This work is dedicated to the resolution of a singular equation set in the half-space, with a diffusion coefficient that blows up on the boundary. More precisely, for a datum g: ℝ+3 → ℝ, our problem involves seeking u: ℝ+3 → ℝ as a formal solution to

We give existence and uniqueness results of weak and strong solutions in suitable weighted spaces, where the weight depends on x3.

An eigenvalue problem for k Sturm–Liouville equations coupled by k parameters λ1,…,λk is considered. In contrast to the standard case, for each r, the second-order derivative in the rth equation is multiplied by λr. This problem presents various interesting features. For example, the existence of eigenvalues with oscillation counts beyond a certain (computable) value is obtained without any of the restrictive definiteness conditions known from the standard case. Uniqueness is also analysed, and the results are given greater precision via eigencurve methods in the case of two equations coupled by two parameters.

We consider a class of dynamical systems of the form du/dt + Bu + F(u) = b on a Hilbert space H where the self-adjoint linear operator B is positive with a strictly positive first eigenvalue and b = b0 + b1 such that (b0, Bv) = 0 for all v ∈ H. Given two solutions u and v, we set u − v = w and show that if u(t) → 0 and v(t) → 0 as t → ∞, then in fact eventually w(t) → 0 at an exponential rate. We apply these results to the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations (NSEs), the three-dimensional hyperviscous NSEs and the three-dimensional NS-α equations on bounded domains and also establish stability in the sense of Lyapunov; for these systems we assume a condition on b1 to impose decaying turbulence. We also show for the case of decaying turbulence that Leray solutions of the three-dimensional NSEs on bounded domains eventually become regular in addition to decaying to zero. In particular, they eventually satisfy the conditions needed for the abstract stability results.

New necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the quantization of a class of periodic second-order non-homogeneous ordinary differential equations in the complex plane. The problem is studied from the viewpoint of complex oscillation theory first developed in works by Bank and Laine and Gundersen and Steinbart. We show that, when a solution is complex non-oscillatory (finite exponent of convergence of zeros), then the solution, which can be written as special functions, must degenerate. This gives a necessary and sufficient condition when the Lommel function has finitely many zeros in every branch, and this is a type of quantization for the non-homogeneous differential equation. The degenerate solutions are polynomial/rational-type functions, which are of independent interest. In particular, this shows that complex non-oscillatory solutions of this class of differential equations are equivalent to the subnormal solutions considered in a recent paper by Chiang and Yu. In addition to the asymptotics of special functions, the other main idea that we apply in our proof is a classical result by Wright that gives precise asymptotic locations of large zeros of a functional equation.

Almost-everywhere convergence of wavelet transforms of Lp-functions under minimal conditions on wavelets was proved by Rao et al. in 1994. However, results on convergence almost everywhere do not provide any information regarding the exceptional set (of Lebesgue measure zero), where convergence does not hold. We prove that if a wavelet ψ satisfies a single additional condition xψ(x) ∈ L1 (R), then, instead of almost-everywhere convergence, we have a more sophisticated result, i.e. convergence of wavelet transforms everywhere on the entire Lebesgue set of Lp-functions. For example, wavelets with compact support, used frequently in applications, obviously satisfy this extra condition. Moreover, we prove that our conditions on wavelets ensure the Riemann localization principle in L1 for the wavelet transforms.

For a class of non-conservative hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations endowed with a strictly convex mathematical entropy, we formulate the initial-value problem by supplementing the equations with a kinetic relation prescribing the rate of entropy dissipation across shock waves. Our condition can be regarded as a generalization to non-conservative systems of a similar concept introduced by Abeyaratne, Knowles and Truskinovsky for subsonic phase transitions and by LeFloch for non-classical undercompressive shocks to nonlinear hyperbolic systems. The proposed kinetic relation for non-conservative systems turns out to be equivalent, for the class of systems under consideration at least, to Dal Maso, LeFloch and Murat's definition based on a prescribed family of Lipschitz continuous paths. In agreement with previous theories, the kinetic relation should be derived from a phase-plane analysis of travelling-wave solutions associated with an augmented version of the non-conservative system. We illustrate with several examples that non-conservative systems arising in the applications fit in our framework, and for a typical model of turbulent fluid dynamics we provide a detailed analysis of the existence and properties of travelling waves which yields the corresponding kinetic function.

We consider periodic homogenization problems for Lévy operators with asymmetric Lévy densities. The formal asymptotic expansion used for the α-stable (symmetric) Lévy operators (α ∈ (0, 2)) is not directly applicable to such asymmetric cases. We rescale the asymmetric densities and extract the most singular parts of the measures, which average out the microscopic dependencies in the homogenization procedures. We give two conditions, (A) and (B), that characterize such a class of asymmetric densities under which the above ‘rescaled’ homogenization is available.

The weak KAM theory was developed by Fathi in order to study the dynamics of convex Hamiltonian systems. It somehow makes a bridge between viscosity solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation and Mather invariant sets of Hamiltonian systems, although this was fully understood only a posteriori. These theories converge under the hypothesis of convexity, and the richness of applications mostly comes from this remarkable convergence. In this paper, we provide an elementary exposition of some of the basic concepts of weak KAM theory. In a companion paper, Albert Fathi exposed the aspects of his theory which are more directly related to viscosity solutions. Here, on the contrary, we focus on dynamical applications, even if we also discuss some viscosity aspects to underline the connections with Fathi's lecture. The fundamental reference on weak KAM theory is the still unpublished book Weak KAM theorem in Lagrangian dynamics by Albert Fathi. Although we do not offer new results, our exposition is original in several aspects. We only work with the Hamiltonian and do not rely on the Lagrangian, even if some proofs are directly inspired by the classical Lagrangian proofs. This approach is made easier by the choice of a somewhat specific setting. We work on ℝd and make uniform hypotheses on the Hamiltonian. This allows us to replace some compactness arguments by explicit estimates. For the most interesting dynamical applications, however, the compactness of the configuration space remains a useful hypothesis and we retrieve it by considering periodic (in space) Hamiltonians. Our exposition is centred on the Cauchy problem for the Hamilton–Jacobi equation and the Lax–Oleinik evolution operators associated to it. Dynamical applications are reached by considering fixed points of these evolution operators, the weak KAM solutions. The evolution operators can also be used for their regularizing properties; this opens an alternative route to dynamical applications.

We obtain an integral representation of an energy for structured deformations of continua in the space of functions of bounded variation, as a first step to the study of asymptotic models for thin defective crystalline structures, where phenomena as slips, vacancies and dislocations prevent the effectiveness of classical theories.

We establish the existence, uniqueness and blow-up rate near the boundary of boundary blow-up solutions to p-Laplacian elliptic equations of logistic type −Δpu = a(x)h(u) − b(x)f(u), where Δpu = div (|∇u|p−2∇u) with p > 1, h(u)/up−1 is non-increasing and f(u) is a function whose variation at infinity may be regular or rapid. In particular, our result regarding the blow-up rate reveals the main difference between regular variation function f and rapid variation function f.

We use the method of upper and lower solutions combined with degree-theoretic techniques to prove the existence of multiple positive solutions to some superlinear elliptic systems of the form

on a smooth, bounded domain Ω⊂ℝn with Dirichlet boundary conditions, under suitable conditions on g1 and g2. Our techniques apply generally to subcritical, superlinear problems with a certain concave–convex shape to their nonlinearity.

In some recent papers (called -functional calculus) for n-tuples of both bounded and unbounded not-necessarily commuting operators. The -functional calculus is based on the notion of -spectrum, which naturally arises from the definition of the -resolvent operator for n-tuples of operators. The -resolvent operator plays the same role as the usual resolvent operator for the Riesz–Dunford functional calculus, which is associated to a complex operator acting on a Banach space. When one considers commuting operators (bounded or unbounded) there is the possibility of simplifying the computation of the -spectrum. In fact, in this case we can use the F-spectrum, which is easier to compute than the -spectrum. In the case of commuting operators, our functional calculus is based on the -spectrum and will be called -functional calculus. We point out that for a correct definition of the -resolvent operator and of the -resolvent operator in the unbounded case we have to face different extension problems. Another reason for a more detailed study of the -spectrum is that it is related to the -functional calculus which is based on the integral version of the Fueter mapping theorem. This functional calculus is associated to monogenic functions constructed by starting from slice monogenic functions.

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the equilibrium configurations of a nonlinearly elastic thin rod as the diameter of the cross-section tends to zero. Convergence results are established assuming physical growth conditions for the elastic energy density and suitable scalings of the applied loads that correspond at the limit to different rod models: the constrained linear theory, the analogue of the von Kármán plate theory for rods, and the linear theory.

We establish the simplicial triviality of the convolution algebra l1 (S), where S is a band semigroup. This generalizes some results of Choi (Glasgow Math. J. 48 (2006), 231–245; Houston J. Math. 36 (2010), 237–260). To do so, we show that the cyclic cohomology of this algebra vanishes in all odd degrees, and is isomorphic in even degrees to the space of continuous traces on l(S). Crucial to our approach is the use of the structure semilattice of S, and the associated grading of S, together with an inductive normalization procedure in cyclic cohomology. The latter technique appears to be new, and its underlying strategy may be applicable to other convolution algebras of interest.

We are interested in the cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition in a shape memory alloy. We consider geometrically linear elasticity. In this framework, Dolzmann and Müller have shown that the only stress-free configurations are (locally) twins (i.e. laminates of just two of the three martensitic variants). However, configurations with arbitrarily small elastic energy are not necessarily close to these twins. The formation of a microstructure allows all three martensitic variants to be mixed at arbitrary volume fractions. We take an interfacial energy into account and establish a (local) lower bound on elastic plus interfacial energy in terms of the martensitic volume fractions. The introduction of an interfacial energy introduces a length scale and, thus, together with the linear dimensions of the sample, a non-dimensional parameter. Our lower Ansatz-free bound has optimal scaling in this parameter. It is the scaling predicted by a reduced model introduced and analysed by Kohn and Müller with the purpose of describing the microstructure near an interface between austenite and twinned martensite. The optimal construction features branching of the martensitic twins when approaching this interface.

We give sharp conditions under which the composition of two homeomorphisms of finite distortion is of finite distortion and has integrable distortion. As an application, we obtain a generalization of the classical uniqueness theorem of homeomorphic solution to the measurable Riemann mapping problem.

We establish that the maximal operator and the Littlewood–Paley g-function associated with the heat semigroup defined by multidimensional Bessel operators are of weak type (1, 1). We also prove that Riesz transforms in the multidimensional Bessel setting are of strong type (p, p), for every 1 < p < ∞, and of weak type (1, 1).

The best constant in a mean-value trace inequality for functions of bounded variation on admissible domains Ω ⊂ ℝn is shown to agree with an isoperimetric constant associated with Ω. The existence and form of extremals is also discussed. This result is exploited to compute the best constant in the relevant trace inequality when Ω is a ball. The existence and the form of extremals in this special case turn out to depend on the dimension n. In particular, the best constant is not achieved when Ω is a disc in ℝ2.

We relate the geometric Poisson brackets on the 2-Grassmannian in ℝ4 and on the (2, 2) Möbius sphere. We show that, when written in terms of local moving frames, the geometric Poisson bracket on the Möbius sphere does not restrict to the space of differential invariants of Schwarzian type. But when the concept of conformal natural frame is transported from the conformal sphere into the Grassmannian, and the Poisson bracket is written in terms of the Grassmannian natural frame, it restricts and results in either a decoupled system or a complexly coupled system of Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations, depending on the character of the invariants. We also show that the bi-Hamiltonian Grassmannian geometric brackets are equivalent to the non-commutative KdV bi-Hamiltonian structure. Both integrable systems and Hamiltonian structure can be brought back to the conformal sphere.

We introduce the notion of a viscosity solution for the first-order Hamilton–Jacobi equation, in the more general setting of manifolds, to obtain a weak KAM theory using only tools from partial differential equations. This work should be accessible to people with no prior knowledge of the subject.