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Pit-digging and Structured Deposition in the Neolithic and Copper Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

John Chapman
John Chapman
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE
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Abstract

In this article, the author identifies the concentration principle for the accumulation of large quantities of objects in the settlements of the Balkan Neolithic and Copper Age and suggests reasons for this principle. One of the chief examples of this principle is the structured deposition of objects in pits. After the characterisation of the location of such pits – whether under houses or in the open air, there is a discussion of the forms of deposits in pits – including human bone deposits, burnt deposits and unusual combinations of rare and quotidian objects, as related to different manifestations of the life-cycle of the pits. The structure of the deposits is investigated in the light of their immense variability. Rather than attempting to ‘explain’ all the cited examples in a global, structuralist manner, the pits and their contents are interpreted in terms of local strategies of categorisation of everyday and exotic materials used in social practices. This does not exclude broader forms of prehistoric rationality, which appear to endure over a long period of time and in many different regions. These findings are related to the wider social dynamics of enchainment and accumulation – two important long-term social practices characterising the Balkan Neolithic and Copper Age.

Résumé

Dans cet article, l'auteur identifie le principe de concentration en ce qui concerne l'accumulation de vastes quantités d'objets dans les occupations des Balkans au néolithique et à l'âge du cuivre et propose des raisons pour ce principe. Le dépôt structuré d'objets dans des fosses constitue l'un des principaux exemples illustrant ce principe. Après avoir caractérisé les lieux où se situent ces fosses, que ce soit sous des maisons ou en plein air, on débat de la forme que prennent ces dépôts dans les fosses, y compris dépôts d'ossements humains, dépôts calcinés et combinaisons inhabituelles d'objets rares et d'objets appartenant au quotidien, et de leurs relations avec les différentes manifestations du cycle de vie des fosses. On examine la structure des dépôts à la lumière de leur immense variabilité. Plutôt que d'essayer ‘d'expliquer’ tous les exemples cités d'une manière globale, structuraliste, on offre une interprétation des fosses et de leur contenu en termes de stratégies locales de catégorisation des matériaux quotidiens et exotiques utilisés dans les échanges sociaux. Ce qui n'exclut pas l'existence de formes plus larges de rationalité préhistorique, qui semblent se perpétuer sur une longue période de temps et dans de nombreuses régions différentes. Ces découvertes sont liées aux concepts plus vastes de dynamique sociale d'enchainement et d'accumulation – deux importantes pratiques sociales à long terme caractéritiques du néolithique et de l'âge du cuivre dans les Balkans.

Zusammenfassung

Der Autor identifiziert in diesem Beitrag das Konzentrationsprinzip für die Akkumulation großer Mengen von Objekten in den Siedlungen des balkanischen Neolithikums und Kupferzeit, und schlägt Gründe für dieses Prinzip vor. Eines der primären Beispiele ist die strukturierte Niederlegung von Objekten in Gruben. Nach der Charakterisierung der Lage solcher Gruben – ob sie unter den Häusern oder auf offener Fläche liegen – werden die Formen der Niederlegung in den Gruben diskutiert – inklusive der Niederlungen von Menschenknochen, verbrannten Ablagerungen und ungewöhnlichen Kombinationen von seltenen Alltagsobjekten, als verschiedene Anzeichen der Lebenszyklen der Gruben. Die Struktur der Niederlegungen wurde in Anbetracht ihrer beträchtlichen Variabilität untersucht. Anstelle alle zitierten Beispiele umfassend und strukturalistisch zu „erklären‟, werden die Gruben und ihre Inhalte in bezug auf lokale Strategien zur Kategorisierung der alltäglichen und exotischen Gegenstände, die in sozialen Bräuchen benutzt wurden, interpretiert. Dies schließt aber nicht weitreichendere Formen prähistorischer Rationalität aus, die über eine lange Zeitperiode und in vielen verschiedenen Regionen Bestand zu haben schienen. Diese Befunde sind mit der umfangreicheren sozialen Dynamik der „Verkettung‟ und Akkumulation verknüpft – zwei wichtige langfristige, sozialen Bräuche, die das balkanische Neolithikum und Kupferzeit charakterisieren.

Resúmen

En este artículo el autor identifica el principio de concentración de la acumulación de gran cantidad de objetos en los asentamientos del Neolítico y Calcolítico en los Balcanes, y sugiere los motivos para este principio. Uno de los principales ejemplos de este principio de concentración es la deposición estructurada de objetos en pozos. Tras hacer una clasificación de los emplazamientos de tales pozos – bien bajo las casas o al aire libre – se procede a la discusión de las formas de deposición en los pozos – que incluye depósitos de hueso humano, depósitos quemados e inusuales combinaciones de objetos poco frecuentes y cotidianos – en cuanto se relacionan con distintas manifestaciones del ciclo de uso de los pozos. Se investiga la estructura de los depósitos a la luz de su inmensa variabilidad. En vez de intentar “explicar” todos los ejemplos mencionados de modo global y estructuralista, los pozos y sus contenidos se interpretan en términos de estrategias locales de categorización de materiales cotidianos y exóticos usados en prácticas sociales. Esto no excluye formas más amplias de racionalidad prehistórica que parecen perdurar durante un largo tiempo en muchas regiones distintas. Estos hallazgos se relacionan con las dinámicas sociales más amplias de encadenamiento y acumulación, dos importantes y duraderas prácticas sociales que caracterizan el Neolítico y la Edad del Cobre en los Balcanes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 66 , 2000 , pp. 61 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2000

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References

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