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^2. Zeuner, Bodo, “Parlamentarisierung der Grünen,” Prokla 61 (1985): 13–18.Google Scholar

^3. See: Daalder, Hans, “The Comparative Study of European Parties and Party Systems: An Overview” in Western European Party Systems, ed. Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter (London: Sage, 1983), pp. 21–24.Google Scholar

^4. During April and May 1985, open-ended interviews were conducted by the author with eighteen Green deputies, nine staff assistants, and eight party officials or workers at the federal and state levels. Seven were interviewed in Bonn, eight in Baden-Württemberg, ten in Hesse, and ten in Hamburg. During June 1987, the author interviewed nine deputies, fifteen staff assistants, and seven party officials or workers at the federal and state levels. Nine were interviewed in Bonn, four in Hesse, four in West Berlin, nine in Lower Saxony, and five in Hamburg.

^5. Duverger, Maurice, Political Parties (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963), p. xxiii.Google Scholar

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^8. Duverger, , Political Parties, pp. xxiv–xxx.Google Scholar

^9. Epstein, , Political Parties in Western Democracies, pp. 27–45.Google Scholar

^10. Duverger, , Political Parties, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.Google Scholar Although Janda and King find many of Duverger's hypotheses supported by their data regarding 147 parties, the relationship between outside origins and centralization of the party is not statistically significant; see: Janda, Kenneth and King, Desmond S., “Formalizing and Testing Duverger's Theories on Political Parties,” Comparative Political Studies 18, no. 2 (07 1985): 139–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^11. Epstein, , Political Parties in Western Democracies, pp. 126–29, 257–60.Google Scholar

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^13. Sartori, , Parties and Party Systems, pp. 21–22.Google Scholar

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^15. Ibid., p. 368.

^16. von Beyme, Klaus, Political Parties in Western Democracies (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), p. 238.Google Scholar

^17. Harmel, Robert, “Michels £ 75: The Iron Law of Oligarchy Revisited” (Paper presented at 1987 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois).Google Scholar

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^20. Ibid., pp. 152–56.

^21. Ibid., p. 190

^22. Ibid., p. 195.

^23. Ibid., pp. 196–97.

^24. Von Beyme, , Political Parties in Western Democracies, pp. 320–322.Google Scholar

^25. McKenzie, , British Political Parties, p. 635.Google Scholar

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^38. “Die Satzung des Landesverbandes der Grünen Niedersachsen.”

^39. Jänicke, Martin, “Parlamentarische Entwarnungseffekte,” Bericht der Abgeordnetenhausfraktion: Über die Arbeit von Mai 1981-Mai 1982 (Alternative Liste), p. 7.Google Scholar

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^41. See note 4.

^42. Papadakis, Elim, “The Green Party in Contemporary West German Politics,” Political Quarterly 54, no. 3 (07 1983): 304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^47. Lowenberg, Gerhard and Patterson, Samuel C., Comparing Legislatures (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 266.Google Scholar

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^49. von Beyme, Klaus, The Political System of the Federal Republic of Germany (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 124–28.Google Scholar

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^54. Veen, Hans-Joachim, “The Coloration of the Greens,” German Comments, April 1985, p. 25;Google Scholar however, recent surveys indicate that supporters of the right-wing Republicans (Die Republikaner), who received 7.5 percent of the votes in the January 1989 Berlin elections, are significantly more negative in their views of the West German political system than are the Greens' supporters (Der Spiegel, Nr. 21 [22 May 1989], pp. 36,Google Scholar 41).

^55. Oswalt, Walter, “Die politische Logik der Sonnenblume,” in Was sollen die Grünen im Parlament? ed. Kraushaar, Wolfgang (Frankfurt: Verlag Neue Kritik, 1983), p. 103.Google Scholar

^56. Greens have also been elected to the state parliaments in Bavaria (1986) and in Rhineland-Palatinate (1987).

^57. The Bremen Green List was denied Fraktion status and privileges by the governing SPD. The BGL's small parliamentary group splintered in 1982. The BGL failed to clear the 5 percent threshold in the September 1983 Bremen elections while the new state party of the Greens elected five deputies.

^58. The author posed the comparative question to Hesse, Hamburg, and Baden-Württemberg Greens interviewed in April-May 1985.

^59. Bühnemann, , AL: Die Alternative Liste, p. 56.Google Scholar

^60. Interview with Dr. Manuel Kiper, Lower Saxony Green party manager: Hanover, 3 June 1987.

^61. Interviews with GAL Fraktion and party executive board members, Hamburg, 22–25 May 1985.

^62. Feminists successfully pushed an all-female candidates list for the November 1986 Hamburg elections which resulted in thirteen women being elected as GAL Landtag deputies.

^63. The seventh deputy had replaced a person who resigned after serving only one year. His decision not to rotate was later supported by the majority at a Realos (realist) dominated Hesse party assembly.

^64. Hamburg parliamentary statistics for June 1982-November 1986 were provided by Karl-Heinz Stahnke of the Bürgerschqftskanzlei. There were nine GAL deputies between June and December 1982 and eight deputies between December 1982 and November 1986, which counted as 7.5 percent and 6.7 percent of the total membership respectively.

^65. Rechenschaftsbericht der Fraktion der Alternativen Liste Berlin 1983/1984 (Berlin: November 1984), pp. 48–49.Google Scholar

^66. Ibid., pp. 67–81.

^67. “Die Grünen im Bundestag,” 2. Rechenschaftsbericht (November 1984), p. 11.Google Scholar

^68. Until the SPD-AL coalition in Berlin in 1989, only the Hesse Greens had attained the symbolic recognition of a vice-presidency in parliament, 1982–87. The Bundestag Greens unsuccessfully challenged their exclusion from the intelligence services control subcommittee (board) in the Federal Constitutional Court. In Bremen, a Green deputy has held since 1987 a seat on such an oversight subcommittee.

^69. The CDU rather than having Arbeitskreise has organized its specialized policy work according to eighteen (more focused) Arbeitsgruppen.

^70. Die Grünen im Bundestag, Bericht zur Lage der Fraktion (March 1984), p. 19.Google Scholar

^71. Frankland, E. Gene, “Green Politics and Alternative Economics,” German Studies Review 11, no. 1 (02 1988): 111–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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^73. Interviews with Renate Mohr, the Bundestag Greens' press secretary, Bonn: May 1985 and June 1987.

^74. Interview with Robert Camp, federal Green party archivist, Bonn: June 1987.

^75. Frankland, E. Gene, “The Role of the Greens in West German Parliamentary Politics,” Review of Politics 50, no. 1 (1988): 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^76. Ibid., pp. 111–12.

^77. Schrüfer, Gertrud, Die Grünen im Deutschen Bundestag: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (Nürnberg: Pauli-Balleis-Verlag, 1985), p. 61.Google Scholar

^78. Frankfurter Rundschau, 27 May 1988.Google Scholar

^79. Die Tageszeitung, 6 June 1988, p. 5;Google Scholar almost unnoticed by outsiders, the May 1989 federal party assembly's majority voted against the position of the Bundestag Greens (Weser-Kurier, 22 May 1989, p. 1).Google Scholar

^80. As of August 1989, the Greens are represented in eight of the eleven state parliaments. They have no deputies in Schleswig-Holstein, North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Saarland.

^81. Schaeffer, Roland, “Basisdemokratie. Oder: wenn der Löwenzahn nicht waschen will, müssen wireben Kopfsalat essen,” Kursbuch, Nr. 74 (December 1983), pp. 84,Google Scholar 87.

^82. Trends toward “partial” professionalization are also evident at the state level. For example, in May 1989, the AL membership assembly approved the equivalent of two full-time salaries for AL executive board members but left the precise distribution of the amount to the executive board itself (Die Tageszeitung, 29 May 1989, p. 2).Google Scholar

^83. See, for example, Der Spiegel Nr. 26 (27 June 1988), pp. 27,Google Scholar 30 and Frankfurter Rundschau, 14 June 1988.Google Scholar Only sixty AL members out of three thousand attended its September 1988 assembly (Die Tageszeitung, 13 February 1989, p.3Google Scholar). On the other hand, at the AL's March 1989 assembly 1,500 members turned out to consider the SPD-AL coalition agreement (Die Grünen [Wochenzeitung] Nr. 11 [18 March 1989], p. 1).Google Scholar

^84. The Aufbruch group reached its goal of having the necessary one-third of the Greens' local associations request a federal membership ballot on rival manifestos. However, on 29 April 1989, the Greens' federal arbitration board (Bundesschiedsgericht) ruled against the balloting because its format was counter to a strict interpretation of the party's charter (Die Tageszeitung, 2 May 1989, p. 4). Leaders of the Aufbruch are currently seeking ways around this legalistic roadblock.Google Scholar

^85. “Zukunft ohne Lobby: Manifestentwurf der Gruppe ‘Grüner Aufbruch 88,’” Die Grünen (Wochenzeitung), Nr. 27 (9 07 1988), pp. 4, 9–11.Google Scholar

^86. “Sein oder Nichtsein: Manifestentwurf der ‘Realos’,” Die Grünen (Wochenzeitung), Nr. 28 (16 07 1988), pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

^87. Between December 1988 and March 1989 an interim (caretaker) executive board served. The recently elected board represents the Greens' diverse groups but excludes “high profile” factional leaders. Disgruntled prominent fundamentalists have begun to explore organizational options beyond the Green party (Arbeiterkampf, Nr. 306 [12 May 1989]Google Scholar).

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