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Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2022

Susel Loli Quinteros ,
Bronwyn O'Brien  and
Sheila Donnelly Open the ORCID record for Sheila Donnelly [Opens in a new window]
Susel Loli Quinteros
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
Bronwyn O'Brien
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
Sheila Donnelly*
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Sheila Donnelly, Email: Sheila.Donnelly@uts.edu.au
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Abstract

The food-borne trematodes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. By contrast, infections with Fasciola hepatica, also a food-borne trematode of the phylum Platyhelminthes, are not carcinogenic. This review explores the premise that the differential activation of macrophages during infection with these food-borne trematodes is a major determinant of the pathological outcome of infection. Like most helminths, the latter stages of infection with all 3 flukes induce M2 macrophages, a phenotype that mediates the functional repair of tissue damaged by the feeding and migratory activities of the parasites. However, there is a critical difference in how the development of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages is regulated during infection with these parasites. While the activation of the M1 macrophage phenotype is largely suppressed during the early stages of infection with F. hepatica, M1 macrophages predominate in the bile ducts following infection with O. viverrini and C. sinensis. The anti-microbial factors released by M1 macrophages create an environment conducive to mutagenesis, and hence the initiation of tumour formation. Subsequently, the tissue remodelling processes induced by the M2 macrophages promote the proliferation of mutated cells, and the expansion of cancerous tissue. This review will also explore the interactions between macrophages and parasite-derived signals, and their contributions to the stark differences in the innate immune responses to infection with these parasites.

Keywords

CarcinogenesisClonorchis sinensisFasciola hepaticaimmunometabolismliver flukesmacrophagesOpisthorchis viverrini
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 149 , Special Issue 10: Foodborne Trematodes – time to rise from neglected status , September 2022 , pp. 1364 - 1373
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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