Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T23:50:49.977Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

East Coast fever; its transmission by ticks in Kenya Colony

Hyalomma impressum near Planum P. Sch. as a vector

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

W. Fotheringham  and
E. Aneurin Lewis
W. Fotheringham
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Laboratory, Kabete, Kenya Colony
E. Aneurin Lewis
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Laboratory, Kabete, Kenya Colony
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

1. Investigations into some of the problems associated with African East Coast fever and its vectors have been undertaken: and although these are, as yet, incomplete we consider them of sufficient interest to warrant their publication at this stage.

2. The present position regarding the distribution of certain tick species in relation to East Coast fever in Kenya is briefly reviewed; and outbreaks of what may be peculiar forms of the disease in sporadic areas are mentioned.

3. It is thought that the passage of Theileria parva through different species of ticks might throw light on some sporadic outbreaks of the disease and on the peculiar character of some of the cases encountered.

4. Transmission by nymphae and adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, by adults of R. evertsi and R. simus is confirmed. Experiments with R. sanguineus, R. pulchellus and Amblyomma variegatum were negative.

5. Exposure of infective nymphae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to different degrees and conditions of temperature prove that the ticks remain infective after being subjected to 4–6° C., and 8–10° C. for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Exposure to different alternating temperatures for similar periods had no effect on the virulence of the parasite. The ticks exposed to warm temperatures (35–38° C,) did not survive to the same extent as those exposed to cold temperatures. Ticks that survived for 1 week transmitted the disease.

6. Animals that ultimately recover from artificial infection may show a mild thermal reaction during the short course of the disease without showing typical clinical symptoms. In such cases diagnosis is frequently difficult, and Koch's bodies may be rare.

7. The association of Hyalomma spp. with many different diseases is briefly dealt with; and it is shown that Hyalomma impressum near planum P. Sch. is capable of transmitting East Coast fever in the nymphal and the adult stages after the larvae and nymphae respectively have fed on an infected animal. The parasite does not pass through the egg. H. impressum near planum is common in most parts of Kenya Colony.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , October 1937 , pp. 504 - 523
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1937

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bedford, G. A. H. (1932). 18th Rep. Dir. Vet. Services and Animal Industry, Union of South Africa, pt. I, pp. 223–523.Google Scholar
Bellitzer, A. (1925). Epizootie und Prophylaxis der Piroplasmóse der Pferde hervorgerufen von Babesia caballi. Zbl. Bakt. 94, 51.Google Scholar
Borzenkov, A. K. & Donskov, G. D. (1933). The experimental infection of the tick Hyalomma volgense P. Schulze & E. Schlottke 1929 with plague. Rev. Microbiol. 12, 25. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1920). Les piroplasmes des bovidés et leurs hôtes vecteurs. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 13, 416.Google Scholar
Carpano, M. (1932). Localisations du Trypanosoma theileri dans les organes internes des bovins. Son cycle évolutif. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 10, 305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H. (1926). Tick–borne diseases with some remarks on the diseases of cattle caused by “Protozoa”. Agric. J. India, 12, 95.Google Scholar
Cowdry, E. V. & Danks, W. B. C. (1933). Studies on East Coast fever. II. Behaviour of the parasite and the development of distinctive lesions in susceptible animals. Parasitology, 25, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowdry, E. V. & Ham, A. W. (1932). Studies on East Coast fever. I. The life cycle of the parasites in ticks. Parasitology 24, 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daubney, R. (1936 a). Protozoan disease—East Coast fever and ticks. Report of the Conference on Co-ordination of Vet. Res. to the Conference of Governors of British East African Territories held at Kabete,2Oth–23rd Jan. 1936, pp. 51–62. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Daubney, R. (1936 b). Report of the Chief Veterinary Research Officer for the year 1934. Dep. of Agric. Ann. Rep. 1934, 3, 28. Nairobi, Kenya Colony.Google Scholar
Daubney, R. & Hudson, J. R. (1931). Nairobi sheep disease. Parasitology, 23, 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daubney, R. & Hudson, J. R.(1934). Nairobi sheep disease: natural and experimental transmission by ticks other than Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Parasitology 26, 496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
du Toit, P. J. (1931). Theileriases. Eleventh Int. Vet. Congr., London, 1930, 3, 539—71.Google Scholar
Dschunkowsky, E. & Luhs, J. (1909). Protozoenkrankheiten des Blutes der Haustiere in Transkaukasien. Ninth Int. Vet. Congr., Hague, 1.Google Scholar
Galuzo, I. G. (1934). Some protozoan diseases of domestic animals in Armenia. Transcaucus parasit. exped. Armenia 1931 in Trans. Coun. Study industr. Resources, Ser. Transcaucas, pt. ii, pp. 29–47. Leningrad.Google Scholar
Galuzo, I. G. (1935). Hôtes vecteurs des theilérioses bovines de l'U.R.S.S.. Trav. Fil. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., Tadjikistan, No. 5, pp. 187–97. Moscow.Google Scholar
Kalashnikov, S. P. (1927). The question of arthropod vectors transmitting infectious diseases of animals in the Astrakhan Government. Comm. Inst. Astrachan Def. Plant. 1, fasc. 5–6, pp. 37–43. Astrakhan. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lewis, E. A. (1932). Some tick investigations in Kenya Colony. Parasitology, 24, 175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lounsbury, C. P. (1903). Ticks and the Rhodesian cattle disease. Rep. Govt. Entomologist 1902, Dep. Agric., Cape of Good Hope, pp. 16–18.Google Scholar
Lounsbury, C. P. (1904). Ticks and South African Coast fever. Dep. Agric. pp. 11–15.Google Scholar
Lounsbury, C. P. (1906). Ticks and African Coast fever. Agric. J.C.G.H. 28, 634.Google Scholar
Mettam, R. W. M. (1934). Turning sickness and East Coast fever. Preliminary communication. Parasitology, 26, 150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettam, R. W. M. & Carmichael, J. (1936). Turning sickness, a protozoan encephalitis of cattle in Uganda. Its relationship with East Coast fever. Parasitology 28, 254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, K. F. (1931). Theileriases. Eleventh Int. Vet. Congr. London, 1930, 3, 525–35.Google Scholar
Montgomery, R. E. (1913). Diseases of cattle. Ann. Rep. Vet. Path. Laboratory, Nairobi, Rep. Dep. Agric., British East Africa (1911–12), pp. 37–9.Google Scholar
Montgomery, R. E.(1915). East Coast fever. Ann. Rep. Vet. Pathologist 1912–13 and 1913–14, Rep. Dep. Agric. British East Africa, 1913–14, pp. 179–81.Google Scholar
Nuttall, G. H. F. & Hindle, E. (1913). Conditions influencing the transmission of East Coast fever. Parasitology, 6, 321.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. (1931). Beobachtungen über die Theileriasis annulata während eines epidemischen Auftretens dieser Krankheit. Arch. Schiffs.– u. Tropenhyg. 35, 373.Google Scholar
Schulze, P. (1930). Die Zeckengattung Hyalomma. I. (H. aegyptium L., Detritum P. Sch., Volgense P. Sch. u. Schlottke, H. Scupense P. Sch., und Uralense P. Sch. u. Schlottke.) Z. Parasitenk. 3, 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, P. & Schlottke, E. (1930). Bestimmungstabellen für das Zeckengenus Hyalomma Koch s.str. S.B. naturf. Ges. Rostock. 2, 1.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L. & Lestoquard, E. (1928 a). Sur la lutte biologique contre la piroplasmose bovine due à Theileria dispar. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 187, 433.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L. & Lestoquard, E.(1928 b). Transmission de la piroplasmose bovine à Theileria dispar de l'Afrique du Nord par la tique Hyalomma mauritanicum. C.R. Acad. Sci. 187, 259.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L. & Lestoquard, E.(1928 c). Tiques et piroplasmoses bovines d'Algérie, Première Note. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 21, 846.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L., Lestoquard, E. & Plantureux, E. (1926). Sur la virulence du sang dans la theilériose sudafricaine, à Theileria parva. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 183, 1362.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L., Lestoquard, E. & Plantureux, E. (1927 a). Les piroplasmoses bovines. La “fièvre de la côte orientale” et la theilériose nord-africaine (étude expérimentale comparative). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 41, 489.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Donatien, A., Parrot, L., Lestoquard, E. & Plantureux, E.(1927 b). Les theilérioses bovines. Étude comparative de Theileria parva de l'Afrique de Sud et de Theileria dispar de l'Afrique du Nord. Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Algérie, 5, 161.Google Scholar
Theiler, A. (1903). The Rhodesian tick fever. Transv. Agric. J. 1, 93.Google Scholar
Theiler, A. (1905). The transmission of East Coast fever by ticks. Rep. Vet. Bacteriologist: Ann. Rep. Director Agric. 1903–4, Pretoria, Transvaal, pp. 135–50.Google Scholar
Theiler, A. (1907). Further transmission experiments with East Coast fever. Rep. Government Vet. Bacteriologist (1905–6) Dep. of Agric., Pretoria, Transvaal, pp. 70–85. Transv. Agric. J. (1905–6), p. 70.Google Scholar
Theiler, A. (1909). The influence of cold on ticks and Piroplasma parvum. Transv. Agric. J. (1907–8), p. 10.Google Scholar
Theiler, A.(1911). Diseases, ticks, and their eradication. Farmers' Bulletin No. 7, Dep. Agric., Union of South Africa, pp. 1–19. Pretoria.Google Scholar
Theiler, A. (1921). Diseases, ticks, and their eradication. Reprint No. 6, 1921, Reprinted from J. Dep. Agric., Union of South Africa, pp. 1–20. Pretoria.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1930). East Coast fever. Aids to Stock–owners, Dep. of Agric. (Div. of Vet. Res.), Kenya Colony, pp. 10–17.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1931). Ann. Rep. Chief Vet. Res. Officer 1930, Dep. of Agric. Ann. Rep. 1930. Nairobi, Kenya Colony.Google Scholar
Walker, J. & Whitworth, S. H. (1929). East Coast fever. Artificial immunization and immunity in their relationship to the control of East Coast fever. Reprint of a communication to the Pan-African Vet. Conference held at Pretoria, Aug. 1929. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Warburton, C. (1923). Ticks. Encyclopaedia of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, 1, 488. London.Google Scholar