles, Alex, “The Totalitarian Mystique: Some Impressions of the Dynamics of Totalitarian Society,” in Friedrich, Carl J., ed., Totalitarianism (Cambridge, 1954), p. 100Google Scholar.