¹ There is no discussion of Bradlaugh's racial thinking in Tribe, David, President Charles Bradlaugh M.P. (London, 1971)Google Scholar; Niblett, Bryan, Dare to Stand Alone: The Story of Charles Bradlaugh (Oxford, 2010)Google Scholar; or Royle, Edward, Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866–1915 (Manchester, 1980)Google Scholar. The only works to my knowledge which mention Bradlaugh's use of polygenesis are a book and an article from Timothy Larsen, though in both cases only very briefly. See Larsen, Timothy, A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians (Oxford, 2011), 86–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Larsen, “The Book of Acts and the Origin of the Races in Evangelical Thought,” Victorian Review 37/2 (2011), 35–9.

² See, for example, Stephens, Mitchell, Imagine There's No Heaven: How Atheism Helped Create the Modern World (New York, 2014)Google Scholar; Jacoby, Susan, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism (New York, 2004)Google Scholar.

³ The following two paragraphs are based on Popkin, Richard H., Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676): His Life, Work, and Influence (Leiden and New York, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kidd, Colin, The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000 (Cambridge, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chaps. 3, 4; Livingstone, David N., Adam's Ancestors: Race, Religion, and the Politics of Human Origins (Baltimore, 2008)Google Scholar, chaps. 1–3.

⁴ Stanton, William, The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815–59 (Chicago and London, 1960), 28–33.Google Scholar

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⁶ Banton, Michael, The Idea of Race (London, 1977), 5Google Scholar.

⁷ Quoted in Stanton, The Leopard's Spots, 122.

⁸ Quoted at ibid.

⁹ Horsman, Reginald, Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist (Baton Rouge and London, 1987), 17Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Ibid., 38–9.

¹¹ Ibid., 39–41.

¹² Quoted in ibid., 61.

¹³ Nott, Josiah, Two Lectures, on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races (Mobile, 1844), 5, original emphasisGoogle Scholar.

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²² Ibid.

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²⁴ “Climate Not the Cause of Color,” Boston Investigator, 8 July 1857, 4; “Ethnology,” National Reformer, 3 June 1866, 346–7, at 346.

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³² See Lectures I and II of Knox, The Races of Men.

³³ Lonsdale, Life and Writings of Knox, 402.

³⁴ Ibid., 404.

³⁵ Richards, “‘Moral Anatomy’ of Robert Knox,” 404.

³⁶ Knox, The Races of Men, 384.

³⁷ Ibid., 581.

³⁸ Ibid., 555.

³⁹ Ibid., 477; Lonsdale hinted that Knox was sympathetic to deism: Lonsdale, Life and Writings of Knox, 407.

⁴⁰ Autonomos, “Who Are the Jews? (1),” National Reformer, 12 May 1867, 293–4; Autonomos, “Who Are the Jews? (2),” National Reformer, 19 May 1867, 314–15; Autonomos, “Who Are the Jews? (3),” National Reformer, 26 May 1867, 322–4.

⁴¹ The whole series is Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (1),” National Reformer, 9 June 1867, 362–3; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (2),” National Reformer, 16 June 1867, 373; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (3),” National Reformer, 23 June 1867, 394–5; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (4),” National Reformer, 30 June 1867, 407; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (5),” National Reformer, 7 July 1867, 5–7; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (6),” National Reformer, 14 July 1867, 20–22; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (7),” National Reformer, 21 July 1867, 37–9; Autonomos, “Christian Filibusters in Africa (8),” National Reformer, 4 Aug. 1867, 69–71.

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⁵¹ Stocking, Victorian Anthropology, 254–6.

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⁵³ See, for example, The Reasoner 5/105 (1848), 16.

⁵⁴ “Heathen and Civilized,” Boston Investigator, 21 June 1865, 52.

⁵⁵ G.E.H., “The Ethnological Society,” National Reformer, 24 Dec. 1865, 822–3, at 822.

⁵⁶ “Modern Scientific Theories,” National Reformer, 24 March 1867, 177–8, at 177.

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⁶⁰ Carter Blake, C., “Anthropology,” National Reformer, 2 Nov. 1879, 710–11, at 711Google Scholar; Blake, “Biblical Negroes,” National Reformer, 28 Dec. 1879, 836–7, at 837.

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⁶⁶ Ibid., 54–5.

⁶⁷ Morean, J. N., “Original Communications,” Boston Investigator, 20 Oct. 1858, 1.Google Scholar

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⁷⁶ Bradlaugh, Charles, Genesis: Its Authorship and Authenticity, 3rd edn (London, 1882).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ On the history of anthropology in Britain see Stocking, Victorian Anthropology; Sera-Shriar, Efram, The Making of British Anthropology, 1813–1871 (London, 2013).Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ Bradlaugh's large library did include an early work by Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization (1865), but not his later and more important work, Primitive Culture (1871). See Bradlaugh Bonner, Catalogue, 94.

⁸⁰ See, for example, Ingersoll, Robert G., “The Gods” (1872), in The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, 12 vols. (New York, 1902), 1: 7–90.Google Scholar

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⁸² Ibid., 4; see also Bradlaugh, Genesis, 238–9.

⁸³ Bradlaugh, Adam and Eve, 5.

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⁸⁵ Ibid., 7.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 1.

⁸⁷ Underwood, B. F., The Burgess–Underwood Debate: Commencing June 29, 1875, at Aylmer, Ontario, and Continuing Four Days (New York, 1876), 91Google Scholar; Ingersoll, Robert, “Some Mistakes of Moses” (lecture, 1879), in Ingersoll, Works, 2: 99–100.Google Scholar

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⁹¹ Grabill, J. W., “The Age of Man on the Earth,” Truth Seeker 14/14 (1887), 210–11, at 210.Google Scholar

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⁹⁸ Bradlaugh, Man; Whence and How?, 80.

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¹⁰¹ Ibid., 92.

¹⁰² Bradlaugh, Anthropology, Lecture 1, 5.

¹⁰³ Ibid., Lecture 4, 4.

¹⁰⁴ See Bowler, Peter, Evolution: The History of an Idea, 25th-anniversary edn (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2009), chap. 9.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁷ Ibid., Lecture 2, 4.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid., Lecture 2, 3.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid., Lecture 3, 7.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., Lecture 3, 8.

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¹¹⁹ Bradlaugh, Charles, “England in Asia,” National Reformer, 29 June 1890, 402.Google Scholar

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¹²³ “Departure from Bombay,” National Reformer, 2 Feb. 1890, 76.

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