Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qlrfm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T03:35:21.999Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Not your ordinary drone: odes to the Bayraktar in the Russia–Ukraine war

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2024

Anastassiya Andrianova*
Affiliation:
English Department, Minard Hall 318 E48, North Dakota State University, 1210 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58102, USA

Abstract

‘Bayraktar’, a pop/rap song written by a Ukrainian soldier following Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, went viral, spawning various covers, from electronic dance music to hardcore punk. I analyse this digital archive of 19 ‘Bayraktar’ songs, including five that share only the title with Taras Borovok's paradigmatic song, and contextualise it within the broader historical and decolonial frameworks of Ukrainian resistance music, including the protest music of the Orange Revolution and the Euromaidan demonstrations, and the anti-war music produced during the Donbas war and in the first six months of the ongoing Russia–Ukraine war. I apply the method of multimodal critical discourse analysis to highlight the ways that sound, image (videos and stills) and text (lyrics and verbal descriptions on YouTube) forge nationalist and global protest rhetorics, and also function pragmatically to raise awareness, fundraise for the armed forces and humanitarian efforts, and boost morale in Ukraine and abroad.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Jazeera, Al. 2022. ‘Turkey's Baykar drone company “will never” supply Russia: CEO’, Al Jazeera, 19 July 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/turkish-firm-wont-supply-uavs-widely-used-by-ukraine-to-russiaGoogle Scholar
Andrianova, A. 2015. ‘Aeneas among the Cossacks: Eneïda in modern Ukraine’, in The Trojan Wars and the Making of the Modern World, ed. Goldwyn, A.J. (Uppsala, Studia Graeca Upsalensia), pp. 91110Google Scholar
Anzu, n.d. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/anzutribe/photos_by (accessed 24 November 2022)Google Scholar
Anzu Tribe. n.d. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/anzutribe/ (accessed 24 November 2022)Google Scholar
BBC. 2022. ‘How are “kamikaze” drones being used by Russia and Ukraine?’, BBC, 17 October 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-62225830Google Scholar
Big City Germs. 2022. ‘Bayraktar’, Bandcamp, 7 March 2022. https://bigcitygerms.bandcamp.com/track/bayraktarGoogle Scholar
Borovok, T. 2022. ‘Bayraktar’, LyricsTranslate. https://lyricstranslate.com/en/bayraktar-bayraktar.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chernetsky, V. 2007. Mapping Postcommunist Cultures (Montreal, McGill–Queen's University Press)Google Scholar
CNN. 2022. ‘Turkish drone is so effective, Ukrainian troops are singing about it’, CNN, 8 April 2022. https://youtu.be/S4qUsPCFV28Google Scholar
Cook, N. 1998. Analyzing Musical Multimedia (New York, Oxford University Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, C. 2022. ‘Ukrainian missile launcher HIMARS spawns hundreds of memes and “enrages” Vladimir Putin’, Daily Star, 20 July 2022. https://www.dailystar.co.uk/tech/news/ukrainian-missile-launcher-himars-spawns-27522419Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. 1995. Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Fields, K.E. (New York, The Free Press)Google Scholar
Gessen, M. 2022. ‘The war in Ukraine launches a new battle for the Russian soul’, The New Yorker, 9 October 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/17/the-war-in-ukraine-launches-a-new-battle-for-the-russian-soulGoogle Scholar
Grabowicz, G. 1995. ‘Ukrainian studies: framing the contexts’, Slavic Review, 54/3, pp. 674–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, A., and Street, J.. 2018. ‘Music and activism: from prefigurative to pragmatic politics’, in Routledge Companion to Media and Activism, ed. Meikle, G. (London, Routledge), pp. 171–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, G. 2013. ‘Discourse analysis’, in Research Methods for English Studies, 2nd edn, ed. Griffin, G. (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press), pp. 93112Google Scholar
Hansen, A., Rogatchevski, A., Steinholt, Y., and Wickström, D.-E.. 2019. A War of Songs: Popular Music and Recent Russia–Ukraine Relations (Stuttgart, Ibidem Press).Google Scholar
Helbig, A.N. 2014. Hip Hop Ukraine: Music, Race, and African Migration (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press)Google Scholar
hlukhar. n.d. Wiktionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/глухар, accessed 21 November 2022Google Scholar
Kornhaber, S. 2022. ‘The military weapon that has become a musical touchstone in Ukraine’, The Atlantic, 10 March 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2022/03/ukraine-war-music-history/627024/Google Scholar
Kramer, A.E. 2022. ‘With military attacks and mockery, Ukraine pokes the Russian bear’, The New York Times, 26 August 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/26/world/europe/ukraine-russia-taunting.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kulparkivska. 2020. ‘About’, YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/@OSHTAK4IMBAZA/about (accessed 1 December 2022)Google Scholar
Kvartal 95 Studio. 2022. ‘Kontsert Kobzona v ADU dlia rossiiskih voennykh’ (Kobzon's concert in HELL for Russian soldiers), YouTube, 31 October 2022. https://youtu.be/yX3y9T7b9aUGoogle Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene. 2015. ‘“The ‘Russian World”: Russia's soft power and geopolitical imagination’, The Center on Global Interests (CGI), May 2015. https://www.caa-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FINAL-CGI_Russian-World_Marlene-Laruelle-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Machin, D. 2010. Analysing Popular Music: Image, Sound, Text (Newbury Park, CA, Sage)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mankoff, J. 2022. ‘Russia's war in Ukraine: identity, history, and conflict’ (report), Centre for Strategic & International Studies, 22 April 2022. https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-war-ukraine-identity-history-and-conflictGoogle Scholar
Mazurenko, A. 2022. ‘A professor turned on the “Bayraktar” song in front of students in occupied Crimea: he was fired’, Ukrainska Pravda, 15 September 2022. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/09/15/7367621/Google Scholar
Mosser, K. 2008. ‘“Cover songs”: ambiguity, multivalence, polysemy’, Popular Musicology Online, 2. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/phl_fac_pub/26/Google Scholar
Pavlyshyn, M. 2010. ‘Modern literature and the construction of national identity as European: the case of Ukraine’, in Domains and Divisions of European History, ed. Arnason, J.P. and Doyle, N. (Liverpool, Liverpool University Press), pp. 181–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pertsev, A. 2022. ‘“A chance for revenge”: the rise and fall of “methodology”, the school of thought that produced the idea of the “Russian world”’, trans. Anna Razumnaya, Meduza, 20 June 2022. https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/06/20/a-chance-for-revengeGoogle Scholar
Recém-nascidos. 2022. ‘Recém-nascidos levados para “bunker” improvisado em hospital enquanto cidade ucraniana é bombardeada’, Correio da Manhã, 25 February 2022. https://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/especiais/guerra-na-ucrania/detalhe/recem-nascidos-levados-para-bunker-improvisado-em-hospital-enquanto-cidade-ucraniana-e-bombardeadaGoogle Scholar
Sauer, P. 2022. ‘Why has the letter Z become the symbol of war for Russia?’, The Guardian, 7 March 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/why-has-the-letter-z-become-the-symbol-of-war-for-russiaGoogle Scholar
Schettner, L. 2008. ‘About’, YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/c/LisaSchettner/about (accessed 29 November 2022)Google Scholar
Shuvalova, I. 2020. ‘The many multilingualisms of the songs of the war in Donbas’, The Harriman Institute at Columbia University, YouTube, 19 March 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i6ZxBoTcl0Google Scholar
Shuvalova, I. 2021. ‘“The timeless opolchenets”: popular songs and the making of the Donbas insurgent’, Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 10/1, pp. 85108; doi: 10.1353/reg.2021.0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonevytsky, M. 2019. Wild Music: Sound and Sovereignty in Ukraine (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press).Google Scholar
Sonevytsky, M., and Ivakhiv, A.. 2016. ‘Musical avtentyka, native faith, and “cultural ecology” after Chornobyl’, Current Directions in Ecomusicology: Music, Culture, Nature, ed. Allen, A.S. and Dawe, K. (New York, Routledge), pp. 135–46Google Scholar
Starikov, N. 2011. ‘Ukraina v tamozhennom soiuze!’, Nikolai Starikov (personal website), 29 November 2011. https://nstarikov.ru/ukraina-v-tamozhennom-soyuze-13483Google Scholar
Sutton, H.I. 2022. ‘Satellite images confirm Russian navy landing ship was sunk at Berdyansk’, USNI News (U.S. Naval Institute), 25 March 2022. https://news.usni.org/2022/03/25/satellite-images-confirm-russian-navy-landing-ship-was-sunk-at-berdyanskGoogle Scholar
Vernallis, C. 2004. Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context (New York, Columbia University Press)Google Scholar
Wall, T. 2013. Studying Popular Music Culture, 2nd ed (Los Angeles, CA, Sage)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weichert, S. 2022. ‘Bayraktar: armed with just a guitar, meet the man helping Ukraine resist Russia’, EuroNews, 23 May 2022. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/05/23/bayraktar-armed-with-just-a-guitar-meet-the-man-helping-ukraine-resist-russiaGoogle Scholar
Wong, W. 2022. ‘Russia has blocked 20 million tons of grain from being exported from Ukraine’, All Things Considered (radio), NPR News, 3 June 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/06/03/1102990029/russia-has-blocked-20-million-tons-of-grain-from-being-exported-from-ukraineGoogle Scholar
Anzu, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/rknYyBN7ekg, 4 March 2022Google Scholar
Big City Germs, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/WRnNhNXaY0A, 4 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/Dj3H6tbVDXw, 28 February 2022; Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/UALandForces/videos/544824330020386, 28 February 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Ukrainian patriotic song – Bayraktar’, Nationalist Songs, YouTube, https://youtu.be/XCYuq6bWTAo, 1 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Bayraktar’ (‘Vesnianyi Bayraktar’), Andriy Muzon Remix, YouTube, https://youtu.be/SvJLVg08TMs, 10 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘HIMARS’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/t89Q1W4GkXw, 19 July 2022Google Scholar
Gusto, Sergio, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/CB1QuvVvBq8, 10 March 2022 (released on 3 March 2022)Google Scholar
Inseptic, ‘Ukraine war song – Bayraktar (Chicho Mitko House Remix)’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/nHv74V4HPMQ, 3 June 2022Google Scholar
intgr., ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/ehtiPNs0dEs, 7 April 2022Google Scholar
Kulparkivska, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/kiiBV_D8l4k, 5 April 2022 (released on 4 April 2022)Google Scholar
Lostlojic, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/IigreeA1y3M, 3 March 2022Google Scholar
Madame Buttons (feat. B3arr & Lyubimov & Andreev), ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Pe80oC6VXg&t=3s, 6 May 2022Google Scholar
Mirków, Jeden z, ‘Bayraktar’ (Mirek pop remix), YouTube, https://youtu.be/XS00uTmAvoQ, 6 April 2022Google Scholar
Novosad, Oleg and Borovok, , Taras, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/ojvAiqDwR8w, 4 August 2022Google Scholar
Oak, Karl, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/hG5gklMWqaQ, 26 March 2022Google Scholar
RockSolid, ‘HIMARS – Do it Again’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/19r12SGXxKw, 13 July 2022Google Scholar
Saint Javelin, ‘Saint Javelin’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/-xjGa4kGGws, 27 July 2022Google Scholar
Schettner, Lisa, Borovok, Taras, and Brooker, Tyler (remix), ‘Bayraktar Song Mashup Edition’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/elE62pRDOgc, 7 April 2022Google Scholar
Sontsiu, Nazustrich, ‘Bayraktar – Ukrainian War Army Song’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/d6rZD6njd-s, 22 March 2022Google Scholar
Sontsiu, Nazustrich, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/VFzl13EyYWQ, 2 August 2022Google Scholar
Svitohliadets’, ‘Bayraktar – Ukrainian War Song’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/S3FGWPMjl6M,23 May 2022Google Scholar
Unstable Routine, ‘Bayraktar’ (Bye Bye Tank Rave Remix), YouTube, https://youtu.be/dlYbx7qtfsw, 8 March 2022Google Scholar
Yarmak, ‘Dyke pole (ft. Alisa)’, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1V0aFTl0aE, 7 May 2022 (rereleased www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOOClonYKmc, 2 July 2022)Google Scholar
Anzu, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/rknYyBN7ekg, 4 March 2022Google Scholar
Big City Germs, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/WRnNhNXaY0A, 4 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/Dj3H6tbVDXw, 28 February 2022; Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/UALandForces/videos/544824330020386, 28 February 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Ukrainian patriotic song – Bayraktar’, Nationalist Songs, YouTube, https://youtu.be/XCYuq6bWTAo, 1 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘Bayraktar’ (‘Vesnianyi Bayraktar’), Andriy Muzon Remix, YouTube, https://youtu.be/SvJLVg08TMs, 10 March 2022Google Scholar
Borovok, Taras, ‘HIMARS’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/t89Q1W4GkXw, 19 July 2022Google Scholar
Gusto, Sergio, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/CB1QuvVvBq8, 10 March 2022 (released on 3 March 2022)Google Scholar
Inseptic, ‘Ukraine war song – Bayraktar (Chicho Mitko House Remix)’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/nHv74V4HPMQ, 3 June 2022Google Scholar
intgr., ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/ehtiPNs0dEs, 7 April 2022Google Scholar
Kulparkivska, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/kiiBV_D8l4k, 5 April 2022 (released on 4 April 2022)Google Scholar
Lostlojic, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/IigreeA1y3M, 3 March 2022Google Scholar
Madame Buttons (feat. B3arr & Lyubimov & Andreev), ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Pe80oC6VXg&t=3s, 6 May 2022Google Scholar
Mirków, Jeden z, ‘Bayraktar’ (Mirek pop remix), YouTube, https://youtu.be/XS00uTmAvoQ, 6 April 2022Google Scholar
Novosad, Oleg and Borovok, , Taras, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/ojvAiqDwR8w, 4 August 2022Google Scholar
Oak, Karl, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/hG5gklMWqaQ, 26 March 2022Google Scholar
RockSolid, ‘HIMARS – Do it Again’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/19r12SGXxKw, 13 July 2022Google Scholar
Saint Javelin, ‘Saint Javelin’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/-xjGa4kGGws, 27 July 2022Google Scholar
Schettner, Lisa, Borovok, Taras, and Brooker, Tyler (remix), ‘Bayraktar Song Mashup Edition’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/elE62pRDOgc, 7 April 2022Google Scholar
Sontsiu, Nazustrich, ‘Bayraktar – Ukrainian War Army Song’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/d6rZD6njd-s, 22 March 2022Google Scholar
Sontsiu, Nazustrich, ‘Bayraktar’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/VFzl13EyYWQ, 2 August 2022Google Scholar
Svitohliadets’, ‘Bayraktar – Ukrainian War Song’, YouTube, https://youtu.be/S3FGWPMjl6M,23 May 2022Google Scholar
Unstable Routine, ‘Bayraktar’ (Bye Bye Tank Rave Remix), YouTube, https://youtu.be/dlYbx7qtfsw, 8 March 2022Google Scholar
Yarmak, ‘Dyke pole (ft. Alisa)’, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1V0aFTl0aE, 7 May 2022 (rereleased www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOOClonYKmc, 2 July 2022)Google Scholar