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Archaic Period Lithic Technology, Sedentism, and Subsistence in Northern Belize: What Can Debitage at Caye Coco and Fred Smith Tell Us?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2022

W. James Stemp  and
Robert M. Rosenswig
W. James Stemp*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
Robert M. Rosenswig*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University at Albany–SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
*
(jstemp@keene.edu, corresponding author)
(rrosenswig@albany.edu)
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Abstract

Despite the abundance of lithic debitage at preceramic sites in the Maya Lowlands, these data have rarely been studied in detail. We analyzed the chipped chert debitage from Caye Coco and Fred Smith, two Archaic period sites in the Freshwater Creek drainage of northern Belize, to evaluate strategies of lithic raw material procurement, stone tool production, and tool use. The technological and use-wear analyses of the debitage demonstrate that the sites’ inhabitants procured most of their tool stone from the Northern Belize Chert-bearing Zone (NBCZ) and relied on hard-hammer percussion to produce flakes for use as expedient tools and some crude bifaces and unifaces. Although similar patterns of raw material procurement and tool production are demonstrated at both sites, some differences exist, including bipolar reduction at Caye Coco. Based on use-wear analysis, the debitage at the island site of Caye Coco was primarily used for working wood, shell, and hard contact materials and for digging soil. On the shore at Fred Smith, most use-wear is consistent with working wood, plants, and hard contact materials, as well as digging soil. For both sites, analyses suggest the increasing importance of a horticultural subsistence strategy with reduced mobility and reliance on some cultigens that were locally produced.

A pesar de la abundancia de desperdicios de talla líticos en los sitios precerámicos de las tierras bajas mayas, rara vez se han estudiado con gran detalle. Los desperdicios de talla de sílex de Caye Coco y Fred Smith, dos sitios del período Arcaico en el drenaje de Freshwater Creek en el norte de Belice, se analizaron para evaluar estrategias de obtención de materia prima lítica, producción de herramientas de piedra y uso de herramientas. Los análisis tecnológicos y de las huellas de uso de los desperdicios de talla demuestran que los habitantes de los sitios adquirieron la mayor parte de su piedra para herramientas de la zona de sílex del norte de Belice (NBCZ) y se basaron en la percusión de martillo duro para producir muchas lascas para su uso como herramientas no especializadas y algunas herramientas bifaciales y unifaciales simples. Aunque se demuestran patrones similares de adquisición de ambos sitios, existen algunas diferencias, incluida la reducción bipolar en Caye Coco. Según el análisis de las huellas de uso, los desperdicios de talla en el sitio de la isla de Caye Coco se utilizaron principalmente para trabajar madera, conchas, materiales de contacto duro y excavar tierra. En la costa de Fred Smith, la mayor parte las huellas de uso es consistente con trabajar madera, plantas y materiales de contacto duro, así como con excavar la tierra. Para ambos sitios, los análisis sugieren la creciente importancia de una estrategia de subsistencia hortícola con movilidad reducida y dependencia de algunos cultivos que se produjeron localmente.

Keywords

lithicdebitagepreceramicArchaicuse-wearBelizelíticodesperdicios de tallaprecerámicoArcaicohuellas de usoBelice
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , September 2022 , pp. 520 - 539
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

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