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Hebrews 13.9–16 Revisited1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

Marie E. Isaacs
Affiliation:
(Heythrop College, University of London, Kensington Square, London W8 5HQ, England)

Extract

Many years ago I watched a television programme on the art of acting. It was a ‘Masterclass’ conducted by Dame Flora Robson. She took a group of Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts’ students, divided them into four separate groups, and then asked each to act out a scene. Each separate cast was given the same script, but, unbeknown to the others, each group was given an entirely different background to the setting of the scene. We then saw the results; four readings, each with the same lines but understood completely differently.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

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References

2 For a discussion of the major first-century milieux suggested as Hebrews' background see Hurst, L. D., The Epistle to the Hebrews: Its Background and Thought (SNTSMS 65; Cambridge University, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Isaacs, M. E., Sacred Space: An Approach to the Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews (JSNTS 73; Sheffield: JSOT, 1992) 1567.Google Scholar

4 Koester, H., ‘“Outside the Camp”: Hebrews 13.9–14’, HTR 55 (1962) 299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5 Those who argue against the integrity of Heb 13 include Jones, E. D., ExpT 46 (1934/1935) 562–7Google Scholar; Nitschke, H., Monatsschrift für Pastoral Theologie 46 (1957) 179–83Google Scholar; Theiβen, G., Untersuchungen zum Hebräerbrief (Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1969) 14Google Scholar. On the other hand, Thurén, J., Das Lobopfer der Hebräer: Studien zum Aufbau und Anliegen von Hebräerbrief 13 (Åbo: Åbo Akademi, 1973) 53–5, 106, 246–7Google Scholar, regards chapter 13 as the original kernel of the whole work.

6 Compare the MT: ‘For the Lord your God is a devouring fire, a jealous God.’

7 For the defence of its integrity see Lane, W., Hebrews (WBC; Dallas: Word, 1991) 2. 495507.Google Scholar

8 Buchanan, G. W., To the Hebrews (AB; New York: Doubleday, 1972) 243–5, 267–8.Google Scholar

9 Buchanan, , Hebrews, 256.Google Scholar

10 Buchanan, , Hebrews, 267.Google Scholar

11 See Lane, , Hebrews, 2.491575.Google Scholar

12 Attridge, H. W., The Epistle to the Hebrews (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1989) 384.Google Scholar

13 Wrede, W., Das literarische Rätsel des Hebräerbriefs (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1906)Google Scholar suggested that it was a later addition, appended to make it conform to a Pauline letter; cf. also Héring, J., The Epistle to Hebrews (London: Epworth, 1970) 119Google Scholar; Vanhoye, A., Lastructure litéteraire de l'épître aux Hébreux (Paris: Desclée De Brouwer, 1963) 219–21.Google Scholar

14 So Kümmel, W. G., Introduction to the New Testament (London: SCM, 2nd ed., 1975) 398Google Scholar, n. 37. Filson, F. F., ‘yesterday’: A Study of Hebrews in the Light of Chapter 13 (SBT 4; London: SCM, 1967) 22–5Google Scholar, draws comparisons between this chapter, the ending of Paul's letters, and 1 Peter.

15 See White, J. L., ‘Ancient Greek Letters’ in Greco-Roman Literature and the New Testament (ed. Aune, D. E.; Atlanta, GA: Scholars, 1988) 85106.Google Scholar

16 See Davies, W. D., The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount (Cambridge: University, 1977) 59Google Scholar, and Donfried, K. P., The Setting of Second Clement in Early Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 1974) 1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17 Thyen, H., Der Stil der judisch-hellenistischen Homilie (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1955)Google Scholar; Bowker, J. W., ‘Speeches in Acts: A Study in Proem and Yelamedenu Form’, NTS 14 (1967) 96111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Borgen, P., Bread from Heaven (Leiden: Brill, 1965)Google Scholar; Wills, L., ‘The Form of the Sermon in Hellenistic Judaism and Early Christianity’, HTR 77 (1984) 277–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Stegner, W. R., ‘The Ancient Jewish Synagogue Homily’, in Greco-Roman Literature(ed. D. E. Aune) 5170.Google Scholar

18 Koester, H., Introduction to the New Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982) 2.274.Google Scholar

19 Vanhoye, A., La Structure, 210–15Google Scholar and idem, ‘La question littéraire de Hébreux XIII.1—6’, NTS 23 (1976/7) 136–7.

20 Attridge, , Hebrews, 391.Google Scholar

21 See Lane, W., Hebrews, 2.505.Google Scholar

22 So Cambier, J., ‘Eschatologie ou hellénisme dans l'épître aux Hébreux: Une étude sur μυειυ et l'exhortation finale de l'épître’, Salesian 11 (1949) 69Google Scholar; Schierse, F-J., Verheiβung und Heilsvollendung: Zur theologischen Grundfrage des Hebräerbriefes (Munich: Zink, 1955) 191Google Scholar; Theiβen, G., Untersuchungen, 78Google Scholar; Williamson, R., ‘The Eucharist and the Epistle to the Hebrews’, NTS 21 (1975) 307–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, J., The Beginnings of Christian Philosophy: The Epistle to the Hebrews (CBQMS 13; Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association, 1982) 146–7Google Scholar; idem, ‘Outside the Camp: A Study of Heb 13.9–14’, CBQ 40 (1978) 53–63 et al.

23 See Isaacs, , Sacred Space, 206–19.Google Scholar

24 Unlike Hebrews, in the book of Revelation heaven is not itself a temple but contains a temple which is contemporaneous with that on earth (Rev 11). In the new Jerusalem, however, there will be no further need of a temple (Rev 21.22).

25 In the LXX the altar of sacrifice is translated as either θυσιαστριυ (Lev 1.5) or θυσιατριυ τυ λοκαυτωμτωυ (cf. Lev 4.7).

26 Cf. Heb 9.5 which refers to the covering of the ark (ἱλαστριου the usual LXX translation of kapporeth [Exod 25.18, 22; 31.7; 35.12]), the place where mercy is dispensed (RSV ‘mercy seat’); cf. also 4.16, ‘throne of grace’ (θρυοζ τζ χριτοζ).

27 Attridge, , Hebrews, 234–8.Google Scholar The most telling evidence in support of Attridge's thesis is 2 Bar 6.7 (a work usually dated c. 70 CE). In this vision an angel descends to the Jerusalem temple prior to its destruction, and removes from the holy of holies both the ark and the altar of incense.

28 Hebrews uses ακηυ and ἄγια interchangeably, sometimes as heaven in contrast to the earthly (inferior) tabernacle. Yet either term can designate the inferior shrine. Thus in 8.5 ακηυ represents heaven over against ἄγια and at 9.24 ἄγια is that which is made with hands. At 8.2 heaven is both ‘sanctuary and true tent’ – a hendiadys.

29 The tradition of the ascension of Enoch (cf. Gen 5.25; 1 Enoch 12.3; 15.1; 2 Enoch 27.8; 71.14; Jub 7.23; Philo, Mut Nom 38Google Scholar; Josephus, Ant 1.2.4)Google Scholar is alluded to in Heb 11.5, but not developed.

30 Thompson, , Beginnings, 141–51Google Scholar; idem, CBQ 40 (1978) 53–63; idem, ‘Hebrews 9 and Hellenistic Concepts of Sacrifice’, JBL 98 (1979) 567–78.

31 Thompson, , JBL 98 (1979) 571.Google Scholar

32 See Isaacs, M., Sacred Space, 56–7.Google Scholar

33 Thompson, J., CBQ 40 (1978) 5363.Google Scholar

34 Philo Gig 54. Cf. Leg Alleg 2.54; 3.46; Quod Det 160; Ebr 25.

35 Narborough, F. D., The Epistle to the Hebrews (Oxford: Clarendon, 1930) 150.Google Scholar

36 Swetnam, J., ‘Christology and the Eucharist in the Epistle to the Hebrews’, Biblica 70 (1989) 74.Google Scholar

37 Andriessen, P., ‘L’Eucharistie dans l‘Épître aux Hébreux’, NRT 94 (1972) 269–77.Google Scholar

38 Thurén, J., Lobopfer, 83–9, 204.Google Scholar

39 Swetnam, J., Biblica 70 (1989) 74.Google Scholar

40 Williamson, R., ‘Eucharist’, NTS 21 (1975) 300–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. also Koester, H., ‘Outside the Camp’, HTR 55 (1962) 299315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 Klauck, H. J., ‘θυσιατριυ im Heb 13:10 und bei Ignatius von Antioch’, Studia Hierosolymitana 3 (ed. Bottini, G. C.: Jerusalem: Franciscan, 1987) 147–58Google Scholar, concludes that even in Ignatius θυσιατριυ signifies the event of the cross rather than the eucharistic table.

42 See Childs, B. S., Exodus: A Commentary (London: SCM, 1974) 509–11.Google Scholar

43 Attridge, H., Hebrews, 396Google Scholar; cf. also Williamson, R., NTS 21 (1975) 309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44 Moffatt, J., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (New York: Scribner's, 1924) 223–38Google Scholar; cf. also Theiβen, G., Untersuchungen, 76–9.Google Scholar

45 Thompson, , CBQ 40 (1978) 53.Google Scholar

46 For the pejorative use of ποικλοζ of teaching see Tit 3.3 (cf. 2 Tim 3.6; Jas 1.2; 1 Pet 1.6). In Heb 2.4, where it describes miracles, it is used positively.

47 Josephus, B.J. 2.414Google Scholar describes false teaching within Judaism as ξυοζ.

48 For the supposed opponents see Isaacs, , Sacred Space, 216Google Scholar, n. 5.

49 So Koester, H., HTR 33 (1962) 304–7Google Scholar. Attridge, H. W., Hebrews, 394–5Google Scholar sees some type of fellowship meal under attack here, although he refuses to be more specific. Lane, W., Hebrews, 2.534Google Scholar reads it as a contrast between word rather than meal as the means of grace.

50 For the place of Jesus’ execution see John 19.20, ‘near the city’. Mark 15.20 and Matt 27.31 which state that Jesus was ‘led out’ (cf. Luke 23.2, ‘led away’) imply that it took place outside the city walls.

51 See Isaacs, , Sacred Space, 141–3.Google Scholar

52 Cf. 1 Pet 1.5, ‘spiritual sacrifices’. For ‘the fruit of lips which acknowledge his name’ (Heb 13.16) as a designation of hymns of thanksgiving see Ps Sol 5.2–3; 2 Mace 10.7.

53 Koester, , HTR 55 (1962) 299315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54 Koester, , HTR 55 (1962) 302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55 See 3 Kgdms 3.2; 6.1–7.50; 8.1,16–18; Acts 7.47.

56 See also Exod 16.31; Jer 12.7; Hos 9.15; LXX Ps 113.1; Matt 10.6; 15.24; Acts 2.36; cf. Targ Num 12.17, ‘my people’ ‘ammi).

57 Attridge, , Hebrews, 288.Google Scholar

58 Scholer, John M., Proleptic Priests: Priesthood in the Epistle to the Hebrews (JSNTS 49; Sheffield: JSOT, 1991) 205.Google Scholar

59 D. Peterson, Hebrews and Perfection: An Examination of the Concept of Perfection in the Epistle to the Hebrews (SNTSMS 47; Cambridge: University, 1982) 162; Isaacs, Sacred Space, 87–8, contra Scholer, Proleptic Priests, 140–9 who interprets this passage as designating those who have already died and now reside with God in heaven.