The economic challenge for PSA regarding the maintenance of their mould foundry park is to predict and improve its lifespan in preventing any risk of initiation and propagation of cracks in thermal fatigue. A method for assessing the number of cycles of casting tooling thermal fatigue used by PSA was developed using the criterion of Fatemi-Socie [A. Fatemi, D. Socie, Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct. 11 (1988) 149-165, D.F. Socie, multiaxial fatigue damage models, ASME 109 (1987) 293-298], associated with a shear failure mode, which predicts the thermal fatigue damage by assessing stress and strain tensors on different facets around any material point.

For microorganisms, the preferred living state is adhering to surfaces that can lead to the development of a biofilm. In drinking water networks, a biofilm can affect the organoleptic quality of the water as well as whether it is safe to drink. This is due to the probable presence of pathogens inside the biofilm which may be spread in the water. To keep the water quality safe, sanitization processes are regularly carried out using oxidizing biocides which can alter the physico-chemical properties of the material. Due to their surface physico-chemical properties and their high corrosion resistance, stainless steels seem to be good candidates for the making of drinking water systems. In this 2 year study, stainless steel grades were compared with materials commonly used, in respect of fouling, biofilm development and composition. The tested stainless steels include ferritic (444/EN 1.4521), three austenitic (304L/EN 1.4307, 316L/EN 1.4404, and 316LN/EN 1.4429) and two duplex (2304 /EN 1.4362, and 2205/EN 1.4462) grades. The experiments were performed in a pilot specially designed to assess the material biocontamination on a natural drinking water loop for more than 2 years. The results confirmed the significant impact of the material on the biofilm development in terms of formation kinetic and ecology. No differences were observed between stainless steel grades whereas they displayed an intermediate behaviour compared to other materials. Corrosion attacks were only observed on galvanised carbon steel while on stainless steels, negligible release rates, much below international health requirements were measured. So stainless steels offer a good compromise to make drinking water pipes.

Les aciers austénitiques sont largement employés dans le cœur des réacteurs nucléaires et sont donc soumis à des flux importants de neutrons, conduisant à de fortes évolutions de leurs propriétés dont une des plus importantes est le gonflement (expansion volumique isotrope). Cette déformation induite par l’irradiation est due à la formation de cavités. Le gonflement est un phénomène à seuil qui dépend des conditions d’irradiation, température et flux mais aussi de l’état métallurgique du matériau et de sa composition chimique. Le changement de matériaux, de l’acier 316 au 15–15 Ti, a permis d’augmenter d’un facteur 3 la durée de vie des assemblages des réacteurs à neutrons rapides refroidis au sodium.

Cet article est dédié à la description de la problématique de la corrosion sous contrainte assistée par l’irradiation (IASCC – Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking). Ce mode d’endommagement est observé dans les structures d’internes de réacteurs nucléaires à eau légère (REL) qui sont soumises à un milieu caloporteur chimiquement agressif et à l’irradiation. Après une présentation de la problématique industrielle liée à l’IASCC, notamment pour les réacteurs à eau pressurisée (REP) où les structures d’internes sont essentiellement en aciers austénitiques inoxydables (AISI 304 et 316), les facteurs contribuant potentiellement à l’endommagement par IASCC et leur effet individuel sur l’altération des propriétés du matériau sont passés en revue. La nature multiphysique du phénomène d’IASCC est ensuite présentée. Les stratégies et les outils mis en œuvre pour développer un modèle prédictif unifié sont ensuite présentés et discutés.

Since contradictory data can be found in the literature, it is often difficult to assess the susceptibility of crevice corrosion of stainless steels in service conditions for a given marine application. The initiation and propagation of crevice corrosion in natural seawater were evaluated for five different duplex stainless steel grades together with some austenitic grades. A CREVCORR-type assembly was used to simulate crevice configurations involving the use of plastic crevice formers. The standard pressure applied on the crevice assembly was 3 N/mm2. Pressure of about 20 N/mm2 was also applied on some selected specimens in order to assess the effect of crevice geometry on crevice corrosion. The effect of environmental parameters (i.e. temperature, flowing conditions, residual chlorine, and dissolved oxygen content) and of surface roughness on the crevice corrosion initiation and propagation were investigated, allowing the assessment of limits of applications for some tested stainless steel grades. The less alloyed duplex stainless steels were evaluated in stagnant seawater at 5 °C and 20 °C. The duplex stainless steel UNS S32205, with PREN = 37, was also evaluated under the same conditions of exposure. The high alloyed stainless steels with PREN above 40 were evaluated in the expected most severe conditions of exposure, namely in 0.5 ppm-chlorinated seawater at 20 °C, in seawater at 30 °C (not chlorinated and with 0.5 ppm of residual chlorine) and in seawater at 50 °C (not chlorinated and with 0.5 ppm of residual chlorine). As expected the less alloyed duplex stainless steels showed limited crevice corrosion resistance in the tested media while UNS S32205 showed better resistance in the less severe tested condition of exposure. In demanding media it was shown that the limits of application of highly alloyed stainless steels are highly dependent on the crevice geometry (i.e. specimen roughness and applied pressure at gasket location).

X-ray diffraction contrast tomography is a non-destructive technique for the 3D characterisation of polycrystalline microstructures containing up to a few 1000 grains. The sample is illuminated with a monochromatic beam of high energy synchrotron radiation. As the sample is rotated, and as grains pass through alignments for Bragg diffraction, diffraction spots are recorded on a 2D detector placed close behind the sample. The diffraction geometry is used to assign spots to the grains from which they arise, and to determine the crystallographic orientations of grains. The spots are used as projections of the grains to reconstruct the grain shapes. The technique has been applied to several materials science investigations in stainless steels, including the 3D characterisation of grain boundary networks, and in-situ studies of intergranular stress corrosion cracking.

Physical model experiments were performed to clarify the influence of orifice configuration on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient during ladle purging. Bubble behavior was recorded by a high speed video camera in the present study. And carbon dioxide desorption from an aqueous NaOH solution was used to measure the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. It is found that bubbles for multi-hole orifice are generally smaller than those for 1-hole orifice. However, when the hole distance in the multi-hole orifice is too short to avoid bubble coalescence, large bubbles will be formed. It is shown that there is a decreasing tendency of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient when the hole diameter increases. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient firstly increases with increasing the hole distance and hole number. Thereafter, it remains approximately constant with further increase in the hole distance and hole number.

Les métaux liquides sont envisagés pour des applications très variées comme les cibles de spallation, les réacteurs nucléaires de génération 4 ou les futurs réacteurs de fusion. Des recherches sont actuellement menées sur l’interaction des aciers, seuls matériaux de structure compatibles, avec les métaux liquides comme l’eutectique plomb-bismuth ou le sodium. Dans ce problème de vieillissement des matériaux, on s’intéresse tout particulièrement aux problèmes de corrosion, de mouillage et de rupture induite par l’interaction avec le métal liquide. Cette revue reprend quelques éléments de la compréhension actuelle des ces phénomènes.