^{Page 335 note 1} Such was the spirit of the time that Merritt, Richard called his book on the beginnings of American nationalism, The First New Nation (New Haven, 1966).Google Scholar

^{Page 337 note 1} Apter, David, ‘Nkrumah, Charisma, and the Coup’, in Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.), 97, 3, Summer 1968, p. 782.Google Scholar

^{Page 338 note 1} See Sklar, Richard L., ‘Political Science and National Integration – a Radical Approach’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 5, 1, 03 1967, pp. 1–11,Google Scholar and Murray, Roger, ‘Second Thoughts on Ghana’, in New Left Review (London), 42, 03 1967, pp. 25–39.Google Scholar

^{Page 339 note 1} ‘How possibly’ does the leader lead? In spite of Cartwright's quotation from Burns, James MacGregor, ‘Wellsprings of Political Leadership’, in The American Political Science Review (Washington, D.C.), LXXI, 1, 03 1977, p. 266,Google Scholarthat leaders induce followers ‘to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations – the wants and needs, the values and aspirations – of both leaders and followers’ (p. 21), he does not dwell on this question of identification as the key to persuasion and leadership.Google Scholar

^{Page 340 note 1} Young, Crawford, ‘Nationalizing the Third-World State: categorical imperative or mission impossible?’, in Polity (Amherst), 15, 2, 1982, p. 176. His statement that ‘fellow feeling’ cannot be achieved by the simple imposition of national ideals through exhortation or incantation is useful. Young implies, but does not state, that this is actually taking place.Google Scholar

^{Page 340 note 2} Lijphart, Arendt, The Politics of Accommodation: pluralism and democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley, 1968).Google Scholar

^{Page 341 note 1} Alavi, Hamza, ‘The State in Post-Colonial Societies – Pakistan and Bangladesh’, in New Left Review, 74, 07–08 1972, pp. 59–80.Google Scholar

^{Page 341 note 2} Saul, John, ‘The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Tanzania’, in The Socialist Register, 1974 (London, 1974), p. 351.Google Scholar

^{Page 342 note 1} Ibid.

^{Page 342 note 2} Leys, Colin, ‘The “Overdeveloped” Post Colonial state: a re-evaluation’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 5, 01–04 1976, p. 43.Google Scholar

^{Page 343 note 1} Ziemann, W. and Lanzendorfer, M., ‘The State of Peripheral Societies’, in The Socialist Register, 1977 (London, 1977), p. 151.Google Scholar

^{Page 343 note 2} von Freyhold, Michaela, ‘The Post Colonial State and its Tanzania Version’, in Review of African Political Economy, 8, 01–04 1977, pp. 78 and 81.Google Scholar

^{Page 343 note 3} Cf.Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society (London, 1976).Google Scholar

^{Page 344 note 1} The importance of Karl Deutsch as a ‘nation-building’ theorist is not discussed here, since his focus is broader than Africa alone.

^{Page 344 note 2} Cf. for example, Morris, Jon R., ‘Explanations for African Underdevelopment’, in ‘What Do We Know About Agricultural Development?’, Bureau of Science and Technology, U.S. A.I.D., Washington, D.C., 06 1983.Google Scholar

^{Page 345 note 1} See Giddens, Anthony, New Rules of Sociological Method (London, 1976), p. 16, his emphasis: ‘There is no action in Parsons' action frame of reference.’Google Scholar

^{Page 345 note 2} Habermas, Jurgen, The Theory of Communication Action, Vol. 1 (Boston, 1984).Google Scholar

^{Page 346 note 1} Habermas, op. cit. and Laclau, Ernesto and Mouffe, Chantal, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London, 1982).Google Scholar