Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T06:14:13.650Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mid-Carboniferous Ammonoid Biostratigraphy, Southern Nye County, Nevada: Implications of the First North American Homoceras

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Alan L. Titus  and
Walter L. Manger
Alan L. Titus
Affiliation:
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Kanab, Utah 84741
Walter L. Manger
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Scotty Wash Formation on the Nevada Test Site (NTS), southern Nye County, Nevada has produced the first North American representatives of the globally significant index ammonoids Homoceras s.s. and Isohomoceras s.s. and contains the only ammonoid succession across an uninterrupted mid-Carboniferous boundary sequence known in North America.

Four ammonoid assemblages can be recognized at NTS that are homotaxial with the reference successions for the middle and upper Arnsbergian (E2) and Chokierian (H1) Stages, Namurian Series, in western Europe, and their equivalents worldwide. The upper Mississippian (Chesterian) portions of the NTS sections yield assemblages referable to a Eumorphoceras girtyi Ammonoid Biozone, representing the middle Arnsbergian Stage (E2b), followed by a Delepinoceras thalassoide Ammonoid Biozone, equivalent to the upper Arnsbergian Stage (E2c). The latter ammonoid biozone also occurs in the Imo and Rhoda Creek Formations of Arkansas and Oklahoma, requiring reassignment of those formations to the upper Arnsbergian Stage (E2c). The appearance of the Isohomoceras subglobosum Ammonoid Biozone marks the base of the Chokierian Stage (H1a) at NTS. The zonal name-bearer continues into lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) strata, where it joins the Homoceras coronatum coronatum Ammonoid Biozone assemblage in an interval equivalent to the upper Chokerian Series (H1b). A pronounced unconformity at NTS separates the Scotty Wash Formation from the overlying Tippipah Limestone, which contains a fifth ammonoid assemblage characterized by Cancelloceras cf. C. elegans that is equivalent to the Yeadonian Stage (G1), Namurian Series, of western Europe.

The conodont succession recovered from the ammonoid-bearing sections at NTS allows refined correlation of the Arnsbergian and Chokierian Stages with the Mid-Carboniferous Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at nearby Arrow Canyon, Nevada, and the North American midcontinent. The Lower Rhachistognathus muricatus Conodont Biozone of western North America is equivalent to the upper Arnsbergian Stage (E2c), and must include the upper portion of the Adetognathus unicornis Conodont Biozone as recognized in the midcontinent. The Upper R. muricatus Conodont Biozone is equivalent to that portion of the Chokierian Stage (H1a) below the appearance of Declinognathodus noduliferus, marking the mid-Carboniferous boundary horizon, including some of the R. primus Conodont Biozone as used in the North American midcontinent. The intercontinental mid-Carboniferous boundary, drawn at the appearance of D. noduliferus, does not correspond to the Arnsbergian-Chokierian Stage boundary (E2c-H1a) that is defined by the appearance of Isohomoceras subglobosum. A significant break occurs in the Arrow Canyon GSSP less than 4 m above the position of the mid-Carboniferous boundary, where Chokerian strata (H1) are probably succeeded by Kinderscoutian strata (R1). Higher at Arrow Canyon, the position of the Scotty Wash-Tippipah unconformity juxtaposes Kinderscoutian and Yeadonian (G1) strata and the entire upper Namurian Series is limited to no more than 54 m.

Comparison of Eurasian and North American ammonoid assemblage compositions suggests that at least intermittent faunal interchange persisted between the two regions until at least the close of the Chokierian.

Definition of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary, which has never been defined faunally in either type area, to correspond to the intercontinental mid-Carboniferous boundary would be compatible with relationships known in the Chesterian and Morrowan type areas.

Taxonomic treatment of the Chokierian ammonoid assemblage from Syncline Ridge, NTS provided herein includes Proshumardites karpinskii Rauser-Tschernoussova, 1928; Eosyngastrioceras inexpectans Titus, 2000; Somoholites cf. S. merriami (Miller and Furnish, 1940b); Euroceras ellipsoidale Ruzhencev and Bogoslovskaya, 1971a; Isohomoceras subglobosum (Bisat, 1924); Homoceras diadema (Beyrich, 1837); H. coronatum coronatum (Haug, 1898); and H. leedomi new species.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 75 , Issue S55: Paleontological Society Memoir 55. Mid-Carboniferous ammonoid biostratigraphy, southern Nye County, Nevada: implications of the first North American Homoceras , July 2001 , pp. 01 - 31
Copyright
Copyright © 2001, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aisenverg, D. E., Astachova, T. V., Berchenko, O. E., Brazhnikova, N. E., Vdovenko, M. V., Dunaeva, N. N., Zernetskaya, N. V., Poletaev, V. E., and Sergeiva, M. T. 1983. Verkhneserpukhovskii podyarus Donetskogo Bassina (Paleontologicheskaya kharakteristika) [Upper Serpukovian Substage in the Donets Basin (Paleontological Characteristics)]. Akademia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Geologicheskikh Nauk, 161 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Arthaber, G. V. 1911. Die Triass von Albanien. Beiträge Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns Orients, 24:169–247.Google Scholar
Astachova, T. V. 1983. Goniatiti. In Aisenverg, D. E., Astachova, T. V., Berchenko, O. E., Brazhnikova, N. E., Vdovenko, M. V., Dunaeva, N. N., Zernetskaya, N. V., Poletaev, V. E., and Sergeiva, M. T., Verkhneserpukhovskii podyarus Donetskogo Bassina (Paleontologicheskaya kharakteristika). Akademia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Geologicheskikh Nauk, p. 115–123. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Baesemann, J. F., and Lane, H. R. 1985. Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Rhachistognathus Dunn (Conodonta; Late Mississippian to early Middle Pennsylvanian). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 74:93–136.Google Scholar
Baldwin, E. M. 1979. Carboniferous formations in Oregon, p. CC37–CC41. In Saul, R. B., Bowen, O. E., Stevens, C. H., Dunne, G. C., Randall, R. G., Kistler, R. W., Nokleberg, W. J., D'Allura, J. A., Moores, E. M., Watkins, R., Baldwin, E. M., Gilmour, E. H., and Danner, W. R., The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States—California, Oregon, and Washington. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1110–CC.Google Scholar
Beyrich, E. 1837. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Versteinerungen des rheinischen Übergansgebirges. Berlin, 44 p.Google Scholar
Bisat, W. S. 1924. The Carboniferous goniatites of the north of England and their zones. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 20:40–124.Google Scholar
Bisat, W. S. 1932. On some Lower Sabdenian goniatites. Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association, 5(1):27–36.Google Scholar
Boardman, D. R. II, Work, D. M., Mapes, R. H., and Barrick, J. E. 1994. Biostratigraphy of Middle and Late Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian-Virgilian) ammonoids. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 232, 121 p.Google Scholar
Bogoslovsky, B. I., Librovitch, L. S., and Ruzhencev, V. E. 1962. Superorder Ammonoidea: Systematic section, p. 511–649. In Ruzhencev, V. E. (ed.), Fundamentals of Paleontology, v. 5: Mollusca-Cephalopoda I. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 87 p. (English translation, Jerusalem) Google Scholar
Bouckaert, J. 1959. Nouvelle recoupe du terrain houiller à Jambes. Bulletin de la Société Beige de Géologie de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie, 68:311–317, 1 pl. Google Scholar
Bouckaert, J. 1961. Les goniatites du Carbonifère Beige. Documents pour L'étude de la Paléontologie du Terrain Houiller Bruxelles, 9 p. 29 plates.Google Scholar
Bouckaert, J. 1962. Le Namurien a Namur. Bulletin de la Société Beige de Géologie, Tom LXX, fascicule 3, p. 358–375.Google Scholar
Bouckaert, J., and Higgins, A. C. 1970. The position of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the Namurian of Belgium. Colloque sur la Stratigraphie du Carbonifère, Universitie de Liege, 5:197–204.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G. 1941. New and little known Carboniferous conodont genera. Journal of Paleontology, 15:97–106.Google Scholar
Brenckle, P. L., Lane, H. R., Manger, W. L., and Saunders, W. B. 1977. The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary as an intercontinental biostratigraphic datum. Newsletters in Stratigraphy, Stuttgart, 6:106–116.Google Scholar
Brown, T. 1841. Description of some new species of fossil shells, found chiefly in the Vale of Todmorden, Yorkshire. Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society, 1:212–229.Google Scholar
Calver, M. A., and Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1961. Chapter 5—Stratigraphical Palaeontology, p. 174–207. In Earp, J. R., Magraw, D., Poole, E. G., Land, D. H., and Whiteman, A. J., Geology of the country around Clitheroe and Nelson (One Inch Geological Sheet 68). Memoir Geological Survey of Great Britain.Google Scholar
Cole, J. C., Trexler, J. H. Jr., Cashman, P. H., and Hudson, M. R. 1994. Structural and stratigraphic relations of Mississippian rocks at the Nevada Test Site, p. 66–75. In McGill, S. F. and Ross, T. M. (eds.), Geological Investigations of an Active Margin, Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Guidebook (San Bernardino, CA, March, 1994).Google Scholar
Conil, R., Groessens, E., Laloux, M., Poty, E., and Tourneur, F. 1991. Carboniferous guide to foraminifera, corals and conodonts in the Franco-Belgian and Campine basins: their potential for widespread correlation, p. 15–30. In Brenckle, P. L. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), International Correlation and Division of the Carboniferous System. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, v. 130.Google Scholar
DeHaan, G. 1825. Monographic ammoniteorum et goniatiteorum. Leyden, 168 p.Google Scholar
DeKoninck, L. G. 1843. Description des animaux fossiles quie se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifère de Belgique. Liège, 640 p.Google Scholar
DeKoninck, L. G. 1844. Description des animaux fossiles quie se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifère de Belgique. Liège, 640 p.Google Scholar
Delepine, G. 1937. Description des espèces, p. 77–90. In Delepine, G. and Menchikoff, N., La faune des schistes Carbonifères à Proshumardites de Haci-Diab (confins Algéro-Marocains de Sud). Société de Géologie de France Bulletin, v. 5(7).Google Scholar
Demanet, F. 1941. Faune et stratigraphie de l'étage Namurian de la Belgique. Mémoire Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 97, 327 p.Google Scholar
Demanet, F., and Van Straelen, V. 1938. Faune houillère de la Belgique, p. 99–246. In Renier, A., Stockmans, F., Demanet, F., and Van Straelen, V., Flore et Faune Houillères de la Belgique. Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique.Google Scholar
Dollé, L. 1912. Le Dinantian supérieur (Viséan) de la vallée de l'Oued-Zousfana: Paleontologie. Annales Societe Geologique du Nord, 41:241–261.Google Scholar
Dorlodot, J. De, and Delepine, G. 1930. Faune marine due terrain houiller de la Belgique. Louvain Universite Institut Geologique Memoirs, 112 p.Google Scholar
Dumont, A. 1832. Memoire sur la constitution geologique de la province de Liege. Memories cours L'Academie Royale de Belgique, Tom VIII, p. 356.Google Scholar
Dunham, K. C., and Stubblefield, C. J. 1945. The stratigraphy, structure and mineralization of the Greenhow mining area, Yorkshire. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, 100:209–268.Google Scholar
Dunn, D. L. 1965. Late Mississippian conodonts from the Bird Spring Formation in Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 44:312–342.Google Scholar
Elias, M. K. 1956. Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian formations of south-central Oklahoma, p. 56–134. In Petroleum geology of southern Oklahoma, v. 1, sponsored by Ardmore Geological Society, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Google Scholar
Ellison, S. P., and Graves, R. W. 1941. Lower Pennsylvanian (Dimple Limestone) conodonts of the Marathon region, Texas. Bulletin of the Missouri School of Mines and Technology, 14:1–13.Google Scholar
Foord, A. H., and Crick, G. C. 1897. Catalogue of the fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History), Pt. 3, Bactridae and part of the suborder Ammonoidea. London, 303 p.Google Scholar
Furnish, W. M., Quinn, J. H., and McCaleb, J. A. 1964. The Upper Mississippian ammonoid Delepinoceras in North America. Palaeontology, 7:173–180.Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1909. The fauna of the Caney shale of Oklahoma. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 377, 106 p.Google Scholar
Gordon, M. Jr. 1964. California Carboniferous cephalopods. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 483-A, 27 p.Google Scholar
Gordon, M. Jr. 1965. Carboniferous cephalopods of Arkansas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 460, 322 p.Google Scholar
Gordon, M. Jr. 1969. Early Pennsylvanian ammonoids from southern Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-C, 13 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, M. Jr., and Poole, F. G. 1968, The Mississippain-Pennsylvanian boundary in southern Nevada, p. 157–168. In Eckel, E. B. (ed.), Nevada Test Site. Geological Society of America Memoir 110.Google Scholar
Grayson, R. C. Jr. 1990. Canyon Creek: a significant exposure of a predominantly mudrock succession recording essentially continuous deposition from the Late Devonian through the Middle Pennsylvanian, p. 85–105. In Ritter, S. M. (ed.), Early to Middle Paleozoic conodont biostratigraphy of the Arbuckle Mountains, southern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Guidebook 27.Google Scholar
Grayson, R. C. Jr., Davidson, W. T., Westergaard, E. H., Atchley, S. C., Hightower, J. H., Monaghan, P. T., and Pollard, C. 1985. Mississippian- “Pennsylvanian” (Mid-Carboniferous) boundary conodonts from the Rhoda Creek Formation Homoceras zone equivalents in North America. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 74:149–180.Google Scholar
Gunnel, F. H. 1933. Conodonts and fish remains from the Cherokee, Kansas City, and Waubaunsee Groups of Missouri and Kansas. Journal of Paleontology, 7:261–297.Google Scholar
Harris, R. W., and Hollingsworth, R. W. 1933. New Pennsylvanian conodonts from Oklahoma. American Journal of Science, Series 5, 25:193–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, E. 1898. Études sur les Goniatites. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, 112 p.Google Scholar
Heckel, P. H., and Baesemann, J. F. 1975. Environmental interpretation of conodont distribution in Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) megacyclothems in eastern Kansas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 59:486–509.Google Scholar
Higgins, A. C. 1975. Conodont zonation of the late Visean-early Westphalian strata of the south and central Pennines of northern England. Geological Survey of Great Britain Bulletin 53, 90 p.Google Scholar
Higgins, A. C., and Bouckaert, J. 1968. Conodont stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Namurian of Belgium. Mémoires pour servir à 1′explication des Cartes géologiques et minières de la Belgique, Mémoire No. 10, 51 p.Google Scholar
Hind, W. 1905. On the beds which succeed the Carboniferous Limestone in the west of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (section B), 25:93–116.Google Scholar
Hodson, F. 1954. The beds above the Carboniferous Limestone in northwest County Clare, Eire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 7:259–283.Google Scholar
Hodson, F. 1957. Marker horizons in the Namurian of Britain, Ireland, Belgium, and Western Germany. Associtation Pour L'Étude de la Paleontologie et de la Stratigraphie Houillères, Publication 24, 26 p.Google Scholar
Hoover, D. L., and Morrison, J. N. 1980. Geology of the Syncline Ridge area related to nuclear waste disposal, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 80–942, 70 p.Google Scholar
Hyatt, A. 1884. Genera of fossil cephalopods. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 22:253–339.Google Scholar
International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature. 1976. Decision 1061. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 33:29.Google Scholar
Karpinsky, A. P. 1889. Über die Ammoneen der Artinsk-Stufe und einige mit denselben verwandte carbonische Formen. Mémoir Academie Imperia Sciencia, St. Petersburg, series 7 (37), p. 1–104.Google Scholar
Korejwo, K. 1969. Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Namurian in the Polish Lowland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 19:610–709.Google Scholar
Korejwo, K. 1986. Biostratigraphy of the Carboniferous deposits of the Swidnik blocks (Lublin Coal Basin). Acta Geologica Polonica, 36:338–346.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J. 1962. Die goniatiten der Namur Stufe (Oberkarbon) im Kantabrischen Gebirge, Nordspanien. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur-Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissen-schaftlichen Klasse 6, 377 p.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J. 1973. Los goniatites del Devónico superior y del Carbonífero de los Pirineos Occidentales de España. Boletin Geologico y Minero (Madrid), 84:93–100.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J. 1979a. Overdevonische und karbonische Goniatiten-Faunen in den Spanischen Westpyrenäen. Clausthaler Geologische Abhandlungen, 30:63–74.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J. 1979b. The “Reticuloceras interval” (Upper Carboniferous) in the development of the Variscan Cantabrian Mountains. Clausthaler Geologische Abhandlungen, 30:34–44.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J. 1981. Carboniferous goniatites, p. 37–48. In House, M. R. and Senior, J. R. (eds.), The Ammonoidea: The Evolution, Classification, Mode of Life and Geological Usefulness of a Major Fossil Group. The Systematics Association Special Volume 18.Google Scholar
Kullmann, J., and Delvolvé, J. J. 1985. Goniatites du Namurian des Pyrénées occidentales Françaises: implications stratigraphiques et paléogéographiques. Geobios, 18:47–67.Google Scholar
Lane, H. R., Baesemann, J. F., and Groves, J. R. 1985a. Is the base of the Reticuloceras zone a reliably recognizable biostratigraphic level? Courier Forschrungsinstitut Senckenberg, 74:137–148.Google Scholar
Lane, H. R., Baesemann, J. F., Brenckle, P. L., and West, R. R. 1985b. Arrow Canyon, Nevada—A potential Mid-Carboniferous boundary stratotype. Compte Rendu, Tenth International Congress on Carboniferous Geology and Stratigraphy, Madrid (1983), v. 4, p. 429–439.Google Scholar
Lane, H. R., Brenckle, P. L., Baesemann, J. F., and Richards, B. 1999. The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous, Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA. Episodes, 22(4):272–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, H. H., Yao, C. C., Tsai, C. Y., and Wu, S. Y. 1974. Carboniferous biostratigraphy of Tsingyuan District, eastern Gansu, China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica Memoir 6:99–117.Google Scholar
Lemosquet, Y., Conrad, J., and Manger, W. L. 1985. Ammonoids, p. 367–372. In Daiz, M., Wagner, R. H., Winkler Prins, C. F., and Granados, L. F. (eds.), The Carboniferous of the World—v. II Australia, Indian Subcontinent, South Africa, South America, & North Africa. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication 20.Google Scholar
Leuchs, K. 1919. Marines Oberkarbon im zentralen Tianschan. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, Jahrg. 1919, p. 217–228.Google Scholar
Li, X., Yao, Z., and Cai, C. 1974. Carboniferous biostratigraphy of Tsingyuan district, East Kansu, China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, Memoir 6, p. 99–118. (In Chinese) Google Scholar
Lianda, G., Zengji, W., and Xianghe, W. 1983. The middle Carboniferous of China, p. 56–86. In Wagner, R. H., Winkler-Prins, C. F., and Granados, L. F. (eds.), The Carboniferous of the World: I—China, Korea, Japan, and S. E. Asia. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication 16, 242 p. Google Scholar
Liang, H. 1957. Some Carboniferous cephalopods from northern Kansu. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 5:561–571.Google Scholar
Librovitch, L. S. 1938. Kamennugolnui ammony c yuzhnogo ostrova Novoi Zemly (Carboniferous ammonoids of the southern island of Novaya Zemlya). Trudy Instituta, 101:47–107. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Librovitch, L. S. 1941. Klass Cephalopoda: U.S.S.R., Tsentral'nyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii geologo-razvedochnyi Institut, Atlas rukovodyaskchikh form iskopaemykh faun SSSR, tom 4, Nizhnii otdel kamennougol'noi sistemy, p. 132–153, pls. 33–40, text figs. 13–43.Google Scholar
Manger, W. L., and Saunders, W. B. 1980. Lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) ammonoids from the North American Midcontinent. Journal of Paleontology Memoir 10, 56 p.Google Scholar
Manger, W. L., and Sutherland, P. K. 1992. Analysis of sections presumed complete across the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary, southern Midcontinent, p. 69–79. In Sutherland, P. K. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Recent Advances in Middle Carboniferous Biostratigraphy—A Symposium. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 94.Google Scholar
Manger, W. L., Weyant, M., and Paryen, C. 1985. Mid-Carboniferous ammonoid biostratigraphy, Bechar Basin, Algeria. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 74:181–196.Google Scholar
Mapes, R. H., and Rexroad, C. B. 1986. Conodonts from the Imo Formation (Upper Chesterian), North-Central Arkansas. Geologica et Palaeontologica (Marburg), 20:113–123.Google Scholar
McCaleb, J. A. 1968. Lower Pennsylvanian ammonoids from the Bloyd Formation of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Special Paper 96, 123 p.Google Scholar
McCaleb, J. A., Quinn, J. H., and Furnish, W. M. 1964. The ammonoid family Girtyoceratidae in the southern Midcontinent. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 67, 41 p.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S., and Scotese, C. R. 1990. Paleozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography. Geological Society of London, Memoir 12, 435 p.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I. 1980. Upper Carboniferous conodont faunas of the Panching Limestone, Pahang, West Malaysia. Palaeontology, 23:297–314.Google Scholar
Miller, A. K., and Furnish, W. F. 1940a. Permian ammonoids of the Guadalupe Mountain region and adjacent areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 26, 242 p.Google Scholar
Miller, A. K., and Furnish, W. F. 1940b. Studies of Carboniferous ammonoids (parts 5–7). Journal of Paleontology, 14:521–543.Google Scholar
Miller, A. K., and Owen, J. B. 1944. The cephalopod fauna of the Pennsylvanian Union Valley Formation of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 18:417–428.Google Scholar
Miller, A. K., and Youngquist, W. 1948. The cephalopod fauna of the Mississippian Barnett formation of central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 22:649–671.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. R., and Webster, G. D. 1992. New stratigraphic, petrologic, and biostratigraphic data on the proposed Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Boundary Stratotype, Granite Mountain, west-central Utah, p. 55–57. In Sutherland, P. K. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Recent Advances in Middle Carboniferous Biostratigraphy—A Symposium. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 94.Google Scholar
Nassichuk, W. W. 1975. Carboniferous ammonoids and stratigraphy in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 237, 240 p.Google Scholar
Nemirovskaya, T. I., Poletaev, V. I., and Vdovenko, M. V. 1991. The Kal'mius section, Donbass, Ukraine, U.S.S.R.: a Soviet proposal for the Mid-Carboniferous boundary stratotype, p. 247–272. In Brenckle, P. L. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Intercontinental Correlation and Division of the Carboniferous System. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 130.Google Scholar
Nigmadganov, I. M., and Nemirovskaya, T. I. 1992. Mid-Carboniferous boundary conodonts from the Gissar Ridge, South Tienshan, Middle Asia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 154:253–275.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, S. V. 1994. Serpukhovskia i Bashkirskia ammonoidei Srednei Azii (Serpukhovian and Bashkirian ammonoids of central Asia). Trudy Paleontologicheskovo Rossiiskaya Akademia Nauk, v. 259, 143 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, S. V. 1995. Ammonoids from the late Lower and early Upper Carboniferous of Central Asia. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 179:1–107.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, S. V. 1997. Ammonoids from the Lower Carboniferous of the southwest Darvaz (Central Asia) and their bearing on the interregional correlations. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlung 203:221–237.Google Scholar
Pareyn, C. 1961. Les massifs Carbonifères du Sahara Sud-Oranais, v. II, Paléontologiestratigraphique. Publications du Centre de Recherches Sahariennes, Série Géologie no. 1 (Paris), 244 p.Google Scholar
Patteiski, K. 1959. Die Goniatiten im Namur des Niederrheinisch-Westfälischen Karbongebietes. Mitteilungen der Westfälischen Berggewerkschaftskasse, 14:1–65.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. 1836. Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire, or a description of the strata and organic remains: Pt. II The Mountain Limestone district. London, 253 p.Google Scholar
Pitinova, S. A. 1974. Stratigrafia i ammonoidea Namura centralnik Kizilkumov i uzhni Fergani (Namurian stratigraphy and ammonoids of central Kizilkumi and southern Fergana). Izdatelstvo “FAN” Uzbekskoi CCR, Tashkent, 68 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Poole, F. G., and Sandberg, C. A. 1991. Mississippian paleogeography and conodont biostratigraphy of the western United States, p. 107–136. In Cooper, J. D. and Stevens, C. H. (eds.), Paleozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States—II. Pacific Section of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, v. 67.Google Scholar
Poole, F. G., Houser, F. N., and Orkild, P. P. 1961. Eleana Formation of Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-D, p. D-104–D-111.Google Scholar
Popov, A. V. 1975. Ammonoidea, p. 111–130. In Stepanov, D. L., Krilova, A. K., Grozdilova, L. P., Pozner, V. M., and Sultanaev, A. A. (eds.), Paleontologicheski Atlas Kammenougolnikh Otlozhenii Urala (Paleontological Atlas of the Carboniferous Deposits of the Urals). Leningrad, “Nedra”, 360 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Popov, A. V. 1979. Kammenougolnye ammonoidei Donbassa i ikh stratigraphicheskoe znachenie (Carboniferous ammonoids of the Donbass and their stratigraphic significance). Leningrad, “Nedra”, 106 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1971. Proposed use of plenary powers to vary the type-species of the genus Homoceras Hyatt, 1884 (Class Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 28:161–163.Google Scholar
Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1980. Eustatic control in Carboniferous ammonoid biostratigraphy, p. 369–388. In House, M. R. and Senior, J. R. (eds.), The Ammonoidea. Systematics Association Special Volume 18, Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Rauser-Tschernoussova, D. M. 1928. Uber die Carbonammoniten fauna von Fergana. Bulletin Association Research Science, University of Moscow, 1:164–178.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B., and Burton, R. C. 1961. Conodonts from the Kinkaid Formation (Chester) in Illinois. Journal of Paleontology, 35:1143–1158.Google Scholar
Riley, N. J. 1987. Type ammonoids from the Mid-Carboniferous boundary interval in Britain, p. 25–37. In Brenckle, P. L., Lane, H. R., and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Selected Studies in Carboniferous Paleontology and Biostratigraphy. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 98.Google Scholar
Riley, N. J., Varker, J. W., Owens, B., Higgins, A. C., and Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1987. Stonehead Beck, Cowling, North Yorkshire, England: a British proposal for the Mid-Carboniferous boundary stratotype, p. 159–177. In Brenckle, P. L., Lane, H. R., and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Selected Studies in Carboniferous Paleontology and Biostratigraphy. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 98.Google Scholar
Riley, N. J., Claoué-Long, J., Higgins, A. C., Owens, B., Spears, A., Taylor, L., and Varker, J. W. 1995. Geochronometry and geochemistry of the European mid-Carboniferous boundary global stratotype proposal, Stonehead Beck, North Yorkshire, UK. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 116:275–289.Google Scholar
Roundy, P. V. 1926. Part II. The Micro-fauna. In Roundy, P. V., Girty, G. H., and Goldman, M. I., Mississippian Formations of San Saba County, Texas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 146, 63 p.Google Scholar
Ruan, Y. P. 1981. Carboniferous ammonoid faunas from Qixu in Nandan of Guanxi. Memoirs of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, 15:153–232. (In Chinese with English abstract) Google Scholar
Ruan, Y. P. 1991. Lower Upper Carboniferous cephalopods of Nilka, western Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 30:186–211. (In Chinese with English abstract) Google Scholar
Ruan, Y. P., and Zhou, Z. 1987. Carboniferous cephalopods in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, p. 55–177. In Namurian Strata and Fossils of Ningxia, China, Nanjing University Press. (In Chinese with English abstract) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1933. O nekotorykh nizhnepermskikh ammonoideyakh Aktyubinskogo raiona (On some Lower Permian ammonoids of the Aktyubinsk district). Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, otdel geologicheskii, 11:164–180. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1936. Noyve dannye po stratigrafii Kamennnougol'nykh i nizhnepermskikh otlozhenii Orenburgskoi i Aktyubinskoi oblastei (New data on the stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and Lower Permian of the Orenburg and Aktiubinsk districts). Problems of Soviet Geology, 6:470–506. (In Russian with English summary) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1938. Ammonei Sakmarskovo yarusa i ikh stratigraficheskoe znachenie (Ammonoids of the Sakmarian Stage and their stratigraphic significance). Problemy Paleontology, 4:187–285 (In Russian with English summary) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1958. O nakhozhdem na Yuzhnom Urale roda Delepinoceras (otryad goniatitov). Doklady Akademia Nauka SSSR, 122:489–492. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1960. Printsipy sistematiki sistema i filogeniya paleozoiskikh ammonoidei (Principles of systematics, the system and phylogeny of Paleozoic ammonoids). Akademi Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskovo Instituta, v. 138, 329 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E., and Bogoslovskaya, M. F. 1971a. Namyurskii etap v evolyutsii ammonoidei: Rannenamyurskiye ammonoidei (Namurian time in ammonoid evolution: early Namurian ammonoids). USSR Science Academy Paleontological Institute, 382 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E., and Bogoslovskaya, M. F. 1971b. O semeystve Homoceratidae (The ammonoid family Homoceratidae). Paleontological Journal, 4:434–450. (English translation, AGI) Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E., and Bogoslovskaya, M. F. 1978. Namyurskii etap v evolyutsii ammonoidei. Pozdnenamyurskiye ammonoidei (Namurian time in ammonoid evolution: upper Namurian ammonoids). USSR Science Academy Paleontological Institute, 336 p. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Saunders, W. B. 1971. The Somoholitidae: Mississippian to Permian Ammonoidea. Journal of Paleontology, 45:100–118.Google Scholar
Saunders, W. B. 1973. Upper Mississippian ammonoids from Arkansas and Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Special Paper 145, 110 p.Google Scholar
Saunders, W. B., Manger, W. L., and Gordon, M. Jr. 1977. Upper Mississippian and lower and middle Pennsylvanian ammonoid biostratigraphy of northern Arkansas, p. 117–137. In Sutherland, P. K. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Upper Chesterian-Morrowan stratigraphy and the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas. Oklahoma Geological Survey Guidebook 18.Google Scholar
Saunders, W. B., and Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1986. The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. Geology, 14:208–212.Google Scholar
Schindewolf, O. H. 1939. Zur Kenntnis von Pericleites Renz und verwandter paläozoischer Ammoneen. Jahrbuch der Preu$Szischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Berlin, 59:423–455.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H. 1925. Die carbonischen Goniatiten Deutschlands. Jahrbuch der Preu$Szischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Berlin, 45:489–609.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H. 1934. Cephalopodenfaunen des älteren Namur aus der Umgegend von Arnsberg in Westfalen. Jahrbuch der Preu$Szischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Berlin, 54:440–461.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H. 1951. Neue Faunen aus dem Namur des nordöstlichen Spaniens. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 24:184–193.Google Scholar
Sheng, H. 1983. The ammonoids of Late Lower Carboniferous from Yongzhu village, Xainza District in North Xizang. Contribution to the geology of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibet) plateau, 8, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p. 41–68, 4 pls. Google Scholar
Spath, L. F. 1934. Catalogue of the fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). P. IV. The Ammonoidea of the Trias. London, 521 p.Google Scholar
Sutherland, P. K., and Manger, W. L. 1984. The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in North America. Compte rendu, Eleventh International Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois (1979), v. 2, p. 319–329.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L. 1992. Mid-Carboniferous biostratigraphy and ammonoid paleontology of the upper Eleana Formation (Unit J-upper Quartzite Subunit), Syncline Ridge, Central Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 120 p.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L. 1996. Late Mississippian (Arnsbergian Stage-E2) paleogeography and ammonoid paleontology of the Antler Foreland Basin, California, Nevada, and Utah. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University. Pullman, 290 p.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L. 1997a. The first record of Cancelloceras (Early Pennsylvanian ammonoidea) from southern Nevada: implications for timing of regional mid-Carboniferous sea level fluctuations. Journal of Paleontology, 71:158–162.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L. 1997b. Global Late Mississippian (Arnsbergian Stage-E2) ammonoid biogeography: patterns and controls [abs.]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29(6), p. A-403.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L. 2000. Late Mississippian (Arnsbergian Stage-E2 Chronozone) ammonoid paleontology and biostratigraphy of the Antler Foreland Basin; California, Nevada, Utah. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 131, 109 p.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L., and Manger, W. L. 1992. Mid-Carboniferous (E2c-H1b) ammonoid biostratigraphy, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. Abstracts with Programs, Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America, Ogden Meeting, 24(2):A66.Google Scholar
Titus, A. L., Webster, G. D., Manger, W. L., and Dewey, C. P. 1997. Biostratigraphic analysis of the mid-Carboniferous Boundary at the South Syncline Ridge Section, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, United States. Compte Rendu, 13th International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian, 1995, Krakow, Poland, p. 207–213.Google Scholar
Varker, J. W., Owens, B., and Riley, N. J. 1991. Integrated biostratigraphy for the proposed Mid-Carboniferous boundary stratotype, Stonehead Beck, Cowling, north Yorkshire, England, p. 79–84. In Brenckle, P. L. and Manger, W. L. (eds.), International Correlation and Division of the Carboniferous System. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, v. 130.Google Scholar
Wagner-Gentis, C. H. T. 1963. Lower Namurian goniatites from the Griotte Limestone of the Cantabric mountain chain. Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España, 69:5–41.Google Scholar
Wang, M. 1981. Carboniferous ammonoids from eastern Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 20:468–481.Google Scholar
Wang, Z. H., Lane, H. R., and Manger, W. L. 1987. Carboniferous and early Permian conodont zonation of north and northwest China, p. 119–157. In Brenckle, P. L., Lane, H. R., and Manger, W. L. (eds.), Selected Studies in Carboniferous Paleontology and Biostratigraphy. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, v. 98.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1969. Chester through Derry conodonts and stratigraphy of northern Clark and Southern Lincoln Counties, Nevada. University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, v. 79, 121 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G. 1967. Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in southern Nevada, p. 503–522. In Teichert, C. and Yochelson, E. L. (eds.), Essays in Paleontology and Stratigraphy (R. C. Moore Memorial Volume). Kansas University Department of Geology Special Publication 2.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Gordon, M. Jr., Langenheim, R. L., and Henry, T. W. 1984. Road logs for the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the eastern Great Basin, Salt Lake City, Utah, to Las Vegas, Nevada (Field Trip 1), p. 1–86. In Lintz, J. Jr. (ed.), Western Geological Excursions, Volume 1, Field Trip Guidebook, 1984 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Westgate, L. G., and Knopf, A. 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche distric Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 171, 79 p.Google Scholar
Weyant, M. 1982. A proposal for a major boundary in the Carboniferous system based upon conodont evidence from the Bechar basin (Algeria), p. 19–21. In Ramsbottom, W. H. C., Saunders, W. B., and Owens, B. (eds.), Biostratigraphic data for a mid-Carboniferous boundary, Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy, Leeds, Great Britain.Google Scholar
Wilson, B. R., and Laule, S. W. 1979. Tectonics and Sedimentation along the Antler Orogenic Belt of central Nevada. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Basin and Range Symposium Volume, p. 81–92.Google Scholar
Yang, F. 1978. On the Lower and Middle Carboniferous subdivisions and ammonites of western Guizhou. Professional Papers, Academy of Geological Sciences, Ministry of Geology, People's Republic of China, Section B: Stratigraphy and Paleontology, 5:143–200, pls. 40–46. (In Chinese) Google Scholar
Yang, J. 1985. A preliminary discussion of the mid-Carboniferous boundary in China. Compte Rendu, Tenth International Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Madrid (1983), v. 4, p. 341–352.Google Scholar
Yates, P. J. 1962. The palaeontology of the Namurian rocks of Slieve Anierin, County Leitrim, Eire. Palaeontology, 5:355–443.Google Scholar
Yin, T. H. 1935. Upper Paleozoic ammonoids of China. Paleontologica Sinica 11:1–44.Google Scholar