Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T22:45:15.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hedgerow barriers and other reduced-risk controls for managing Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2007

Carlos Garcia-Salazar ,
Larry J. Gut  and
Mark E. Whalon
Carlos Garcia-Salazar*
Affiliation:
Michigan State University Extension, Central Region–Ottawa County, 333 Clinton Street, Grand Haven, MI 49417-1329, USA.
Larry J. Gut
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Mark E. Whalon
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
*
*Corresponding author: garcias4@msu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Management of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), in apple using an ‘Enhanced Integrated Pest Management (IPM)’ program comprised of a hedgerow barrier, pheromone-based mating disruption and reduced-risk [non-organophosphorous (OP) or carbamate] insecticides was investigated over a 5-year period. The barrier was comprised of a planting of three rows of hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides Bartr.×Populus nigra L., one row of Italian alder, Alnus cordata L. (nectar reward), and one row of white pine, Pinus strobus L. The hedgerow completely surrounded the perimeter of the apple orchard and was treated with garlic and a low rate of pyrethroid insecticide in 4 of the 5 years. The Enhanced IPM program significantly reduced G. molesta populations as measured by moth captures in pheromone traps. Captures of G. molesta were significantly higher in apple orchards treated with OP and carbamate insecticides, ‘Conventional IPM’, and either not surrounded by the hedgerow or with the barrier present but not treated with the repellent compounds. To explain these differences in G. molesta control, and the potential non-lethal effect of hedgerow barriers on G. molesta orchard colonization, we studied the adult vertical movement in a traditional unsprayed standard apple orchard at three different heights: 0.95, 1.95 and 3.20 m, respectively. In the overwintering generation at a height of 0.95 and 1.95 m, the mean number of moths captured per sampling period was 14.64 and 14.84, respectively, and only 2.95 at 3.20 m. However, the number of individuals captured in the second and third generations was not significantly different at the three different heights. Fruit damage evaluated before ‘June drop’ closely corresponded to the distribution of moths captured during the overwintering generation. Fruit damage at a height of 1.95 and 3.20 m was 5.8 and 3.5%, respectively. These results indicated that G. molesta is a weak flyer and that hedgerow barriers exerted some influence in the colonization of the orchard by limiting the free movement of adults from the overwintering generation. Thus, hedgerow barriers seem to limit early migration and establishment of G. molesta in the orchard. This in turn may reduce the size of the following generations and makes subsequent control easier under the Enhanced IPM program.

Keywords

Grapholitha molestaflight behaviorIPMlive hedgerowsreduced-risk insecticides
Type
Research Article
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , September 2007 , pp. 181 - 188
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Rice, R.E. and Kirsch, P. 1990. Mating disruption of oriental fruit moth in the United States. In Ridgway, R.L., Silverstein, R.M. and Inscoe, M.N. (eds). Behavior-modifying Chemicals for Insect Management: Applications of Pheromones and Other Attractants. M. Dekker, New York. p. 193–211.Google Scholar
2 Howitt, G.H. 1993. Common Tree Fruit Pests. Michigan State University Extension, NCR 63, E. Lansing, MI.Google Scholar
3 Hull, L. and Krawcyzk, G. 2001. Oriental fruit moth degree day model. Penn Fruit News 81:23–36.Google Scholar
4 Reissig, W.H., Stanley, B.H., and Hebding, H.E. 1986. Azinphos-methyl resistance and weight-related response of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae to insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 78:692–699.Google Scholar
5 Bush, M.R., Abdel-Aal, Y.A.I., and Rock, G.C. 1993. Parathion resistance and esterase activity in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from North Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 86:660–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Chapman, K.L. and Barrett, B.A. 1997. Susceptibility of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to azinphosmethyl in Missouri. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 14:441–447.Google Scholar
7 Ahmad, M., Hollingworth, R.M., and Wise, J.C. 2001. Broad-spectrum insecticide resistance in obliquebanded leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Michigan. Pest Management Science 58:834–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Waldstein, D.E. and Reissig, W.H. 2000. Synergism of tebufenozide in resistant and susceptible strains of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and resistance to new insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 93:1768–1772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9 Croft, B.A. and Hoyt, S.C. 1978. Considerations for the use of pyrethroid insecticides for deciduous fruit pest control in the USA. Environmental Entomology 7:627–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Croft, B.A. 1982. Arthropod resistance to insecticides: a key to pest control failures and successes in North American apple orchards. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 31:88–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11 Whalon, M.E. and Croft, B.A. 1982. Apple IPM (integrated pest management) in North America. Annual Review of Entomology 29:435–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Wise, C.J. and Gut, L.J. 1999. Season long broad spectrum insect control. Arthropod Management Tests 24:A33.Google Scholar
13 Wise, C.J. and Gut, L.J. 2000. Control of plum curculio. Arthropod Management Tests 25:A26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14 Chandler, W.H. 1925. Conditions that affect the minimum temperature in orchards and means of avoiding injury. In Chandler, W.H. (ed.). Fruit Growing. Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press, Cambridge. p. 569–584.Google Scholar
15 Childers, N.F. 1976. Establishing the fruit planting. In Childers, N.F.(ed.). Modern Fruit Science. Horticultural Publications, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. p. 31–65.Google Scholar
16 Hewitt, A.J. 2001. Drift filtration by natural and artificial collectors: a literature review. Available at Web site http://www.agdrift.com/PDF_FILES/drift%20filtration.PDF.Google Scholar
17 Maxwell, C.W. 1968. The recapture of marked apple maggot adults in several orchards from one release point. Journal of Economic Entomology 61:1157–1159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18 Whalon, M.E. and Croft, B.A. 1985. Dispersal of Apple Pests and Natural Enemies in Michigan. Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 467. 24 p.Google Scholar
19 Prokopy, R.J., Johnson, S.A., and O'Brien, M.T. 1990. Second-stage integrated management of apple arthropod pests. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 54:9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20 Welsh, D.B. and Grove, G. 2001. Repelled and repulsed: two-spotted spider mites react to agrochemicals. Agrochemical and Environmental News 181:14–17.Google Scholar
21 Whalon, M.E. and Croft, B.A. 1986. Immigration and colonization of portable apple trees by arthropod pests and their natural enemies. Crop Protection 5:376–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Larsen, K.J. and Whalon, M.E. 1988. Dispersal of Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in peach and cherry orchards. Environmental Entomology 17:842–851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Mowry, T.M. and Whalon, M.E. 1984. Comparisons of leafhopper species complexes in the ground cover of sprayed and unsprayed peach orchards in Michigan (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) a. The Great Lakes Entomologist 17:205–209.Google Scholar
24 Whalon, M.E. and Elsner, E.A. 1982. Impact of insecticides on Illinoia pepperil and its predators. Journal of Economic Entomology 75:356–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Bush, M.R. and Whalon, M.E. 1994. Investigating Ground Cover and Physical Barriers for Control of Pests and Augmentation of Natural Enemies on Stone Fruit. Report to the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, Benton Harbor, MI.Google Scholar
26 Bush, M.R. and Whalon, M.E. 1995. Investigating ground cover and physical barriers for control of pests and augmentation of natural enemies on stone fruit. Report to the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, Benton Harbor, MI.Google Scholar
27 Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. p. 236–238.Google Scholar
28 Ahmad, T.R. and Al-Gharbawi, Z.A. 1986. Effects of pheromone trap design and placement on catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella males. Journal of Applied Entomology 59:52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29 Howell, J.F., Schmidt, R.S., Horton, D.R., Khattak, S.U.K., and White, L.D. 1990. Codling moth: male moth activity in response to pheromone lures and pheromone-baited traps at different elevations within and between trees. Environmental Entomology 19:573–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30 Lawson, D.S., Reissig, W.H., Agnello, A.M., Nyrop, J.P., and Roelofs, W.L. 1996. Interference with the male-finding communication system of the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using synthetic sex pheromones. Environmental Entomology 25:895–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31 Agnello, A.H., Reissig, W.H., Spangler, S.M., Charlton, R.E., and Kain, D.P. 1996. Trap response and fruit damage by obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pheromone-treated apple orchards in New York. Environmental Entomology 25:268–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Rothschild, G.H.L. and Minsk, A.K. 1974. Time of activity of male Oriental fruit moth at pheromone sources in the field. Environmental Entomology 3:1003–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Rothschild, G.H.L. and Minsk, A.K. 1977. Some factors influencing the performance of pheromone traps for Oriental fruit moth in Australia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 22:171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34 Phillips, J.H.H. and Proctor, J.R. 1969. Studies on the fecundity and behavior of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 101:1024–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35 Hughes, J. and Dorn, S. 2002. Sexual differences in the flight performance of the oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 103:171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar