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Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (μXRD) in minerals and environmental research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2014

Markus Gräfe ,
Craig Klauber ,
Bee Gan  and
Ryan V. Tappero
Markus Gräfe*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, 7 Conlon Street, Waterford, Western Australia 6152, Australia Universidad de las Américas, Facultad Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Centro de Investigación, Estudios y Desarrollo de Ingeniería (CIEDI), Quito – Ecuador
Craig Klauber
Affiliation:
CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, 7 Conlon Street, Waterford, Western Australia 6152, Australia
Bee Gan
Affiliation:
CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, 7 Conlon Street, Waterford, Western Australia 6152, Australia
Ryan V. Tappero
Affiliation:
Photon Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
*
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: mgrafe@udla.edu.ec
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Abstract

A number of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobes (XFMs) around the world offer synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (μXRD) to enhance mineral phase identification in geological and other environmental samples. Synchrotron μXRD can significantly enhance micro X-ray fluorescence and micro X-ray absorption fine structure measurements by providing direct structural information on the identity of minerals, their crystallinity, and potential impurities in crystal structures. The information is useful to understand the sequestration of metals in mineral deposits, mineral processing residues, soils, or sediments. Synchrotron μXRD was employed to characterize a surficial calcrete uranium (U) ore sample and to illustrate its usefulness in conjunction with U LIII μXANES analysis. μXRD and U LIII μXANES revealed that the mineral carnotite [K2(UO2)2(V2O8)·nH2O, n = 0, 1, 2, or 3] was not the sole U bearing mineral phase present and that surface complexes and or an amorphous precipitate were present as well. Unit-cell analysis from the μXRD patterns revealed that the interlayer spacing of carnotite was not uniform and that significant unit-cell volume expansions occurred likely because of variable cations (K+, Rb+, and Sr2+) and variably hydrated interlayer cations being present in the interlayer. Oriented specimen, single crystal effects, and the fixed orientation of the sample relative to the incident beam and the charge-coupled device camera limit the number of visible reflections and complicate mineral phase identification. With careful analysis of multiple structural analysis tools available at XFMs, however, a strong link between X-ray amorphous and X-ray crystalline materials in geologic and environmental samples can be established.

Keywords

X-ray fluorescence microscopysynchrotron X-raysmineralogytransmission geometrycarnotiteμXRDμXANES
Type
Technical Articles
Information
Powder Diffraction , Volume 29 , Issue S1 , December 2014 , pp. S64 - S72
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Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 2014 

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