Two methods using nujol and hexachloro-butadiene mulls are described to analyse the water content of powdered granite samples. The nujol mull analyses were carried out on a Unicam SP 100 spectrometer using the silica content of the rock as an internal standard. The hexachlorobutadiene mull analyses were done by a twin-path Unicam SP 200 spectrometer, using hexachlorobutadiene as the internal standard. The broader and more pronounced V1 vibrational mode (3450 cm−1) is ratioed to a standard of known composition. Comparisons are also made between absorption due to free water (V1 = 3450 cm−1) and combined water (V3 = 3680 cm−1) in aplites, biotite granite, and chlorite schists.

A modification to the CIPW norm, to account for the presence of biotite or muscovite or both in granite rocks, is described. The modification is most significant in norms that have been reduced to three components and plotted on experimental phase diagrams, such as the systems Q-Or-Ab and Or-Ab-An.

It is possible with a standard Geoscan microanalyser to produce back-scattered electron pictures that resemble Kikuchi patterns but which are produced by a different mechanism. These effects have been called scanning electron beam anomalous transmission (SEBAT) patterns and they are produced by the interaction of a parallel scanning beam of high-energy electrons with a crystalline sample. The patterns are excellent indicators of the crystallographic perfection and orientation of samples and can provide information about the lattice dimensions of solid, bulk specimens. The same specimens can, if necessary, be chemically analysed in the same instrument.

In order to produce the patterns the electron beam must be deflected through a minimum angle of approximately 20° and, on existing instruments, the beam covers an area of about 2 × 2 mm during such a deflection. Minor modification of the authors' microanalyser has reduced the scanned area to 0·5 × 0·5 mm and attempts are being made to reduce this even further.

In favourable circumstances the technique enables the mineralogist to determine, rapidly and easily, the crystallographic structure and orientation of large, bulk specimens. Examples are given of patterns that have been produced from cleaved, as grown, and polished mineral faces. The degree and nature of the crystallographic damage produced during mechanical polishing of a galena crystal are illustrated.