Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T17:26:16.364Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hybrid interfaces of conjugate polymers: Band edge alignment studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

W.R. Salaneck  and
M. Fahlman
W.R. Salaneck*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Department of Physics, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
M. Fahlman
Affiliation:
Department of Science and Technology, ITN, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: wrs@ifm.liu.se
Get access

Abstract

The control of hybrid interfaces in polymer-based electronic devices may be enabling in many applications. The engineering of hybrid interface involves (requires) an understanding of the electronic structure of materials—one organic and one inorganic—that form the two halves of hybrid interfaces, as well as the electronic and chemical consequences of the coupling of the two. Although much literature exists describing the interfaces between vapor-deposited organic molecules and model molecules for polymers on the surfaces of clean metals in ultrahigh vacuum, few studies have been reported on spin-coated, semiconducting polymer films on realistic substrates. Spin coating in an inert atmosphere (or even air) is a central part of the process of the fabrication of polymer-based light-emitting devices and other modern polymer-based electronic components. Here, work on the electronic structure of semiconducting (conjugated) polymer films spin-coated onto selected inorganic substrates, carried out using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, is reviewed and summarized to generate a generalized picture of the hybrid interfaces formed under realistic device fabrication conditions.

Keywords

Electron emissionElectronic structurePolymer
Type
Reviews—Organic Electronics Special Section
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 19 , Issue 7 , July 2004 , pp. 1917 - 1923
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Burroughes, J.H., Bradley, D.D.C., Brown, A.R., Marks, R.N., Mackay, K., Friend, R.H., Burns, P.L. and Holmes, A.B.: Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. Nature 347 539–541 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Friend, R.H., Bradley, D.D.C. and Holmes, A.B.: Polymer LEDs. Phys. World November, 42 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Pope, M., Kallmann, H. and Magnante, P.: Electroluminescence in organic crystals. J. Chem. Phys. 38, 1963 (1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Helfrich, W. and Schneider, W.G.: Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14 229–231 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Friend, R.H., Gymer, R.W., Holmes, A.B., Burroughes, J.H., Marks, R.N., Taliani, C., Bradley, D.D.C., Santos, D.A.D., Brédas, J.L., Lögdgdlund, M. and Salaneck, W.R.: Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers. Nature 397 121–128 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Conjugated polymer and interfaces molecular Science and technology for photonic and optoelectronic applications, edited by Salaneck, W.R., Seki, K., Kahn, A., and Pireaux, J-J. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002)Google Scholar
7.Ishii, H. and Seki, K. In Conjugated polymer and molecular interfaces: Science and technology for photonic and optoelectronic applications, edited by Salaneck, W.R., Seki, K., Kahn, A., and Pireaux, J.J. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002), pp. 293–350Google Scholar
8.Shen, C., Kahn, A. and Hill, I. In Conjugated polymer and molecular interfaces: Science and technology for photonic and optoelectronic applications, edited by Salaneck, W.R., Seki, K., Kahn, A., and Pireaux, J.J. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002) p. 351–400Google Scholar
9.Ishii, H., Sugiyama, K., Ito, E. and Seki, K.: Energy level alignment and interfacial electronic structures at organic/metal and organic/organic interfaces. Adv. Mater. 11, 605 (1999).3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Crispin, X., Geskin, V.M., Crispin, A., Cornil, J., Lazzaroni, R., Salaneck, W.R. and Brédas, J.L.: Characterization of the interface dipole at organic-metal interfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 8132 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Groenendaal, L., Jonas, F., Freitag, D., Pielartzik, H. and Reynolds, J.R.: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: Past, present, and future. Adv. Mater. 12, 481 (2000).3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Salaneck, W.R., Stafström, S. and Brédas, J.L.: Conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces: Electronic and chemical structure of interfaces for polymer light emitting devices (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Kugler, T., Salaneck, W.R., Rost, H. and Holmes, A.B.: Polymer band alignment at the interface with indium tin oxide: Consequences for light emitting devices. Chem. Phys. Lett. 310, 391 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Mott, N.: Note On The Contact Between A Metal And An Insulator Or Semiconductor. Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 34, 568 (1938).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Rhoderick, E.H. and Williams, R.H.: Metal-semiconductor contacts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1988)Google Scholar
16.Greczynski, G., Fahlman, M. and Salaneck, W.R.: Electronic structure of hybrid interfaces of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). Chem. Phys. Lett. 321 379–384 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Greczynski, G. and Salaneck, W.R.: Photoelectron spectroscopy of hybrid interfaces for light emitting diodes: Influence of the substrate work function. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3185 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar