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Ancient Settlement, Urban Gardening, and Environment in the Gulf Lowlands of Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Barbara L. Stark  and
Alanna Ossa
Barbara L. Stark
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (blstark@asu.edu)
Alanna Ossa
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (aeossa@asu.edu)
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Abstract

Urban settlement in the western lower Papaloapan River basin in the Gulf lowlands was dispersed and likely employed intensive gardening near domiciles. Land surrounding homes also may have played a symbolic role in these agrarian societies. Water works—formal ponds associated with temple platforms and other prominent structures as well as with many residential mounds—support the idea of symbolic as well as practical functions in land use around buildings. Dispersed occupation occurs in low elevations suited to recessional planting, a technique that takes advantage of dry season ground moisture in low areas where rain and flood waters recede as the water table drops. We analyze elevational zones to show greater settlement density in the low-lying Blanco River delta than in higher elevations upriver. Analysis of distances between archaeological residences and wetlands and drainages shows that residences generally were close to seasonally flooded areas. We also highlight anthropogenic qualities in the alluvial landscape, offering a land use perspective distinct from other views of agricultural intensification. The settlement pattern is compatible with Mesoamerican forms of urbanism.

Resumen

Resumen

Los asentamientos urbanos en la cuenca oeste del bajo Río Papaloapan en la planicie del golfo eran dispersos y probablemente con horticultura residencial intensiva; siendo probable que los terrenos cercanos a las casas tuvieron además un papel simbólico. Elementos para el manejo del agua—los aljibes adyacentes a las plataformas de templos y otras estructuras prominentes, como a montículos residenciales—apoyan la interpretación tanto simbólica como práctica del uso de la tierra alrededor de los edificios. La ocupación dispersa ocurre en lugares de poca elevación favorables para las siembras de retroceso, una técnica que utiliza la tierra húmeda de terrenos bajos cuando las lluvias y las inundaciones estacionales disminuyen y el nivel freático desciende. Nuestro estudio de elevaciones revela mayor densidad de asentamientos en los terrenos bajos del delta del río Blanco que río arriba. Y el de las distancias entre las residencias y los bajos y drenajes que las primeras están generalmente más cerca de los zonas estacionalmente inundables. También destacamos las cualidades antropogénicas del paisaje aluvional, presentando una perspectiva distinta de la intensificación agrícola. El patrón de asentamiento del área es compatible con las formas mesoamericanas del urbanismo.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , December 2007 , pp. 385 - 406
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2007

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