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Phylogeny of snake trypanosomes inferred by SSU rDNA sequences, their possible transmission by phlebotomines, and taxonomic appraisal by molecular, cross-infection and morphological analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2008

L. B. VIOLA ,
M. CAMPANER ,
C. S. A. TAKATA ,
R. C. FERREIRA ,
A. C. RODRIGUES ,
R. A. FREITAS ,
M. R. DUARTE ,
K. F. GREGO ,
T. V. BARRETT  and
E. P. CAMARGO
...Show all authors
L. B. VIOLA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
M. CAMPANER
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
C. S. A. TAKATA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
R. C. FERREIRA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
A. C. RODRIGUES
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
R. A. FREITAS
Affiliation:
Grupo de Biologia Vetorial e Eco-epidemiologia de Trypanosomatidae na Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
M. R. DUARTE
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
K. F. GREGO
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
T. V. BARRETT
Affiliation:
Grupo de Biologia Vetorial e Eco-epidemiologia de Trypanosomatidae na Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
E. P. CAMARGO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
M. M. G. TEIXEIRA*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. Tel: +55 11 3091 7268. Fax: +55 11 3091 7417. E-mail: mmgteix@icb.usp.br
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Summary

Blood examination by microhaematocrit and haemoculture of 459 snakes belonging to 37 species revealed 2·4% trypanosome prevalence in species of Viperidae (Crotalus durissus and Bothrops jararaca) and Colubridae (Pseudoboa nigra). Trypanosome cultures from C. durissus and P. nigra were behaviourally and morphologically indistinguishable. In addition, the growth and morphological features of a trypanosome from the sand fly Viannamyia tuberculata were similar to those of snake isolates. Cross-infection experiments revealed a lack of host restriction, as snakes of 3 species were infected with the trypanosome from C. durissus. Phylogeny based on ribosomal sequences revealed that snake trypanosomes clustered together with the sand fly trypanosome, forming a new phylogenetic lineage within Trypanosoma closest to a clade of lizard trypanosomes transmitted by sand flies†. The clade of trypanosomes from snakes and lizards suggests an association between the evolutionary histories of these trypanosomes and their squamate hosts. Moreover, data strongly indicated that these trypanosomes are transmitted by sand flies. The flaws of the current taxonomy of snake trypanosomes are discussed, and the need for molecular parameters to be adopted is emphasized. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular phylogenetic study of snake trypanosomes.

Keywords

TrypanosomasnakeSquamatasand flylizardevolutionphylogenytaxonomyribosomal genemorphology
Type
Original Articles
Information
Parasitology , Volume 135 , Issue 5 , May 2008 , pp. 595 - 605
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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