Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:26:31.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Does growing Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat under organic management alter its breadmaking quality?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2007

H. Mason ,
A. Navabi ,
B. Frick ,
J. O'Donovan ,
D. Niziol  and
D. Spaner
H. Mason
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
A. Navabi
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
B. Frick
Affiliation:
Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada, c/o Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
J. O'Donovan
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Beaverlodge, AB, T0H 0C0, Canada.
D. Niziol
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2M9, Canada.
D. Spaner*
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
*
*Corresponding author: dean.spaner@ualberta.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Canadian Western Hard Red Spring (CWRS) wheat is recognized as premium quality wheat, ideal for breadmaking due to its superior milling qualities, baking characteristics and protein content. Organic wheat production is becoming more prevalent in Canada, due to increasing consumer demand for organic wheat products. Differences may exist in the baking and milling quality of wheat grown under conventional and organic management, a result of the dissimilarity between organic and conventional soil and crop management practices. Five CWRS cultivars released from 1885 to 1997 were grown under conventional and organic management and were assessed for their breadmaking potential. Several traits were investigated, including test weight, protein content, flour yield, kernel hardness and several mixograph parameters. Test weight was higher under conventional management, while no differences in protein content were observed between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, a reflection of gluten strength, was observed under conventional management, while there was a trend towards higher dough strength under organic management. Cultivars differed in grain protein, flour yield, kernel hardness and mixograph parameters, with Park and McKenzie superior to the others, particularly Red Fife, a much older cultivar. Management×cultivar interaction effects suggest that cultivars exhibit somewhat different baking characteristics when grown in the two management systems. There was no evidence that older cultivars (developed prior to the widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers) are better suited, in terms of breadmaking quality, for organic production.

Keywords

Triticum aestivum Lorganic agricultureCanadatest weightproteinmixographbaking
Type
Research Article
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , September 2007 , pp. 157 - 167
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cauvain, S.P. 2003. Wheat and its special properties. In Cauvain, X.P. (ed.) Bread Making: Improving Quality. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK. p. 2–3.Google Scholar
2 Canadian Wheat Board (CWB). 2001. Grain matters: wheat report for the 1999–2000 crop year. Available at Web site http://www.cwb.ca/en/publications/farmers/jan-feb-2001/02-12-00-6.jsp (accessed November 2002).Google Scholar
3 Canadian Wheat Board (CWB). 2005. Canada Western Red Spring wheat — CWRS. Available at Web site http://www.cwb.ca/en/buying/high_quality/2005/no1cwrs (accessed July 2005).Google Scholar
4 Williams, P. 1997. Cultivar development and quality control of wheat in Canada. Paper presented at the International Japanese Conference on Near-Infrared Reflectance, 1997. Available at Web site http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/200/301/cgc-ccg/cultivar_development-e/cultivar4-e.htm (accessed July 2005).Google Scholar
5 Ohm, J.B. and Chung, O.K. 1999. Gluten, pasting and mixograph parameters of hard winter wheat flours in relation to breadmaking. Cereal Chemistry 76:606–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Souza, E.J., Martin, J.M., Guttieri, M.J., O'Brien, K.M., Habernicht, D.K., Lanning, S.P., McLean, R., Carlson, G.R., and Talbert, L.E. 2004. Influence of genotype, environment, and nitrogen management on spring wheat quality. Crop Science 44:425–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Gooding, M.J., Cannon, N.D., Thompson, A.J., and Davies, W.P. 1999. Quality and value of organic grain from contrasting breadmaking wheat cultivars and near isogenic lines differing in dwarfing genes. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 16:335–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Gooding, M.J., Davies, W.P., Thompson, A.J., and Smith, S.P. 1993. The challenge of achieving breadmaking quality in organic and low input wheat in the UK—A Review. Aspects of Applied Biology 36:189–198.Google Scholar
9 Peterson, C.J., Graybosch, R.A., Shelton, D.R., and Baenziger, P.S. 1998. Baking quality of hard winter wheat: response of cultivars to environment in the Great Plains. Euphytica 100:157–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Khatkar, B.S., Bell, A.E., and Scholfield, D. 1996. A comparative study of the inter-relationships between mixograph parameters and bread-making qualities of wheat flours and glutens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 72:71–85.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11 Fowler, D.B. and Kovacs, M.I.P. 2004. Influence of protein concentration on farinograph absorption, mixing requirement and mixing tolerance. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84:765–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Johansson, E., Prieto-Linde, M.L., Svensson, G., and Jönsson, J.Ö. 2003. Influences of cultivar, cultivation year and fertilizer rate on amount of protein groups and amount and size distribution of mono- and polymeric proteins in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science 140:275–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Lerner, S.E., Seghezzo, M.L., Molfese, E.R., Ponzio, N.R., Cogliatti, M., and Rogers, W.J. 2006. N- and S-fertiliser effects on grain composition, industrial quality and end-use in durum wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 44:2–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14 Rharrabti, Y., Royo, C., Villegas, D., Aparicio, N., and García, del Moral L.F., 2003. Durum wheat quality in Meditteranean environments. I. Quality expression under different zones, latitudes and water regimes across Spain. Field Crops Research 80:123–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 Fowler, D.B. and De la, Roche I.A., 1975. Wheat quality evaluation. 3. Influence of genotype and environment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:263–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16 Preston, K.R., Hucl, P., Townley-Smith, T.F., Dexter, J.E., Williams, P.C., and Stevenson, S.G. 2001. Effects of cultivar and environment on farinograph and Canadian short process mixing properties of Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81:391–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Randall, P.J., Freney, J.R., Smith, C.J., Moss, H.J., Wrigley, C.W., and Galbally, I.E. 1990. Effect of additions of nitrogen and sulfur to irrigated wheat at heading on grain yield, composition and milling and baking quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30:95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18 Shier, N.W., Kelman, J., and Dunson, J.W. 1984. A comparison of crude protein, moisture, ash and crop yield between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Nutrition Reports International 30:71–76.Google Scholar
19 Lloveras, J., Lopez, A., Ferran, J., Espachs, S., and Solsona, J. 2001. Bread-making wheat and soil nitrate as affected by nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal 93:1183–1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20 Ames, N.P., Clarke, J.M., Dexter, J.E., Woods, S.M., Selles, F., and Marchylo, B. 2003. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on protein quantity and gluten strength parameters in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars of variable gluten strength. Cereal Chemistry 80:203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21 Dexter, J.E., Crowle, W.L., Matsuo, R.R., and Kosmolak, F.G. 1982. Effect of nitrogen fertilization of the quality characteristics of five North American amber durum wheat cultivars. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62:901–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Guttieri, M.J., Ahmad, R., Stark, J., and Souza, E. 2000. End-use quality of six hard red spring wheat cultivars at different irrigation levels. Crop Science 40:631–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Kimball, B.A., Morris, C.F., Pinter, P.J. Jr, Wall, G.W., Hunsaker, D.J., Adamsen, F.J., LaMorte, R.L., Leavitt, S.W., Thompson, T.L., Matthias, A.D., and Brooks, T.J. 2001. Elevated CO2, drought and soil nitrogen effects on wheat grain quality. New Phytologist 150:295–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 Xu, Z.-Z. and Yu, Z.-W. 2006. Nitrogen metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat in response to irrigation regimes. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 169:118–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Jenner, C.F., Ugalde, T.D., and Aspinall, D. 1991. The physiology of starch and protein deposition in the endosperm of wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18:211–226.Google Scholar
26 Nass, H.G., Ivany, J.A., and MacLeod, J.A. 2003. Agronomic performance and quality of spring wheat and soybean cultivars under organic culture. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18:164–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 Mason, M.G. and Madin, R.W. 1996. Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36:443–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28 Bavec, M., Bavec, F., Varga, B., and Kovačević, V. 2002. Relationships among yield, its quality and yield components in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars affected by seeding rates. Die Bodenkultur 53:143–151.Google Scholar
29 Geleta, B., Atak, M., Baenziger, P.S., Nelson, L.A., Baltenesperger, D.D., Eskridge, K.M., Shipman, M.J., and Shelton, D.R. 2002. Seeding rate and genotype effect on agronomic performance and end-use quality of winter wheat. Crop Science 42:827–832.Google Scholar
30 Gooding, M.J., Pinyosinwat, A., and Ellis, R.H. 2002. Responses of wheat grain yield and quality to seed rate. Journal of Agricultural Science 138:317–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31 Burger, M. and Jackson, L.E. 2003. Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in relation to ammonification and nitrification rates in organic and conventional cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35:29–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Carpenter-Boggs, L., Kennedy, A.C., and Reganold, J.P. 2000. Organic and biodynamic management: effects on soil biology. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:1651–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Emmerling, C., Udelhoven, T., and Schroder, D. 2001. Response of soil microbial biomass and activity to agricultural de-intensification over a 10 year period. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33:2105–2114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34 Mader, P., Edenhofer, S., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Niggli, U. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31:150–156.Google Scholar
35 Hawkins, H.-J., Johansen, A., and George, E. 2000. Uptake and transport of organic and inorganic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 226:275–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36 Singh, S. and Kapoor, K.K. 1999. Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28:139–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37 Baeckstrom, G.L., Hanell, U., and Svensson, G. 2004. Baking quality of winter wheat grown in different cultivating systems, 1992–2001: a holistic approach. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 24:53–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38 Poutala, R.T., Korva, J., and Varis, E. 1993. Spring wheat cultivar performance in ecological and conventional cropping systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3:63–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39 Starling, W. and Richards, M.C. 1993. Quality of commercial samples of organically grown wheat. Aspects of Applied Biology 36:205–209.Google Scholar
40 Granstedt, A. and Kjellenberg, L. 1997. Long-term field experiment in Sweden: effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility and crop quality. In Agricultural Production and Nutrition, Proceedings of an International Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, 19–21 March 1997. p. 79–90. Available on Web site http://www.jdb.se/sbfi/publ/boston/boston7.html (accessed July 2005).Google Scholar
41 Ryan, M.H., Derrick, J.W., and Dann, P.R. 2004. Grain mineral concentrations and yield of wheat grown under organic and conventional management. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84:207–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42 Storey, T., Hogan, R., and Humphreys, J. 1993. The growth, yield and quality of winter wheat and winter oats grown under an organic conversion regime. Aspects of Applied Biology 36:199–204.Google Scholar
43 Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD). 2004. Soil Group Map of Alberta. Available at Web site http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/soils/soils.nsf/soilgroupmap?readform (accessed July 2005).Google Scholar
44 Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD). 2005. Using 1000 kernel weight for calculating seeding rates and harvest losses. Available at Web site http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex81/$file/100_22-1pdf?OpenElement (accessed July 2006).Google Scholar
45 Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD). 2006. Herbicide selector. Available at Web site http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/app23/herbsel (accessed July 2006).Google Scholar
46 Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) International, Inc. 2000. International Certification Standards as Revised: March 2000. OCIA International, Inc., Lincoln, NE.Google Scholar
47 Canadian Grain Commission. 2006. Crop quality data, highlights and reports: Canadian Western wheat. Available at Web site http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/Quality/Wheat/cdn-whtmenu-e.htm (accessed July 2006).Google Scholar
48 Anonymous. 2004. Official Grain Grading Guide. Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (verified 1 August 2004).Google Scholar
49 American Association of Cereal Chemists. 2000. Approved Methods of the AACC 10th ed. Methods 26–50, 56–61A, 56–81B. The Association, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
50 Pon, C.R., Lukow, O.M., and Buckley, D.J. 1989. A multichannel, computer-based system for analyzing dough rheology. Journal of Texture Studies 19:343–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51 SAS Institute. 1999. Release 8.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
52 Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., and Dickey, D.A. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
53 Das, T.K. and Yaduraju, N.T. 1999. Effect of weed competition on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of wheat as affected by irrigation and fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural Science 133:45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54 Thompson, G.B. and Woodward, F.I. 1994. Some influences of CO2 enrichment, nitrogen nutrition and competition on grain yield and quality in spring wheat and barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 45:937–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55 Wallace, J. (ed.) 2001. Organic Field Crop Handbook, 2nd ed. Canadian Organic Growers, Ottawa, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
56 Kaur, K., Lukow, O.M., Preston, K.R., and Malcolmson, L.J. 2004. How well do early-generation quality tests predict flour performance? Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84:71–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57 Wang, H., McCaig, T.N., DePauw, R.M., Clarke, F.R., and Clarke, J.M. 2002. Physiological characteristics of recent Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars: yield components and dry matter production. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82:299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58 Norwest Labs. 2003. Agricultural schedule of services. Available at Web site http://www.norwestlabs.com/what_we_do/agrisos20032004noprices.pdf (accessed July 2006).Google Scholar
59 Environment Canada. 2004. Canadian climate normals 1971–2000. Edmonton City Centre. Available at Web site http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html (accessed January 2005).Google Scholar