Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T16:08:53.462Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neck formation in reactive sintering: A model 2-D experiment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2012

Sukanya Murali  and
Dunbar P. Birnie III
Sukanya Murali
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8065
Dunbar P. Birnie III*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8065
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: dunbar.birnie@rutgers.edu
Get access

Abstract

Silica-titania sub-close-packed single layers were deposited by spin coating titanium alkoxide sols containing inert 0.5 micrometer silica particles to study the process of reactive sintering more closely than has been done before. The sub-close-packed single layers were designed to achieve a coating density such that pairs or chains of silica particles were placed on the flat substrate and held together by the reactive titania thin films overlaid on the surface and in the neck regions of these essentially 2-D particle networks. Because of the low density of silica particles, all of the two-particle junctions and neck regions were aligned for geometrically direct viewing; as a result scanning electron microscopy was useful for observing the morphology of these neck regions. Image analysis was used to quantify the neck diameter for varying titania/silica precursor concentration ratios. Geometrical calculations that relate the change in neck volume to the neck radius are presented. Implications for design of reactive sintering systems are discussed.

Keywords

Silica-titaniaSiO2-TiO2interparticle neck formationsub-close-packed layersspin coatingliquid pendular bridgesintering
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 27 , Issue 8 , 28 April 2012 , pp. 1193 - 1197
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.German, R.M., Suri, P., and Park, S.J.: Review: Liquid-phase sintering. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 1–39 (2009).Google Scholar
2.Chiang, Y.-M., Birnie, D.P. III, and Kingery, W.D.: Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering (John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1997).Google Scholar
3.Du Pasquier, A.: An approach to laminated flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 52, 7469–7474 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Zhang, D., Yoshida, T., and Minoura, H.: Low-temperature fabrication of efficient porous titania photoelectrodes by hydrothermal crystallization at the solid/gas interface. Adv. Mater. 15, 814–817 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Murali, S., Lee, S.P., and Birnie, D.P. III: The importance of silica morphology in silica-titania with dye-sensitized solar functionality. Thin Solid Films. (2012, submitted).Google Scholar
6.Elder, S.H., Cot, F.M., Su, Y., Heald, S.M., Tyryshkin, A.M., Bowman, M.K., Gao, Y., Joly, A.G., Balmer, M.L., Kolwaite, A.C., Magrini, K.A., and Blake, D.M.: The discovery and study of nanocrystalline TiO2-(MoO3) core-shell materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 5138–5146 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Han, B., Li, Z., Yang, G., Li, J., and Chen, J.: Preparation of silica and TiO2–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsion using compressed CO2 as reactant and antisolvent. J. Supercrit. Fluids 36, 194–201 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Idriss, B. and Kamat, P.V.: Capped semiconductor colloids. Synthesis and photoelectrochemical behavior of TiO2 capped SnO2 nanocrystallites. J. Phys. Chem. 99, 9182–9188 (1995).Google Scholar
9.Jiaqi, W., Li, H., and Chen, K.: Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4@ZnO core–shell structured nanoparticles. Mater. Chem. Phys. 114, 30–32 (2009).Google Scholar
10.José, A., van Grieken, R., López-Muñoz, M.J., and Marugán, J.: A comprehensive study of the synthesis, characterization and activity of TiO2 and mixed TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts. Appl. Catal., A 312, 202–212 (2006).Google Scholar
11.Isao, K., Kase, T., Taguchi, Y., and Tanaka, M.: Preparation of titania/silica composite microspheres by sol–gel process in reverse suspension. Mater. Res. Bull. 38, 585–597 (2003).Google Scholar
12.Gaoand, X. and Wachs, I.E.: Titania–silica as catalysts: Molecular structural characteristics and physico-chemical properties. Catal. Today 51, 233–254 (1999).Google Scholar
13.Zhao, L., Yu, J., and Cheng, B.: Preparation and characterization of SiO2/TiO2 composite microspheres with microporous SiO2 core/mesoporous TiO2 shell. J. Solid State Chem. 178, 1818–1824 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Srinivasan, S., Datye, A.K., Hampden-Smith, M., Wachs, I.E., Deo, G., Jehng, J.M., Turek, A.M., and Peden, C.H.F.: The formation of titanium oxide monolayer coatings on silica surfaces. J. Catal. 131, 260–275 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Hanprasopwattana, A., Srinivasan, S., Sault, A.G., and Datye, A.K.: Titania coatings on monodisperse silica spheres (characterization using 2-propanol dehydration and TEM). Langmuir 12, 3173–3179 (1996).Google Scholar
16.Choi, H., Park, J., and Singh, R.K.: Nanosized titania encapsulated silica particles using an aqueous TiCl4 solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 240, 7–12 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Lian, G., Thornton, C., and Adams, M.J.: A theoretical study of the liquid bridge forces between two rigid spherical bodies. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 161, 138–147 (1993).Google Scholar
18.Megias-Alguacil, D. and Gauckler, L.J.: Capillary forces between two solid spheres linked by a concave liquid bridge: Regions of existence and forces mapping. AIChE J. 55, 1103–1109 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Van de Lagemaat, J., Benkstein, K.D., and Frank, A.J.: Relation between particle coordination number and porosity in nanoparticle films: Implications to dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 12433–12436 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Shaw, T.M.: Liquid redistribution during liquid-phase sintering. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69, 27–34 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar