Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T01:41:14.030Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, 1943: Its life-history and occurrence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Don. R. Arthur  and
Keith R. Snow
Don. R. Arthur
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of London King's College
Keith R. Snow
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Waltham Forest Technical College, London
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The life-history of I. pacificus when fed on guinea-pigs under laboratory conditions is described. Feeding of the female proceeds for 10–11 days. Between 120 and 191 mg of concentrated food is found in the female's gut on detaching from this host, and this is directly related to the unfed body weight of the tick.

The egg-laying pattern, in general, shows an initial peak, after which the number of eggs tails off, the whole process lasting approximately 33–40 days. The number of eggs laid by females varies between 790 and 1300. The preoviposition period is about 11–16 days.

Larvae hatch in about 53–55 days, and their feeding time ranges from 4 to 9 days, although in the present experiments larvae emerging from early laid eggs took about 10 days to complete engorgements.

Moulting of larvae to nymphs at 90% R.H. took 37–38 days, and nymphs fed for 7–11 days, with most becoming replete on the ninth.

Very few females emerged from these nymphs, and those that did emerged in just over 30 days. The reasons for this are not clear. No diapause appeared to be necessary to complete the life-cycle, and with due allowance for hardening of the mouthparts the life-history of one generation was about 7 months. Females died within 3 or 4 months if hosts were not available.

From the literature and from hitherto unpublished records some 55 vertebrates have been implicated as hosts to I. pacificus; these hosts include a wide range of mammals, six species of birds and possibly nine species of lizards.

The species has been listed from British Columbia and from five western states of U.S.A. The need for more intensive ecological work on this species is emphasized.

We are indebted to Glen M. Kohls, J. D. Gregson and D. E. Johnstone for permission to use unpublished records from their respective institutions. One of us (D.R.A) is also indebted to the Wellcome Trustees for financial assistance to visit Canada during the preliminary stages of the work.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , November 1968 , pp. 893 - 906
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1968

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allred, D. M., Beck, D. E. & White, L. D. (1960). Ticks of the genus Ixodes in Utah. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 1, no. 4, 42 pp.Google Scholar
Arthur, D. R. (1951). The bionomics of Ixodes hexagonus Leach in Britain. Parasitology 41, 82–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, N. (1908). A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States. Bull. Bur. Ent. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Ser. 15, 60 pp.Google Scholar
Beck, D. E., Allred, D. M. & Brinton, E. P. (1963). Ticks of the Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., 4, no. 1, 11 pp.Google Scholar
Bishopp, F. C. & Trembley, H. L. (1945). Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasit. 31, 1–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunetti, O. A. (1965). Tick paralysis in California deer. Calif. Fish Game 51, 208–10.Google Scholar
Cooley, R. A. & Kohls, G. M. (1943). Ixodes californicus Banks 1904, Ixodes pacificus n.sp. and Ixodes conepati n.sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae). Pan-Pacif. Ent. 19, 139–44.Google Scholar
Cooley, R. A. & Kohls, G. M. (1945). The genus Ixodes in North America. U.S. natn. Inst. Hlth Bull. 184, 246 pp.Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1935). A preliminary report of the lizard-tick relationship on the British Columbia coast. Proc. ent. Soc., Br. Columb. 31, 17–21.Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1942). The coast tick (Ixodes californicus Banks) problem in British Columbia. Can. Ent. 74, 3–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1956). The Ixodoidea of Canada. Can. Dept. Agric. 930, 92 pp.Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1960). Ticks of medical importance in British Columbia. Med. J. Br. Columb. 2, 1–4.Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1963). The decline of the Pacific tick (Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls) at West Vancouver. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 60, 50–1.Google Scholar
Hearle, E. (1938). The ticks of British Columbia. Scient. Agric. 18, 341–54.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, L. F. (1955). Studies of the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Aust. J. Zool. 3, 295–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jellison, W. L. (1934). The parasitism of lizards by Ixodes ricinus californicus (Banks). J. Parasit. 20, 243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohls, G. M. & Cooley, R. A. (1937). North American records of the tick Ixodes ricinus californicus (Banks). U.S. Publ. Hlth Rep. 52, 282–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsdale, J. M. & Tevis, L. P. (1951). The Dusky-Footed Wood Rat. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohr, C. O., Beck, D. E. & Brinton, E. P. (1964). Observations on host-parasite relationships and seasonal history of ticks in San Mateo County, California. Gt Basin Nat. 24, 1–6.Google Scholar
Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C., Cooper, W. F. & Robinson, L. E. (1908). Ticks. A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part I. Argasidae, 104 pp. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Snow, K. R. & Arthur, D. R. (1966). Oviposition in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Parasitology 56, 391–7.Google Scholar