¹ In the Hispanic world, “mission music” is usually associated with frontier territories of America and Asia, where missionaries used music as a tool for education and evangelization, but it does not take into account the so-called misiones de interior (internal missions) or misiones populares (popular missions) within peninsular Spain, developed as part of the post-Tridentine efforts to reinforce Catholic faith against Lutheran reforms. These other missions were campaigns—usually of several days—in cities and villages (sometimes referred to as nuestras Indias [our Indies]), during which friars of different religious orders tried to move ordinary people to authentic conversion and to promote a more intensive use of Christian practices. Although there is a lack of specific musical studies on this topic, music, along with rhetoric and the other arts, played an important role in the performance of these mission campaigns. See Callado, F. L. Rico, Misiones populares en España entre el Barroco y la Ilustración (Valencia: Institució Alfons el Magnànim, 2006)Google Scholar; and Palomo, Federico, “Limosnas impresas: Escritos e imágenes en las prácticas misioneras de interior en la península Ibérica (siglos XVI–XVIII),” Manuscrits: Revista de Història Moderna 25 (2007): 239–65Google Scholar. See also de Vicente, Alfonso, “Música, propaganda y reforma religiosa en los siglos XVI y XVII: Cánticos para la ‘gente del vulgo’ (1520–1620),” Studia Aurea: Revista de Literatura Española y Teoría Literaria del Renacimiento y Siglo de Oro 1 (2007), http://revistes.uab.cat/studiaaurea/article/view/v1-vicente/pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Students enrolled in California public schools located near the twenty-one Franciscan missions often visit the missions as part of their fourth-grade curriculum.

³ Knighton, Tess and Torrente, Álvaro, eds., Devotional Music in the Iberian World, 1450–1800: The Villancico and Related Genres (Aldershot, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007)Google Scholar.

⁴ Rodicio, Emilio Casares, ed., Diccionario de la Música Española e Hispanoamericana, 10 vols. (Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, 1999–2002)Google Scholar.