Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T20:37:40.727Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A silicified Hirnantia fauna (latest Ordovician brachiopods) from Guizhou, southwest China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Rong Jia-Yu  and
Li Rong-Yu
Rong Jia-Yu
Affiliation:
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
Li Rong-Yu
Affiliation:
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A silicified brachiopod assemblage living between the first and second episodes of latest Ordovician mass extinction is first described from micritic bioclastic limestone of Kuanyinchiao Bed, northwestern Guizhou, southwest China. It contains six species, Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman, 1828), Plectothyrella crassicosta (Dalman, 1828), Hindella crassa incipiens (Williams, 1951), Eostropheodonta sp., the characteristic constituents of the Hirnantia fauna, and two new species, Fardenia modica and Dorytreta longicrura. It lacks Hirnantia, Kinnella, Cliftonia, and Paromalomena, the other characteristic elements of the Hirnantia fauna. A new, low diversity community (inner BA3) dominated by brachiopods is proposed as the Dalmanella testudinaria-Dorytreta longicrura Community along with the trilobite Dalmanitina nanchengensis Lu, rugose corals, and gastropods. Composition of this community of the Hirnantia fauna was controlled primarily by temperature, water depth, and substrate. Comparison with other communities of the Hirnantia fauna in south China supports this conclusion. Fluctuations in generic composition of the Hirnantia fauna and the related factors are also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 73 , Issue 5 , September 1999 , pp. 831 - 849
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amos, A. J. 1972. Silurian of Argentina. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 133:5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amsden, T. W. 1951. Brachiopods of the Henryhouse Formation (Silurian) of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 25(1):69–96.Google Scholar
Amsden, T. W. 1974. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian articulate brachiopods from Oklahoma, Southwestern Illinois, and eastern Missouri. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 119:1–154.Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., and Nikitin, I. F. (eds.). 1980. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary in Kazakhstan. Nauka Kazakh SSSR Publishing House, Alma-Ata. 182 p.Google Scholar
Astini, R. A., and Benedetto, J. L. 1992. El Ashgilliano tardio (Hirnantiano) del Cerro La Chilca, Precordillera de San Juan, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 29(3):249–264.Google Scholar
Bancroft, B. B. 1945. The Brachiopod Zonal Indices of the Stages Costonian to Onnian in Britian. Journal of Paleontology, 19(3):181–252.Google Scholar
Bancroft, B. B. 1949. Welsh Valentian brachiopods and the Stropheomena antiquata groups of fossil brachiopods. (Lamont, A. ed.), Privately printed, Mexborough. 16 p.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G. 1974. The Articulate Brachiopods from the Wenlock Series of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales, Pt. 3. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), 128(541):79–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetto, J. L. 1986. The first typical Hirnantia Fauna from South America (San Juan Province, Argentine Precordillera), p. 439–447. In Racheboueuf, P. and Emig, C. C. (eds.), Les Brachiopodes Fossiles et Actuels. Biostratigraphie du Paleozoique, 4, Brest.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L. 1990. Los generos Cliftonia y Paromalomena (Brachiopoda) en el Ashgilliano tardio de la Sierra de Villicum, Precordillera de San Juan. Ameghiniana, 27(1-2):151–159.Google Scholar
Bergström, J. 1968. Upper Ordovician brachiopods from Västergötland, Sweden. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 2:1–35.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N., and Boucot, A. J. 1970. Correlation of the North American Silurian Rocks. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 102, 189 p.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1959. A new family and genus of Silurian orthotetacid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 33(1):25–28.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1975. Evolution and extinction rate controls. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 1, Elsevier, New York, 424 p.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Gauri, K. L., and Southard, J. 1970. Silurian and Lower Devonian brachiopods, structure and stratigraphy of the Green Pond Outlier in southeastern New York. Palaeontographica, Abteilung, 135a:1–59.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Staton, R. D. 1964: On some atrypoid, retzioid and athyridoid brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology, 38(5):805–822.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Ning, Zhang. 1988. Silurian (Wenlockian) brachiopods from southeastern California. Palaeontographica Abteilung, 201:103–127.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J., and Cocks, L. R. M. 1982. Ecological associations in a regressive sequence: The latest Ordovician of the Oslo-sker district, Norway. Palaeontology, 25(4):783–815.Google Scholar
Bretsky, P. W. 1977. Macroinvertebrate Teilzones and Episodic Faunal changes from an upper Ordovician Flysch in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14(7):1674–1686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, C. E., Boucot, A. J., and Jones, B. 1993. Absolute depths of Silurian benthic assemblages. Lethaia, 26(1):25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Dance, S. P. 1967. Brachiopods in the Linnaean Collection. Proceeding of Linnaean Society (London), 178:161–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caster, K. E. 1939. A Devonian fauna from Colombia. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 24(83):1–218.Google Scholar
Xu, Chen, Jun-Tao, Xu, Han-Jun, Cheng, Ming-Zhou, Wang, Xiang-Rong, Chen, An-Dong, Xu, Zhan-Qiu, Deng, Hong-Ji, Wu, Jin-Yu, Qiu, and Jia-Yu, Rong. 1990. On Hannan Old Land and Dabashan Uplift. Journal of Stratigraphy, 14(2):81–116. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M. 1978. A review of British Lower Palaeozoic Brachiopods including a synoptic revision of Davidson's monograph. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), London, 131(549):1–256.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M. 1982. The commoner brachiopods of the latest Ordovician of the Oslo-Asker District, Norway. Palaeontology, 25(4):755–781.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M., and Fortey, R. A. 1997. A new Hirnantia fauna from Thailand and the biogeography of the latest Ordovician of south-east Asia. Geobios, 20:117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M., and Price, D. 1975. The biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian of Southwest Dyfed, with comments on the Hirnantia fauna. Palaeontology, 18:703–724.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1956. Chazyan and related brachiopods. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 127, 1:1–1024; 2:1025-1245.Google Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M., and Grant, R. E. 1974. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, II. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology, 15:233–793.Google Scholar
Dalman, J. W. 1828. Uppstallning och Beskrivning af de i sverige funne Terebratuliter. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens. Handlingar, for 1827, 85–155.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1882. British fossil Brachiopoda. Devonian and Silurian supplements, Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 5(1):1–134.Google Scholar
Li-Pu, Fu. 1975. Brachiopods, p. 103–119. In Yao-xi, Li, Li-sheng, Song, Zhi-qiang, Zhou, and Jing-yao, Yang (eds.), Early Palaeozoic Stratigraphy of Western Dabashan Mountains. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Mei-Yu, Ge. 1984. The graptolite fauna of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary section in Yuqian, Zhejiang. p. 389–454, In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (ed.), Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China: Ordovician-Silurian Boundary 1. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, Hefei.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1848. On the arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 2, p. 435–440.Google Scholar
Hall, J., and Clarke, J. M. 1892. An introduction to the study of the genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. New York Geological Survey, Volume 8, no. 1. 367 p.Google Scholar
Harper, D. A. T. 1979. The environmental significance of some faunal changes in the Upper Ardmillan succession (Upper Ordovician), Girvan, Scotland. Special Publications of the Geological Society of London, 8:439–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A. T. 1981. The Stratigraphy and faunas of the Upper Ordovician High Mains Formation of the Girvan District. Scottish Journal of Geology, 17(4):247–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A. T. 1989. Brachiopods from the Upper Admillan succession (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Scotland. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), London, 142(579):79–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1967. Brachiopoda of the suborder Strophomenidina in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy ustredniho ustavu geologickeho, 33, 235 p.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1971. Brachipodes de l'Ordovician du Maroc. Not. Me'm. Serv. geol., 230, 132 p.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1977. Brachiopods of the order Orthida in Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy ustredniho ustavu geologickeho, 44, 327 p.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1982. Ordovician in Bohemia: development of the Prague Basin and its benthic communities. Sbornik geologickych ved, Geologie, 37:103–136.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1989. Climatic changes and development of benthic communities through the Mediterranean Ordovician. Sbornik geologickych ved, Geologie, 44:79–116.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V. 1990. Mediterranean and Malvinokaffric Provinces: new data on the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian brachiopods. Casopis Pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 35(1):1–13.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V., and Massa, D. 1973. Brachiopodes de l'Ordovicien superieurde Libye occidentale. Implications stratigraphiques regionales. Geobios, 6:267–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havlíček, V., and Vanek, J. 1966. The biostratigraphy of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Sbornik geologickych ved, Geologie, 8:43–44.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V., Vanek, J., and Fatka, O. 1994. Perunica microcontinent in the Ordovician (its position within the Mediterranean Province, series division, benthic and pelagic associations). Sbornik geologickych ved, Geologie, 46:23–56.Google Scholar
Xing-Yi, Ho. 1978. Tetracoral fauna of the Late Ordovician Kuangyinchiao Formation, Bijie, Guizhou Province. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, 6:1–45. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Holland, C. H. 1989. Principles of Silurian Stratigraphical classification, p. 1–4. In Holland, C. H., and Bassett, M. G. (eds.), A Global Standard for the Silurian System. Geological Series, 9. London.Google Scholar
Imbrie, J. 1956. Biometrical methods in the study of invertebrate fossils. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 108:217–252.Google Scholar
Jaeger, H., Havlíček, V., and Schonlaub, H. P. 1975. Biostraigraphie der Ordovizium/Silur-Grenz in den Sudalpen—Ein beitrag zur diskussion um die Hirnantia-Fauna. Verhandlungen Geologische Bundesanstalt,-A., 4:271–289.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. E. 1987. Extent and bathymetry of North American Platform Seas in Early Silurian. Paleoceanography, 2:185–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. E., Jia-Yu, Rong, and Xue-Chang, Yang. 1985. Intercontinental correlation by sea-level events in the Early Silurian of North America and China (Yangtze Platform). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96:1384–1397.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, W. 1850. A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs). London. 258 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Palaeozoologie. E. Schweizerbart, Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. 326 p.Google Scholar
Lamont, A. 1935. The Drummuck Group, Girvan: a stratigraphical revision, with description of new fossils from the lower part of the Group. Transactions of Geological Society of Glasgow, 19:288–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurie, J. R. 1982. The taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the Ordovician and Early Silurian articulate brachiopods of Tasmania. Unpublished , University of Tasmania.Google Scholar
Leone, F., Hammann, W., Laske, R., Serpagli, E., and Villas, E. 1991. Lithostratigraphic units and biostratigraphy of the post-Sardic Ordovician sequence in south-west Sardinia. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 30(2):201–235.Google Scholar
Lespérance, P. J., and Sheehan, P. M. 1976. Brachiopods from the Hirnantian stage (Ordovician-Silurian) at Percé, Quebec. Palaeontology, 19(4):719–731.Google Scholar
Lespérance, P. J., Malo, M., and Sheehan, P. M. 1987. A stratigraphical and faunal revision of the Ordovician-Silurian strata of the Percé area, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24(1):117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan-Hao, Lu. 1959. Subdivision and correlation of the Ordovician rocks of South China. Proceedings of special summaries of Geological fundamental data of China, 2, 123 p. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Marek, L., and Havlíček, V. 1967. The articulate brachiopods of the Kosov Formation (upper Ashgillian). Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 42:257–284.Google Scholar
McCoy, F. 1844. A synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland. Dublin. 207 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, W. I. 1977. The Ordovician Brachiopoda from Pomeroy, County Tyrone. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), London, 130(545), 138 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. (ed.). 1965. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. H, Brachiopoda. The Geological Society of America, and the University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. 927 p.Google Scholar
En-Zhi, Mu, and Jia-Yu, Rong. 1983. On the international Ordovician and Silurian boundary. Journal of Stratigraphy, 7(2):81–91. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Neuman, . 1968. Paleogeographic implication of Ordovician shelly fossils in Magog belt of the northern Appalachian region, p. 35–48. In Zen, E. A., White, W. S., Hadley, J. B., and Thompson, J. B. Jr. (eds.), Studies of Appalachian Geology: North and Maritime.Google Scholar
Nikitin, I. F. 1980. Brachiopods, p. 35–74. In Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., and Nikitin, I. F. (eds.), Granitsa ordovika i silura v Kazakhstane. Nauka Kazakh SSR Publishing House, Alma-Ata. (In Russian with English abstract)Google Scholar
Nikitin, I. F., and Popov, L. Y. E. 1984. Brakhiopody bestmakskoi i sargal-dakskoi svit (srednii ordovik), p. 126–166. In Klenina, L. N., Nikitin, I. F., and Popov, L. E. (eds.), Brakhiopody I Biostratigrafiia Srednego I Verkhnego Ordovika Khrebta Chingiz. Nauka, Alma-Ata. (In Russian with English summary)Google Scholar
Öpik, A. A. 1934. Über Klitamboniten. Tartu University, Acta and Commentationes, serires A, 26(3), 239 p.Google Scholar
Pollock, S. G., Harper, D. A. T., and Rohr, D. 1994. Late Ordovician nearshore faunas and depositional environments, northwestern Maine. Journal of Paleontology, 68(5):925–937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1915. Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from northern Shan States. Palaeontologica Indica, 6, 122 p.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1917. The Ordovician and Silurian Brachiopoda of the Girvan District. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 51:795–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong. 1979. The Hirnantia fauna of China with comments on the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. Journal of Stratigraphy, 3:1–29. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong. 1984a. Distribution of the Hirnantia fauna and its meaning, p. 101–112. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.), Aspects of the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295, Universitetsforlaget. Oslo.Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong. 1984b. Brachiopods of latest Ordovician in the Yichang District, Western Hubei, Central China, p. 111–176. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (ed.), Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China, Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, 1. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, Hefei.Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., and Cocks, L. M. R. 1994. True Strophomena and a revision of the classification and evolution of Strophomenoid and “Strophodontoid” brachiopods. Palaeontology, 37:651–694.Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., and Harper, D. A. T. 1988. A global synthesis of the latest Ordovician Hirnantian brachiopod faunas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 79:383–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., and Dong-Li, Sun. 1983. A latest Ordovician brachiopod fauna from Luxi, Western Yunnan, South China, p. 138. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian-Ordovician and Ordovician-Silurian Boundaries. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., and Han-Kui, Xu. 1987. Terminal Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of the Xainza District, northern Xizang. Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 11:1–19. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., Johnson, M. E., and Yang-Xue-Chang, . 1984. Early Silurian (Llandovery) sea-level changes in the upper Yangtze region of central and southwestern China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 23:672–694. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Jia-Yu, Rong., Han-Kui, Xu, and Xue-Chang, Yang. 1974. Silurian brachiopods, p. 195–208. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (ed.), Handbook of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of southwest China. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr. 1970. Ordovician brachiopods, trilobites and stratigraphy in Eastern and Central Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 639, 103 p.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1894. A revised classification of the spire-bearing Brachiopoda. American Geologists, 13:102–107.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C., and Cooper, G. A. 1931. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea, with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science, series 5, 22:241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuchert, C., and Cooper, G. A. 1932. Brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Memoir of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 4(1), 270 p.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1977. Late Ordovician and earliest Silurian meristellid brachiopods in Scandinavia. Journal of Paleontology, 51:23–43.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1987. Late Ordovician (Ashgillian) brachiopods from the region of the Sambre and Meuse Rivers, Belgium. Bulletin de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de La Terre, 57:5–81.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M. 1988. Late Ordovician events and the terminal Ordovician extinction. New Mexico Bureau Ministry and Mineral Resources, 44:405–415.Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. M., and Lespérance, P. J. 1979. Late Ordovician (Ashgillian) brachiopods from the Percé region of Quebec. Journal of Paleontology, 53:950–967.Google Scholar
Temple, J. T. 1965. Upper Ordovician brachiopods from Poland and Britain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 10(3):379–450.Google Scholar
Temple, J. T. 1968. The Lower Llandovery (Silurian) brachiopods from Keisley, Westmorland. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), London, 122(521), 58 p.Google Scholar
Temple, J. T. 1970. The Lower Llandovery brachiopods and trilobites from Efridd Mathrafal, near Meifod, Montgomeryshire. Palaeontographical Society (Monographs), London, 124(527), 76 p.Google Scholar
Temple, J. T. 1987. Early Llandovery Brachiopods of Wales. Palaeontological Society (Monographs), London, 139(572), 137 p.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. 1883. Salt Range fossils, Pt. 4(2), Brachiopoda. Palaeontologia Indica, Memoirs, series 13, 1:329–770.Google Scholar
Yu, Wang, Boucot, A. J., and Xue-Chang, Yang. 1987. Community paleoecology as a geologic tool: the Chinese Ashgillian-Eifelian (latest Ordovician through Middle Devonian) as an example. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 211, 100 p.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1951. Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery District. Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, London, 107:85–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. 1962. The Barr and Lower Ardmillan Series (Caradoc) of the Girvan District, Southwest Ayrshire, with descriptions of the Brachiopoda. Memoir of Geological Society of London, 3, 267 p.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1974. Ordovician Brachiopoda from the Shelve District, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology Series, Supplement 11:1–163.Google Scholar
Williams, A., and Wright, A. D. 1963. The Classification of the “Orthis testudinaria Dalman” Group of Brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 37:1–32.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Strachan, I., Bassett, D. A., Dean, W. T., Ingham, J. K., Wright, A. D., and Williams, H. B. 1972. A correlation of Ordovician rocks in the British Isles. Geological Society of London, Special Report, 3, 74 p.Google Scholar
Williams, A., and others. 1965. Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, Pt. H, Brachiopod. Kansas. 1-927. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and the University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Wright, A. D. 1964. The fauna of the Portrane Limestone, Pt. II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology Series, 9:157–256.Google Scholar
Wright, A. D. 1968. A westward extension of the upper Ashgillian Hirnantia Fauna. Lethaia, 1(4):352–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jian-Hua, Yu, Yi-Ting, Fang, and Da-Liang, Zhang. 1986. Ordovician-Silurian boundary section at Sanlangpu, Xixiang, Shaanxi. Nanjing University Journal of Nature Science, 22:475–487. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Quan-Zhong, Zhang, and Shi-Ding, Jiao. 1985. New advances of the Silurian stratigraphy in the Tangshan area, Nanjing. Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 6(2):97–111. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Wen-Tang, Zhang, Xu, Chen, Han-Kui, Xu, Jun-Geng, Wang, Yao-Kun, Lin, and Jun-Yuan, Chen. 1964. Silurian of Northern Guizhou. p. 79–110. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (eds.), Palaeozoic Rocks of Northern Guizhou. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, Nanjing.Google Scholar